Changes In Information Technology Research Articles

An Updated History of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy: 2000-2020.

Since its inaugural issue nearly half a century ago, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy has served as a premier source for reports on scientific and clinical advances in the field of antimicrobial chemotherapy. As a follow-up to the previous "History of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy from 1972 to 1998" written by George A. Jacoby (Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:999-1002, 1999, https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.43.5.999), we herein highlight the further evolution of this comprehensive and authoritative journal in response to changing science, demographics, and information technology.

Aligning Information Technology and Business: The Differential Effects of Alignment During Investment Planning, Delivery, and Change

Digital transformations often require firms to align and synchronize their information technology (IT) and business initiatives. In this context, one important question that managers face is where they should focus most when aligning IT and business for leveraging IT investment for firm performance. Authors argue that firms that focus on IT–business alignment at the later stages (i.e., IT delivery and IT change) are better able to translate their IT investment into revenue than firms that focus on IT–business alignment at the early stage (i.e., IT investment planning) of the IT lifecycle. They use archival data from more than 120 firms in India and find that the positive relationship between IT investment and firm revenue is stronger for firms that focus on IT delivery–business alignment or IT change–business alignment than for firms that focus on IT investment planning–business alignment. In addition, they find that at higher levels of IT investment, firms that focus on IT change–business alignment or IT delivery–business alignment have higher revenue than firms that focus on IT investment planning–business alignment, whereas at low levels of IT investment, firms that focus on IT investment planning–business alignment outperform firms that focus on IT delivery–business alignment or IT change–business alignment. Taken together, these findings can help managers to improve the success of their digital transformation efforts by tailoring their alignment efforts across planning, delivery, and change stages.

How Information Technology Matters in Societal Change: An Affordance-Based Institutional Perspective

While there has been much work on the relationship between information technology (IT) and organizational change, there has been limited research that theorizes the relationship between IT and societal change. This paper draws on institutional theory, in particular institutional logics, to develop a model of IT and societal change, which we argue is critical in an era of large-scale digital transformation. Our approach is based on a view of society as an interinstitutional system, reflecting the multiplicity of logics at the societal level. We conceptualize societal change as shifts in the multiplicity of logics, with a focus on changes in the levels of centrality and compatibility. Our model relates these changes to the materiality of technology through the concept of IT affordances. We propose three mechanisms (sensegiving, translating, and decoupling) through which IT affordances become elements of societal change. We identify three corresponding carriers through which IT affordances gain scale and stability (objects, networks, and platforms). We discuss the implications of our theoretical developments for future research on IT and societal change.

Implementing SWOT analysis in engineering education

Information Technology-Based Education Management is an education system where the education management system includes the management of teaching and learning process data, student management of educator and education staff as well as school infrastructure is carried out using Information Technology (IT). Several studies have discussed factors about what influences teachers in using IT, which is access to resources, quality of software and hardware, ease of use, incentives to change, support, and collegiality in their school, school, and national police. Problems arise when the teaching and learning process does not change while the world of IT change very rapidly, and people automatically follow the change of IT, because of that the world of education must adapt to this change. The purpose of this research is to see how IT can be implemented in the education environment and analyzed using SWOT. The result is that the Education and School services in Bekasi Regency is in quadrant 4, this showing that education in Bekasi Regency is in a very unfortunate situation, the organization faces various internal threat and weakness. For this reason, the need for an agenda activities related to planning, organizing, implementing and controlling the academic management system for elementary and junior high school in Bekasi Regency is implemented by Information Technology-based education procedures.

Cloud based Distributed Denial of Service Alleviation System

Cloud computing is a phenomenon that is changing information technology, with many companies no longer having data and resources retained within their own premises. Instead they are utilising cloud computing and its centralised resources. There are many benefits of this approach such as pay-per-use model, elasticity of operation and on demand resourcing. However, this approach also introduces additional security challenges. Security involves a triad of considerations, those being confidentiality, integrity and availability, often abbreviated to CIA. This work focusses on the last aspect of the CIA triad – availability, which is even more crucial for cloud-based platforms as centralised resources need to be provided at a distance to the end customers. Several factors including ‘denial of service’ attack impact availability. Moreover, current protection frameworks do not sufficiently consider the issues of verification, scalability and end-to-end latency. Hence, a new framework has been designed to fill the identified gap. The framework referred to as the cloud-based Distributed Denial of Service Alleviation System (DDoSAS) is based on its predecessor Enhanced DDoS-MS. The new framework has been implemented using Amazon Web Services. The work serves to provide a baseline for measuring end-to-end latency in real-life scenarios.

A magyar polgári hírszerzés előtt álló kihívások a 21. század elején

There is a direct link between human intelligence and intelligence services. Intelligence is a high level dynamic knowing process, a decision-making support function. For its complexity, it is difficult to define, but its major attributes can be grasped. With openness of the political power, intelligence can produce added value. International “proliferation” of intelligence, the changing publicity do not narrow the leeway of services. Political decision-making will need intel-support in the future, too. For the intelligence service, the key to success resides in continuous observation of the changing environment, learning, organisational and information technology adaptation and identification of opportunities of serving national interests.

