Inherent Patterns Research Articles

Inherent pattern jitter of STM-64 format signal and a reduction method

The inherent pattern jitter of the STM-64 format signal is found to be increased by the DC level fluctuation of incoming data and the output power variation of the timing tank in the section overhead bytes which become longer than the time constant of the timing tank. This pattern jitter is reported to be success fully suppressed by using an already proposed timing recovery circuit with a 1/2T differentiator, which operates as a pattern transformer.

Tolerance to acid soil conditions of the velvet beans Mucuna pruriens var. utilis and M. deeringiana

Velvet beans, fast growing leguminous cover crops used in the humid tropics, are shallow rooted on acid soils. This might be due to an inherent branching pattern, to an intrinsic toxicity of the acid subsoil or to a relative preference for root development in the topsoil. Such preference could be based on soil chemical factors in the subsoil or on physical factors such as penetration resistance or aeration. In a field experiment with two species of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis and M deeringiana all topsoil was removed and plants were sown directly into the acid subsoil (...)

The effect of food on cyclosporine absorption

The high lipophilicity of cyclosporine A (CsA) and the importance of bile for its absorption suggest that food may alter the absorption of CsA. Food has been reported to have varied effects on the absorption of CsA. Study methodology may explain the conflicting reports. Factors which were not well controlled in these studies include time post transplant, fat and caloric content of a meal, the inherent gastric emptying pattern of a patient, and concurrent disease processes which may alter gastric emptying. Based on available information, patients should be instructed to take their CsA consistently in relation to the timing and composition of meals in order to minimize absorption variability.

Automating the knowledge acquisition process in the construction of medical expert systems

In this paper, an inductive knowledge acquisition method that can be used as an aid for building certain medical expert systems is described. Given a collection of subjects that are described in terms of one or more attributes and are preclassified into a number of known classes (such as disease classes or classes that require certain type of therapy), this method is capable of detecting inherent probabilistic patterns in the data. Classificatory knowledge is then synthesized based on the detected patterns and made explicit in the form of classification rules. Based on these rules, the class membership of a subject can then be determined. The method has been implemented and tested with both simulated and real-world data. It has also been compared to some existing learning systems. The results show that the proposed learning method performs better both in terms of computational efficiency and classification accuracy.

APACS: a system for the automatic analysis and classification of conceptual patterns

Many existing inductive learning systems have been developed under the assumption that the learning tasks are performed in a noise‐free environment. To cope with most real‐world problems, it is important that a learning system be equipped with the capability to handle uncertainty. In this paper, we first identify the various sources of uncertainty that may be encountered in a noisy problem domain. Next, we present a method for the efficient acquisition of classification rules from training instances which may contain inconsistent, incorrect, or missing information. This algorithm consists of three phases: (i) the detection of inherent patterns in a set of noisy training data; (ii) the construction of classification rules based on these patterns; and (iii) the use of these rules to predict the class membership of an object. The method has been implemented in a system known as APACS (automatic pattern analysis and classification system). This system has been tested using both real‐life and simulated data, and its performance is found to be superior to many existing systems in terms of efficiency and classification accuracy. Being able to handle uncertainty in the learning process, the proposed algorithm can be employed for applications in real‐world problem domains involving noisy data.

New elements that provide pattern versatility in coax and wavestar antennas

A pair of bent monopole elements attached to the mast and excited by a slot has been found to have very useful properties for cylindrical slot-array antennas employed in TV broadcasting. By inserting these elements, the inherent slot pattern can be controlled and a vertical component can be obtained for CP broadcasting. A variety of azimuthal horizontal and vertical polarization patterns have been achieved, showing great versatility, including more directional pattern of the cos phi -type for higher gain per element and less mutual coupling between adjacent slots. In the case of full CP, good axial ratio in the overall radiation pattern has also been accomplished. Negligible changes in the slot-array bandwidth were observed by introducing these elements. >

FIRE EFFECTS ON SOIL HETEROGENEITY BENEATH CHAMISE AND REDSHANKS CHAPARRAL

The origin of soil heterogeneity found in Adenostoma fasciculatum and A sparsifolium chaparral was investigated in the Santa Monica Mountains, California. Possibilities were that geologic and genetic processes created inherent variability in surface soils, and/or that chaparral vegetation generated this variability. Fourteen soil properties were assessed under 17 pairs of the two shrub species before (1984) and after (1985) a wildfire. Hypotheses were that, although magnitudes of soil properties may change with fire, the inherent soil patterns would remain, while vegetation-influenced patterns might either be accentuated or obliterated. All but one of the 14 soil properties changed after fire, and 8 of these changed in the same direction for both shrub species. Different magnitudes of change, as well as opposite changes in 5 soil properties, led to an elimination of most spatial heterogeneity after fire. Eleven soil properties showed significant pre-burn differences between shrub species, while only 3 did...

