Utilization Of Infrastructure Research Articles

Viewpoint on relief of COVID-19 burden in India by administration of system to break the chain of SARS-CoV-2 at the grass-roots level

During 2020, the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic hit badly the Indian subcontinent very surprisingly. Indian Government and every citizen of India have attempted many more strategies on damage control of pandemic in terms of human lives, population, health, and socio-economic impacts. Second wave have battered us significantly tanks to our hubris and callousness. In anticipation of the potential third wave, the system has developed a massive but at grassroots level pragmatic and strategic roadmap for sensitizing the policy maker and coordinators. The existing infrastructure and manpower utilization could be the best, eco-friendly and the most effective way to break the chain of SARS-CoV-2. The infrastructure includes government schools and manpower work as an administrative system which includes elected MLAs, medical doctors, village head (Sarpanch), village council’s elected members and local people. Managing this system at grass root level could be the best and effective way to break the chain of SARS-CoV-2 in all states of India.

Evolutionary Algorithm Based Task Scheduling in IoT Enabled Cloud Environment

Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming the technical setting of conventional systems and finds applicability in smart cities, smart healthcare, smart industry, etc. In addition, the application areas relating to the IoT enabled models are resource-limited and necessitate crisp responses, low latencies, and high bandwidth, which are beyond their abilities. Cloud computing (CC) is treated as a resource-rich solution to the above mentioned challenges. But the intrinsic high latency of CC makes it nonviable. The longer latency degrades the outcome of IoT based smart systems. CC is an emergent dispersed, inexpensive computing pattern with massive assembly of heterogeneous autonomous systems. The effective use of task scheduling minimizes the energy utilization of the cloud infrastructure and rises the income of service providers by the minimization of the processing time of the user job. With this motivation, this paper presents an intelligent Chaotic Artificial Immune Optimization Algorithm for Task Scheduling (CAIOA-RS) in IoT enabled cloud environment. The proposed CAIOA-RS algorithm solves the issue of resource allocation in the IoT enabled cloud environment. It also satisfies the makespan by carrying out the optimum task scheduling process with the distinct strategies of incoming tasks. The design of CAIOA-RS technique incorporates the concept of chaotic maps into the conventional AIOA to enhance its performance. A series of experiments were carried out on the CloudSim platform. The simulation results demonstrate that the CAIOA-RS technique indicates that the proposed model outperforms the original version, as well as other heuristics and metaheuristics.

Infrastructural development in Yewa south local government area in Ogun state, Nigeria

This research assessed community involvement in infrastructure development in Ogun State's Yewa South Local Government Area. For countries with poor economies, providing public infrastructure is a difficult endeavour due to the enormous resources needed. The Federal Government of Nigeria has been tackling the slow pace of infrastructural development in the country. Nigeria's inability to adequately manage its resources has resulted in numerous setbacks in the development and management of the country's public infrastructure. A systematic random sampling was adopted for the study and a total number of 195 people were interviewed, and from the result it was established that there is a positive relationship between community participation, sustainability, access and utilisation of public infrastructure. Infrastructural development has a strong relationship to economical growth and the well-being of the poor in any developing society. Similarly, involving the community in infrastructure planning aids in mobilizing sufficient resources from the federal government and the community for the implementation of essential projects. Community participation also help to ensure sustainability of the projects implemented. It was concluded that mass orientation or drive in community participation, and effective resource management must be intensified in order to enhance rapid growth in development of public infrastructure.

STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION OF COVID-19 CONTROL POLICIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ULEE LHEUE PORT MANAGEMENT, BANDA ACEH CITY, ACEH PROVINCE

Reliable transportation services can be achieved by optimizing the utilization of transportation facilities and infrastructure as well as operational aspects. Limited resources in management is a challenge that can be overcome with several strategies, one of which is through the cooperation of the parties. This study aims to analyze the strategy for implementing the Covid-19 control policy in the management of the Ulee Lheue port in Banda Aceh. This research is survey research with a qualitative approach, using SWOT. The sample in this study amounted to 15 respondents. The results of this study indicate that the SWOT analysis at the Ulee Lheue ferry port obtained strength in infrastructure, land resources, and departure information. In terms of opportunities, it is found that the rate of population growth, routes to Sabang, the tourism sector and markets are not limited. For threats, namely the pandemic problem that has not ended, so that business activities related to ports may be reduced. There are many obstacles that check point officers face when carrying out checks at the border. Catching people entering Aceh's Ulee Lheu Port requires a different strategy. Inspection needs to adjust to the availability of check point infrastructure, personnel, and traffic conditions in the area itself. Sea/Port transportation controls are carried out to reduce interactions, travel restrictions, and gathering of people in crowded places because the most worrying means of spreading the virus are transportation, especially public transport. Based on the results of this study, the authors suggest to the Management of the Ulee Lheue port in Banda Aceh to be able to improve the physical/infrastructure improvements on a regular basis by utilizing the initial investment and also annual cash inflow from the pattern of business cooperation with other parties, if the budget is against the Detailed Engineering Design (DED) that is it is not yet certain when it will be implemented.

