Abstract
The increasing share of distributed generation aggravates voltage limit compliance at customers’ delivery points. Currently, grid operators validate compliance with the voltage limits specified in Grid Codes by conducting load flow simulations at the medium voltage level, considering the connected low voltage grids as ‘loads’ to reduce the modeling effort. This approach does not support the accurate validation of limit compliance, as the voltage drops at the low voltage level are unknown. Nevertheless, to guarantee acceptable voltages even under worst-case conditions, safety margins are involved that impair the utilization of the electricity infrastructure. This study conducts load flows simulations in a test distribution grid, revealing the variable character of the voltage limits at different system boundaries. The conventional load model is extended by new parameters—the boundary voltage limits—to enable the consideration of variable voltage limits in load flow analysis of LINK-based smart grids. The standardized structure of the LINK-architecture allows for the systematic and accurate validation of voltage limit compliance by reducing the required modeling data to the technically necessary minimum. Use cases are specified that allows smart grids to increase the utilization of the electricity infrastructure by day-ahead scheduling and short-term adaptation of boundary voltage limits.
Highlights
The conventional analysis method, where Load Flow (LF) calculations are performed at the MV level and load models represent all Low Voltage (LV) grids, does not support the validation of voltage limit compliance at the customers’ Delivery Points (DP)
This section discusses the necessary extensions based onon thethe voltage limit compliance
The step is to analyze the LV level by representing the connected Customer Plants (CP) by their lumped Link-Grid models and specifying the behavior and boundary voltage limits of producers and storages directly connected at the LV level
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Smart grids are emerging that use automation and ICT to monitor, protect, and automatically optimize the operation of the entire power system, including CPs [12] They are subject to rigorous data privacy and cyber-security requirements [13] and have to support the execution of various operation processes, such as monitoring, static and dynamic stability, generation load balance, and demand response [14,15]. The conventional analysis method, where LF calculations are performed at the MV level and load models represent all LV grids, does not support the validation of voltage limit compliance at the customers’ DPs. modeling the distribution grid in detail, including the MV and LV levels and the CPs, is inconvenient and requires extensive data sharing between the corresponding stakeholders, impairing data privacy and cyber-security.
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