On the pragmatics of subject-object preposing in standard Arabic

This paper investigates the pragmatic functions of preposing(i.e. topicalizing) subject and object in standard Arabic. It begins with a distinction between two types of movement transformations or proposing processes in Arabic: obligatory and optional and points out that whereas obligatory proposing is an inherent pattern of the Arabic sentence structure and there are no special interpretations of sentence meaning incurred by it, optional preposing is semantically marked and is characterized by transformations which convey additional meanings. But although the term “topic” is essentially used to identify a particular sentential constituent, discourse analysts have been referring to “topic” as “what is being talked about in a conversation/text” (Morgan 1975). This paper shows, through examples, that Arabic grammar has recognized the close relationship between syntax and semantics and that all changes in the internal structures of Arabic sentences are motivated by a desire to express additional meanings. Also proper preposing and postposing are indicative of eloquence, good style and rhetoric. This paper then discusses the functions of proposing the subject and summarizes them in emphasis, specification and particularity and showing importance. These functions are best expressed through promise and guarantee, refuting a claim, putting an end to doubts, praising someone, seeking clarification and affirmation about the actual doer of a certain action and so on. Finally, the paper addresses the pragmatic functions of preposing the object which, through a movement transformation, either precedes the subject or both subject and verb to take sentence-initial position. It indicates that the prime functions are emphasis, specification, specialization and importance. It concludes that the notion of proposing both subject and object coincides with the Arabic tradition of starting with the more important. It also shows that “topic” is characterized in terms of the topmost element in the hierarchical representation of discourse context.

Unreduced pollen frequencies versus hybrid production in diploid-tetraploid Vaccinium crosses

Reciprocal crosses were made between highbush Vaccinium corymbosum L. cultivars (4X) and high, medium and low frequency diplandroid pollen producing diploid clones of V. elliotti (Chapm.) and diploid pubescent forms of V. corymbosum. Pollination of 3,342 flowers produced 15 hybrids-11 tetraploids and 4 triploids. All V. elliottii hybrids were tetraploid while each successful diploid-tetraploid V. corymbosum cross produced at least one triploid. The ratio of tetraploid hybrids to 100 pollinations (H: 100P) was considered to be the best criterion for assessing crossability. Vaccinium elliottii produced a total of 8 4X hybrids while 2X V. corymbosum only produced 3. Vaccinium elliottii was more successful as a female parent and diploid V. corymbosum only produced hybrids as male parents. High frequency diplandroid clones showed a lower mean crossability as pollen parents (H: 100P=0.2) than medium frequency diplandroid clones (H: 100P=0.8). As predicted, 0% diplandroid clones wer unsuccessful as pollen parents. Unreduced pollen production was essential for tetraploid hybrid production in 4X×2X crosses. There appeared to be no consistent, inherent pattern between 2n pollen and 2n egg production in a clone nor was a tetraploid genotype effect on crossability consistently observed.

Influence of phasic afferent information on phrenic neural output during hypercapnia.

We measured the moving time average (MTA) of the phrenic neurogram before and after removal of phasic afferent information from the lungs, chest wall, and oscillations in blood gases by using constant-flow ventilation (CFV). Anesthetized dogs were studied at various levels of steady-state and progressive hypercapnia during spontaneous breathing and during CFV. When steady-state and progressive hypercapnia were compared, the frequency and height of the MTA phrenic neurogram were independent of the rate of induction of hypercapnia during each mode of ventilation. During spontaneous ventilation, the response to hypercapnia comprised mainly an increase in frequency with only a slight increase in the amplitude of the MTA phrenic waveform. During muscular paralysis and CFV, the responses were similar to those observed after vagotomy with mainly an increase in the amplitude and only a small increase in frequency. For both spontaneous breathing and CFV, increases in frequency were achieved mainly by a shortening in expiratory time with the inspiratory time remaining relatively constant. Our data support the concept of a centrally patterned respiratory generator, whose inherent pattern is modified by phasic feedback from peripheral receptors mainly of vagal origin.