ANALISIS PENGELOLAAN PANGKALAN PENDARATAN IKAN (PPI) LERO DI DESA WIRINGTASI KECAMATAN SUPPA KABUPATEN PINRANG

This study aims to determine the current conditions, examine the utilization of facilities and infrastructure for the Lero Fish Landing Base (PPI) and its development; and formulate a management strategy. This research was carried out from March to June 2021 at the Lero Fish Landing Base (PPI). The research method is observation and interview. Determination of the sample by purposive sampling, the number of respondents 48 people. Data were analyzed descriptively, using utilization rate analysis and SWOT analysis. The results of the study show: 1) The current condition of PPI Lero's facilities and infrastructure is in poor to very good condition, it is necessary to manage its utilization and develop human resources; 2) Utilization of facilities and infrastructure of PPI Lero obtained a percentage of <100% or has not reached optimal, it is necessary to build a breakwater and SPDN; 3) PPI Lero by utilizing existing strengths to seize opportunities as much as possible so that it can establish cooperation between the Government and private companies in its management so as to improve the welfare of the community.

An Audit into the Nature of Operations of Agro-processing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda

The agro-processing Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) form an integral part of the manufacturing sector in Uganda. To effectively facilitate product certification among MSMEs, there is a need to fully understand the nature of their operations so that appropriate interventions can be put in place. This study assessed the status quo of operations at selected MSMEs in Uganda. A semi-structured paper-based questionnaire was administered to the owners, managers, or supervisors of the 40 selected agro-processing MSMEs enrolled under the project "Empowerment of the Agro-Processing Industry to meet the Quantity and Quality Standards for the Local and Export Market", a programme enhancing the practical skills of students at Makerere University dubbed the "EAPI Project." The seven-section questionnaire consisted of both quantitative and qualitative questions focusing on (i) product optimization, (ii) raw material verification and storage, (iii) good manufacturing practices, (iv) measuring and testing equipment, (v) product assessment, presentation, and storage, (vi) waste and pest management, and (vii) infrastructure and energy utilization. The results indicate that only 23.7% of agro-processing MSMEs clearly understood the standards. Packaging was the most optimized parameter (74.4%), followed by texture and sensory properties (59% and 51.1%, respectively). About 74% of the agro-processing MSMEs were compliant in declaring the raw materials on the product label. Results indicated that maintenance of valid medical certificates, routine inspection of personnel, and provision of protective gear ranked low, with a score of 1 out of 10. Inadequate documentation was a cross-cutting issue for all operations, yet it was a driver for GMPs. There is a need to strengthen the understanding and practice of Food processing standards from the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS), in the agro-processing MSMEs through continuous human and institutional-capacity development programs.

Evaluasi Pengunjung Terhadap Kualitas Pantai Palippis Sebagai Ruang Publik Tepian Air Berbasis Placemaking

Palippis Beach is an underwater coastal tourism object (snorkeling) and a rest area, but there is a conflict with managers who prioritize finance and a lack of visitors from year to year, which causes Pantai Palippis being not optimal as a waterfront public space. The aim of this research is to determine the quality of Palippis Beach as a waterfront public space and the recommendations of its development based on the placemaking approach. This research was conducted from November 2019 until February 2020 (4 months). This research used primary and secondary data which collected by field surveys, questionnaires, interviews, documentation and literature studies. The research location takes a part of the rest area which is located between Polewali Mandar and Majene Regencies. The analysis used in this research is Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method, activity mapping analysis (behavior mapping), and infrastructure analysis. The results showed that the quality value of Palippis Beach using the IPA questionnaire method gets a value of 83.50% which declared as a high quality because it is between 76% -100%. The intensity of use from Palippis Beach scores 54.54% on weekdays and 53.2% on holidays which is considered high because it is in the range of 51% -75%. There are several tourist infrastructure that still need to be equipped, such as tourism services, security, and cleanliness so quality improvement recommendations are required based on the four quadrants resulting from the Cartesian diagram of the IPA method. These directives are recommendations for the development, maintenance, utilization and adjustment of tourist area infrastructure in accordance with applicable standards.

Conservation of natural Uranium by inter unit transfer of fuel in PHWRs

For better utilization of land and infrastructure, multiple power reactor units are preferably constructed at same site. In the life of reactor, at some stage, it will undergo either major upgradation for plant life management or de-commissioning which requires whole reactor fuel to be discharged irrespective of burn-up. This includes a large amount of fuel, which has not achieved target discharge burn-up. In this paper, novel methodologies are explored and innovative techniques are proposed for ex-core fuel management (ECFM) and in-core fuel management (ICFM) to utilize low burn-up bundles in a twin unit PHWR by inter-unit transfer. This is achieved without any reprocessing of fuel. Using the proposed modified fuel management, a net economic benefit of equivalent fuel saving of ∼23% NU of the initial full core load of 37-element bundles in an PHWR-700 is achieved. Additionally, reactor operation of ∼60FPDs without using any fresh fuel is also accomplished.

Blue-Green infrastructure determines the microclimate mitigation potential targeted for urban cooling

Urban Heat Island (UHI) exacerbated by global warming can increase the thermal load in cities, which leads to more extreme climate events. One of the strategies to mitigate the impact of extreme climates and UHI is through nature-based solutions such as the Blue-Green Infrastructure as it provides environmental and community benefits However, Blue-Green Infrastructure’s role in urban cooling in the tropics still needs to be further investigated. Therefore, this study examined the role of Blue-Green Infrastructure on microclimate modifications in an urban park. Microclimate measurements were made using systematic random sampling with random start (total of 64 sampling points) at a waterbody (Blue Infrastructure) and tree and grass (Green Infrastructure) areas during solar noon time (1200-1400). Blue-Green Infrastructure showed greater microclimate benefits compared to the open space with the reduction of air temperature by up 1.6°C. However, green infrastructure had greater cooling benefits compared to Blue Infrastructure especially trees with significantly lower air temperature and solar radiation interception (0.71°C and 250.3 W/m2, respectively) as well as higher relative humidity (12.17%). Moreover, stand characteristics determine the microclimate mitigation function. This study provides a useful indication of the role of blue and green spaces in urban cooling, where it further emphasizes the importance of Blue-Green Infrastructure utilization in urban landscapes. It further recommends that urban planners, managers and policymakers should consider these strategies for urban cooling purposes : 1) Utilising Blue and Green Infrastructures especially trees 2) Tree canopy cover and DBH should be set as priority traits.

THE ROLE OF OVER THE TOP (OTT) SERVICE ON UTILIZATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE BASED ON INDONESIAN TAX AND NON-TAX POLICY

The rapid development of Over the Top (OTT) services has enabled consumers to enjoy high service quality from technology even more. Nevertheless, OTT also brings other effects for telecommunications companies in Indonesia; namely, there are legal problems and obstacles faced regarding regulation and practice of tax and non-tax for OTT business providers because these services do not have a form of cooperation with telecommunications operators. In addition, the model of policies and regulations is still uncertain regarding how the tax and non-tax imposition should be in Indonesia. This study uses a normative juridical research method emphasizing secondary data (library research) with three legal materials, namely primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The research includes data searching and inventory and laws and regulations related to tax and non-tax imposition for OTT services on the utilization of telecommunication infrastructure and other relevant sources. Results of the study determine the extent to which regulations on the tax and non-tax imposition govern OTT media in Indonesia to understand and find the policy and regulatory issues related to tax and non-tax imposition practices faced by OTT business actors. In addition, it also aims to find obstacles in policy formulation and stipulation of tax and non-tax regulations for OTT business actors in Indonesia. Further, it seeks to find a tax and non-tax policies and regulations model for OTT business actors in Indonesia through a service collaboration, comparative, and normative approaches. Hence, this will also open up opportunities to increase state revenue from the imposition of tax and non-tax from all OTT service providers, both national and international.

Potential impact of introducing emission mitigation policies in Indonesia: how much will Indonesia have to spend?