Glyphosate toxicity in the shoot apical region of the tomato plant: I. Plastid swelling is the initial ultrastructural feature following in vivo inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid 3-phosphate synthase

Glyphosate induces swelling and eventual bursting of the plastids in the young tissue of the shoot apical region of tomato plants. This rapid and specific effect parallels the concentration of glyphosate in the tissues and the degree of in vivo inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid 3-phosphate synthase as measured by the accumulation of shikimic acid and shikimic acid 3-phosphate. The chloroplasts of the young apical leaves begin to swell between 16 and 20 hr after treatment of the plants with a sublethal glyphosate dose and burst after 4 days. Glyphosate-induced swelling of the proplastids begins much later (at 2 days) in the apical meristem itself than in the apical leaves. The meristem recovers 5 days after glyphosate treatment because the cells containing the damaged proplastids become displaced toward the rib meristem according to the inherent pattern of cell division.

"Christmas Street" as an Example of Transactionally Oriented Research

Our study of "Christmas Street" (Oxley et al., 1986) was an illustration of the kind of research that might be undertaken within a transactional worldview. In the present article, we review some central philosophical principles of that worldview, how they differ from assumptions and principles of other worldviews, and how these principles influenced a variety of pragmatic decisions in our research. Some principles of this worldview are that phenomena should be studied holistically, should be expected to change with time and circumstances, and should be examined for their inherent patterns rather than for their "causeeffect" relationships. We conclude that our study of Christmas Street is a useful albeit imperfect application of the transactional worldview, and hope that it will stimulate further thought, discussion, and research from that perspective.

Lysis of autologous tumor cells by high-density lymphocytes is potentiated by the streptococcal preparation OK432 (Picibanil).

In experiments performed with tumor cells isolated from surgical specimens and lymphocytes collected at the time of surgery, tumor cells are often lysed by blood lymphocytes. Some of the effectors are present in the high-density T-cell subset. This population has little or no anti-K562 activity. For the auto-tumor lysis of T cells with high density, CD8-positive cells are mainly responsible. OK432 pretreatment of the effectors potentiates the existing lytic function or induces it in cases in which the cells have no such function. In general, the potentiating effect reflects inherent patterns of cytotoxicity. In contrast to the lysis of autologous tumor cells, cells with low but not high density were induced to lyse K562.

Age-dependent pattern of androgen-binding protein secretion from rat Sertoli cells in primary culture.

The pattern and hormonal control of rat androgen-binding protein (rABP) secretion in vitro was investigated using animals of different ages to initiate primary cultures of Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells were isolated from testes of 7- to 31-day-old rats and cultured for periods of up to 30 days in serum-free medium, medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, and epidermal growth factor (3F), or 3F plus FSH, testosterone, progesterone, hydrocortisone, and vitamin E (8F). The amount of rABP secreted by Sertoli cells during the first 24 h in culture (initial rate) exhibited an age-dependent pattern which reflected the apparent in vivo activity of these cells. Between 7 and 25 days of age, the initial rate of rABP secretion per Sertoli cell increased 20-fold; a further 2-fold increase occurred between 25 and 35 days of age. The pattern of rABP secretion exhibited by Sertoli cells cultured for several weeks was dependent not only on added factors (3F or 8F), but also on Sertoli cell age, expressed as the total of animal age plus time in culture (total age). In cultures of Sertoli cells isolated from very young animals (7-10 days old), the rate of rABP secretion increased until 20 days (total age), but declined thereafter. This early increase in rABP secretion was augmented by, but not dependent on, hormone additions. In contrast, Sertoli cells isolated from older animals always showed decreasing rates of secretion with time in culture. Furthermore, Sertoli cells from very young animals retained the capacity to respond to hormones in vitro with increased secretion of rABP and maintenance of cell viability. This responsiveness decreased with age, similar to the loss of hormone response seen in vivo after puberty. In conclusion, culture conditions were established which permitted the study of FSH-dependent and independent regulation of rABP secretion and of the acquisition of hormone resistance at the time of puberty. The initial rate of rABP secretion in culture (first 24 h) correlates with the age of the animal from which the cultures are obtained. The pattern of rABP secretion during subsequent long term culture is determined by the total age (animal and culture age), with increasing rates of secretion up to 20 days and decreasing rates thereafter. This inherent pattern of rABP secretion as well as loss of responsiveness of the Sertoli cell to hormonal stimulation appear to be programmed early in development.

PERIODICITY IN THE RESPONSIVENESS OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO SYNTHETIC SEX ATTRACTANT

Past experiments concerned with the elucidation of the daily activity pattern of male spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), have used the response of males to virgin females as the criterion of activity. Males showed a peak response just after sunset and little activity in the early afternoon (Greenbank 1963; Sanders 1971a). Difficulty arises in interpreting such data in terms of male activity patterns. It is obvious that males are active after sunset; however, there is no way of knowing whether the reduced activity in the early afternoon is a result of changing response thresholds by the males or whether it is a result of the females releasing insufficient, if any, pheromone (see Morse et al. 1982). After the identification of the components of the female sex pheromone (Sanders and Weatherston 1976) a synthetic sex attractant was developed and the inherent daily activity pattern of male spruce budworm could be determined.

A reaction-diffusion theory of morphogenesis with inherent pattern invariance under scale variations

In the framework of reaction-diffusion theory we deal with the problem of pattern regulation in morphogenesis. A generic model is proposed where the kinetic terms follow constraints imposed by scale invariance considerations. These constraints allow a class of kinetic schemes to be formulated so that, starting with an initially homogeneous morphogen distribution in the field, a stable gradient is established of the form: S(x, L) = L p φ( x L ) . Here Lis the length of the morphogenetic field, x is the position variable and φ( x L ) is some monotonic function of the relative distance. With this distribution a scale invariant gradient can be constructed which leads to pattern regulation. A linear stability analysis of the model permits the definition of the parameter values enabling the system to abandon the homogeneous state spontaneously. Simulations of the evolution of the system towards its final stable state result in approximate pattern invariance for different field lengths. The accuracy of this invariance is in agreement with some recent quantitative experimental findings in both developing and regenerating systems.

Evidence for an inherent rhythm in pulsatile LH release in ovariectomized cows

Luteinizing hormone levels were measured in blood samples collected at 5 minute (min) intervals for 3 hours (hr) during the a.m. and p.m. of 3 consecutive days from long-term ovariectomized cows. Levels of LH fluctuated in a pulsatile manner in all animals. During the pulses, LH levels increased rapidly (2.5 to 6.0 ng/ml). Following the rapid increase, a more gradual exponential decline was observed. The interval between pulses was consistent both within and between days of blood sample collection within cows. From the results we suggest that each cow may have an inherent consistent rhythmic pattern of LH release in the absence of an ovarian source of hormones.

Imposed and inherent olfactory mucosal activity patterns: an experimental design prompted by the work of David Moulton

Imposed and inherent olfactory mucosal activity patterns: an experimental design prompted by the work of David Moulton

Nosing Around the Neighborhood: A New System Structure and Classification Rule for Recognition in Partially Exposed Environments

The scope of the classical k-NN classification techniques is enlarged under this study to cover partially exposed environments. The modified classification system structure required for successful operation in environments, wherein all the inherent pattern classes are not exposed to the system prior to deployment, is developed and illustrated with the aid of a specific classification rule-the neighborhood census rule (NCR). Admittedly, alternative rules can be visualized to fit this modified structure. However, this study concentrates on the use of NCR to bring out the underlying philosophy and develops optimum thresholds for admittance of unknown samples into the set of presently known classes. These thresholds are learned from the available training samples of these classes. This learning represents a new dimensionality of the learning system structure in that estimates of the domains of the known classes are developed in addition to learning of the discrimination among these classes. This facilitates identification of samples belonging to the classes previously unexposed to the recognition system. Experimental results are also presented in support of the proposed concepts and methodology for operation in partially exposed environments.

Nonrational Dynamics of the Client-Worker Interaction

There are significant noncognitive elements — feelings, attitudes, and inherent patterns of behavior — which are unconscious and inappropriate to the situation