Under the Nationally Determined Commitment (NDC), Indonesia voluntarily reduces GHG emission by 29% compared to the BAU level in 2030. While the national economics itself is still growing and advancing, the mitigation policies are expected to slow down the economy at some level. This study is trying to examine the potential impact of the emission mitigation policies on the Indonesian economy by utilizing a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE). The simulation result showed that the implementation of comprehensive mitigation technology would cause a GDP loss of around 1.7% by 2030 compared to the BAU level. If we look at the sectoral GDP, the agriculture sector is projected to experiencing the most significant shock by the emission mitigation policies (− 13.4% compared to BAU level by 2030). But the energy sector might become a sector experiencing higher GDP under the mitigation action (3.5% compared to BAU level by 2030). It also showed that the utilization of renewable energies for power generation would increase significantly, especially after 2025, but still cannot fully replace the dominance of fossil fuel sources. There are several policy recommendations based on our simulation results, including that the government also needs to increase efficiency in using fossil fuels, especially coal and gas, during the process of building infrastructure for renewable energy utilization. In terms of employment, the government needs to prepare other sectors to absorb labor, especially from the agricultural sector. Another crucial thing is that considering the possible economic impact, especially in the mid-term period, the government needs to implement necessary mitigation policies immediately. Otherwise, the government may need to prepare more expenditure to introduce more technologies and policies in the future.

ANALISIS KUALITATIF IMPLEMENTASI KEPDIRJENPENDIS NO. 1111 TAHUN 2019 TENTANG PETUNJUK TEKNIS PENILAIAN KINERJA KEPALA MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH NEGERI DI MASA PEMBELAJARAN DARING UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN MUTU MADARASAH

Qualitative Analysis of Implementation of Kepdirjenpendis No.IIII of 2019 concerning Technical Instructions for Performance Assessment to State Madrasah Tsanawiyah During the Online Learning Period for Efforts to Develop Madrasah Quality in Sukabumi Regency. The Head of Madrasah is one of the components of education that plays the most role in improving the quality of education as stated in Law Article 12 paragraph 1 PP 28 which states that "The Head of Madrasah is responsible for the implementation of educational activities, school administration, coaching other education personnel and the utilization and maintenance of infrastructure " This means that the madrasah principal must be able to become an educator, manager, administrator, supervisor, leader, innovator, motivator and entrepreneur in the school he leads in simple language, the madrasah principal must be able to manage his school well. This study aims to describe the Implementation Analysis of Kepdirjenpendis No.IIII 2019th teacher innovation on the performance of madrasa heads at the institutions they lead and analyze the efforts to develop the quality of madrasas used in improving the quality of education. The method in this, study uses a qualitative descriptive study and tries to be a mix method of the relationship between qualitative and quantitative. The selection of this method, will make it easier to understand the explanation of the data that has been explained because it is arranged accurately and systematically. The data collection of this research used the method of observation, interviews (interviews) and documentation. After that the data that has been collected is analyzed with the stages of data reduction, data presentation and the last is verification or drawing conclusions.

Denial-of-Service Attack on IEC 61850-Based Substation Automation System: A Crucial Cyber Threat towards Smart Substation Pathways.

The generation of the mix-based expansion of modern power grids has urged the utilization of digital infrastructures. The introduction of Substation Automation Systems (SAS), advanced networks and communication technologies have drastically increased the complexity of the power system, which could prone the entire power network to hackers. The exploitation of the cyber security vulnerabilities by an attacker may result in devastating consequences and can leave millions of people in severe power outage. To resolve this issue, this paper presents a network model developed in OPNET that has been subjected to various Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to demonstrate cyber security aspect of an international electrotechnical commission (IEC) 61850 based digital substations. The attack scenarios have exhibited significant increases in the system delay and the prevention of messages, i.e., Generic Object-Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) and Sampled Measured Values (SMV), from being transmitted within an acceptable time frame. In addition to that, it may cause malfunction of the devices such as unresponsiveness of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), which could eventually lead to catastrophic scenarios, especially under different fault conditions. The simulation results of this work focus on the DoS attack made on SAS. A detailed set of rigorous case studies have been conducted to demonstrate the effects of these attacks.

Implementation of National Infant Screening for Hearing Program in India: Challenges, Opportunities and Suggested Framework.

Hearing impairment is most frequent sensory deficit present in infants at birth and unaddressed hearing impairment causes severe damages to both infants and their families. In India 77,756 live children are born per day which accounts for about 25 million children annually among them approximately 1.5 lacs (@ 6 per1000) children born with hearing impairment. These children have no prospects of early identification & intervention. As a result, majority of these children suffers from oral communication difficulties, poor academic performance, reduced psychosocial & cognitive development, socioeconomic insufficiency, deprived vocational opportunities & employability. However, consequences of hearing impairment are ameliorable if timely hearing screening and effective intervention strategies are instituted. Unfortunately, India has not yet envisaged any dedicated early identification and intervention program for children with hearing impairment. However, there are ample of opportunities for implementing such program. Hence, this paper endeavours to address the necessity to plan and to implement the early identification of hearing impairment by discussing burden of disorder, suggesting means to overcome the challenges and to explore and emphasize the opportunities of purposeful utilization of available infrastructure and resources. This paper also intends to suggest a conceptual framework for planning and implementing of National Infant Screening for Hearing Program to deal with serious consequences of hearing impairment in India.

Analysis of the Training Needs Identification of the Beneficiary Group (KPP) of the PNPM Pisew Program in Bengkulu Province

The objective of this research is to Acquire Preview Performance Recovery Group and maintainer, Knowing gaps/ inadequacies Recovery Working Group and maintainer, Identify training needed by administrators and custodians Recovery Group. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through questionnaire to 30 respondents and conducted interviews to 4 people and 4 Sub Working Group Facilitator District. Based on the results of the study found that the respondents (administrators group users and custodians) gives value - average overall element to the performance of groups of users and custodians are 2, 36 which means Not Good. Of the five elements / variables under study is related to availability of performance planning and budgeting infrastructure maintenance activities, the controlled utilization and maintenance of infrastructure, contributions of users as well as from the others is manageable, the availability of physical progress reports on a regular basis, the availability of technical skills of construction. For elements - elements that need to be improved, then the required training in order to cover a gap between the ideal performance/ standards organization with actual performance.

Highlighting strengths and resources that increase ownership of cervical cancer screening for Indigenous communities in Northern British Columbia: Community-driven approaches.

ObjectiveTo examine the unique and diverse strengths held by rural and remote Indigenous communities in northern British Columbia, including multi‐generational support systems in health and wellness, profound connections to the land, and strong cultural foundations, and harness these strengths, allowing communities to engage in innovative and empowering health and wellness programs.MethodsBuilding on these pre‐existing and fundamental strengths, an alternative option to cervical cancer screening was introduced to nine Carrier Sekani health centers located in northern interior British Columbia in response to disparities in screening rates. Introduced in 2019, CervixCheck uses a self‐collection approach that is private, safe, convenient, and offered at local community health centers by trained and supportive health staff.ResultsUsing a strengths‐based and community directed and descriptive approach, the process was outlined for a successful and ongoing health screening opportunity that is put into the hands of community members within Indigenous communities in the region of northern British Columbia.ConclusionThrough collaborative partnerships, in‐person engagement sessions, and the utilization of pre‐existing infrastructure and health and wellness teams, this project was successfully integrated into primary care centers using culturally safe and community‐based approaches.

Management of facilities and infrastructure in junior high school

Regarding the implementation of school-based management, one of which is infrastructure management. This researcher took the title, namely, Management of Facilities and Infrastructure at SMP Muhammadiyah Jirak with the sub-focus is planning, procurement, utilization, maintenance, person in charge and elimination. In this study, researchers used a qualitative method with a qualitative naturalistic approach. The naturalistic approach shows that the implementation of this research is indeed natural, as it is and is not manipulated by circumstances and conditions. In the data collection method, the writer uses techniques such as observation, interview and documentation i. The results showed that the planning of infrastructure in SMP Muhammadi yah Jirak runs withgood. In addition, the planning stage is also carried out from submitting needs, then analyzing. Procurement of infrastructure at SMP Muhammadiyah Jirak always tries to do with the planning that has been made. In terms of the provision of infrastructure, it has also been carried out in accordance with the plans that have been made. In terms of the provision of infrastructure, it is not carried out by one or two parties, but involves various elements to avoid misuse in the provision of educational facilities. Utilization of facilities and infrastructure at SMP Muhammadiyah Jirak is by having rules and schedules for the use of facilities and infrastructure. Maintenance and accountability for facilities and infrastructure at SMP Muhammadiyah Jirak are carried out by all residents, including officers, school principals, teachers, administrative staff and other students. The elimination of facilities and infrastructure at SMP Muhammadiyah Jirak is carried out by the school by selecting goods and after that it will be reported to the KPKNL and will be carried out a sale or auction.

Challenges in managing an emergency and trauma ICU during COVID-19 pandemic: Perspective from a tertiary care centre in western Uttar Pradesh (India).

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (now named COVID-19) was identified as a causative agent for a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China.1 Till March 2020, India was one among 50 countries which identified patients tested positive for COVID-19.2 One day curfew was imposed in the country on March 22, 2020 to forewarn the people about the danger the country was going to face. The government of India announced a nationwide lockdown for 21 days from March 25, 2020 with subsequent second, third and fourth lockdowns. This was done to reduce the transmission of disease and flatten the curve. The preparations to manage COVID-19 pandemic crisis began in Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Hospital Aligarh, a tertiary care centre in western Uttar Pradesh by 15th of March 2020. In April 2020, it was declared as Level 2 COVID care hospital to deal with complicated and critical cases. The establishment of flu clinic, exclusive COVID-19 isolation ward, teleconsultation and widespread screening of patients by Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) were some measures undertaken to deal with the crisis. The increased burden of patients presenting with bronchopneumonia necessitated augmentation of the existent infrastructure and better utilization of resources. Emergency and trauma centre, JNMCH, AMU Aligarh was also no exception and reorganising emergency trauma ICU as COVID-19 suspect ICU made the functioning of the entire hospital a lot smoother during this unsustainable crisis situation. However, there were several challenges to overcome while designating an emergency and trauma ICU as COVID-19 suspect ICU. There is ample amount of literature available discussing the strategies for preparing a dedicated COVID ICU, however there is relative scarcity of literature on the challenges in managing an emergency and trauma ICU (ETC – ICU) during the pandemic. In this review, we discuss the strategies and planning for converting an emergency and trauma ICU into a COVID suspect ICU in a tertiary care centre in western Uttar Pradesh (India) during the pandemic and the challenges faced. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(5) 2021 p.26-31

A Systematic Review of Key Challenges in Hybrid HVAC–HVDC Grids

The concept of hybrid high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) grid systems brings a massive advantage to reduce AC line loading, increased utilization of network infrastructure, and lower operational costs. However, it comes with issues, such as integration challenges, control strategies, optimization control, and security. The combined objectives in hybrid HVAC–HVDC grids are to achieve the fast regulation of DC voltage and frequency, optimal power flow, and stable operation during normal and abnormal conditions. The rise in hybrid HVAC–HVDC grids and associated issues are reviewed in this study along with state-of-the-art literature and developments that focus on modeling robust droop control, load frequency control, and DC voltage regulation techniques. The definitions, characteristics, and classifications of key issues are introduced. The paper summaries the key insights of hybrid HVAC–HVDC grids, current developments, and future research directions and prospects, which have led to the evolution of this field. Therefore, the motivation, novelty, and the main contribution of the survey is to comprehensively analyze the integration challenges, implemented control algorithms, employed optimization algorithms, and major security challenges of hybrid HVAC–HVDC systems. Moreover, future research prospects are identified, such as security algorithms’ constraints, dynamic contingency modeling, and cost-effective and reliable operation.

Increasing the Utilization of Existing Infrastructures by Using the Newly Introduced Boundary Voltage Limits

The increasing share of distributed generation aggravates voltage limit compliance at customers’ delivery points. Currently, grid operators validate compliance with the voltage limits specified in Grid Codes by conducting load flow simulations at the medium voltage level, considering the connected low voltage grids as ‘loads’ to reduce the modeling effort. This approach does not support the accurate validation of limit compliance, as the voltage drops at the low voltage level are unknown. Nevertheless, to guarantee acceptable voltages even under worst-case conditions, safety margins are involved that impair the utilization of the electricity infrastructure. This study conducts load flows simulations in a test distribution grid, revealing the variable character of the voltage limits at different system boundaries. The conventional load model is extended by new parameters—the boundary voltage limits—to enable the consideration of variable voltage limits in load flow analysis of LINK-based smart grids. The standardized structure of the LINK-architecture allows for the systematic and accurate validation of voltage limit compliance by reducing the required modeling data to the technically necessary minimum. Use cases are specified that allows smart grids to increase the utilization of the electricity infrastructure by day-ahead scheduling and short-term adaptation of boundary voltage limits.