Information Revolution and Growing Power of Communication: A Foundation of New Diplomacy

Information and communication technology strategy can be said to have emerged as a road map for capitalizing on the use of information and technology as a key enabler of the government’s transformation in the realms of new diplomacy. The recent information and communication technological development, in both developed and developing countries, has increased the high-speed interactive digital network for multilingual voice, video, print, data communication worldwide, revolutionizing how nation states communicate with one another in the international system. There is no doubt that in the contemporary international system information technology (IT) is fundamentally transforming the way we live, work, govern and communicate. The global digital network and the growing power of communication have created a new foundation of diplomacy in the international arena. Therefore, this article examines the sweeping changes in the global system, high-speed interactive network with adequate bandwidth for multilingual voice, video, print and data communication vis-à-vis the conduct of diplomacy in the twenty-first century. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that IT is as important as politics, economics and military power, information, communication skills and foreign policy are high national priorities in international relations. The introductory part of this article focuses on the concept of diplomacy and we further analyze the sweeping changes in IT and growing power of communication in the new millennium and the contribution of IT toward the development of diplomacy in the international system.

Social Marketing Approach: A Strategy to Improve the Quality of Children's Health in Communities


 
 
 This article describes children health’s issue as primary need to achieve their basic rights. In general, children are vulnerable to get nutrition inadequacy because they tend to consume unhealthy foods. Healthy food is a basic right that must be fulfilled to support children’s growth and development. I examined two research areas identified that the problem of children in consuming unhealthy foods does not always related to the family poverty problem. This article also describes the conditions in the poor communities in North Jakarta and the intermediate community in Depok, use descriptive studies. The findings showed that children’s behavior in consuming unhealthy food was due to several factors, including lack of knowledge and skills of parents or caregivers and also negative support from the social environment around children. In addition, cultural change and dynamic information technology development has greatly affected the children consumption habit. This article discusses the process description in implementing communication strategies applied for those two research areas which have different characteristics through the social marketing approach. This approach emphasizes the development of the role of all elements in the community and the intervention strategies applied in each area of the study.
 
 

Platforms and Analytical Tools Used in Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Microbial Genotyping Procedures.

In the decade and a half since the introduction of next-generation sequencing (NGS), the technical feasibility, cost, and overall utility of sequencing have changed dramatically, including applications for infectious disease epidemiology. Massively parallel sequencing technologies have decreased the cost of sequencing by more than 6 orders or magnitude over this time, with a corresponding increase in data generation and complexity. This review provides an overview of the basic principles, chemistry, and operational mechanics of current sequencing technologies, including both conventional Sanger and NGS approaches. As the generation of large amounts of sequence data becomes increasingly routine, the role of bioinformatics in data analysis and reporting becomes all the more critical, and the successful deployment of NGS in public health settings requires careful consideration of changing information technology, bioinformatics, workforce, and regulatory requirements. While there remain important challenges to the sustainable implementation of NGS in public health, in terms of both laboratory and bioinformatics capacity, the impact of these technologies on infectious disease surveillance and outbreak investigations has been nothing short of revolutionary. Understanding the important role that NGS plays in modern public health laboratory practice is critical, as is the need to ensure appropriate workforce, infrastructure, facilities, and funding consideration for routine NGS applications, future innovation, and rapidly scaling NGS-based infectious disease surveillance and outbreak response activities. *This article is part of a curated collection.

Drivers and Outcomes of Business Model Innovation—Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Perspective

Business model innovation (BMI) is one of the key activities, which has to be continuously undertaken in every enterprise to sustain competitiveness in today’s digital economy. Although the interest in business models (BM) has risen significantly since the late 1990s, little is known about BMI practices in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), representing a majority of enterprises in the European market. Our study addresses this research gap and focuses on the investigation of drivers and outcomes of BMI in SMEs. A partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) method was used to empirically test the model using data collected in 2017 from 71 SMEs in Slovenia. Results have shown that the innovativeness of enterprises and their business environment has a positive impact on the level of BMI activities in the enterprises. However, this is not the case of fast developing and rapidly changing information technology. In addition, the results show that the level of BMI has a positive impact on BMI outcomes and further on overall business performance. The results contribute to the body of knowledge in the field of BMI activities in SMEs and offer useful insights to SMEs that intend to innovate their business model(s) and government to create a supportive environment.

Reengineering support for competitive advantage through organizational basis, information and communication technology: a literature review

This research is intended to collect and investigate the previous research that is related to reengineering with Business Process Reengineering (BPR) in manufacturing industry to achieve a “competitive advantage”. The purpose of this study is to provide a general overview of the relationship between BPR variables, competitive advantage variables, organizational commitment variables, organizational change management variables, information and communication technology variables, which are supported by IDEF0 method.This research overall uses secondary data sources from a research published in a journal and proceeding for the variables of BPR, competitive advantage, organizational commitment, organizational change management, information and communication technology, which is supported by IDEF0 method.This study is limited to the existing research subject that was in online media and the specific purpose is to review a progress in the BPR, which is mainly based on organization, information technology and engineering. The previous researches concluded that there were influencing variables toward BPR, which is related to competitive advantage.

Old challenges, changing contexts: Reviewing and reflecting on information provision for parents of children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing

ABSTRACTThe provision of information is generally not a technical activity, but rather a contextualized social action. Previous research about informed-choice and decision-making for parents of children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (POCDHH) has demonstrated this, highlighting the close relationship between contextual factors and the nature of information parents are provided with to support decision-making on behalf of their children. Such contextual factors involve human elements such as attitudes, values and beliefs of individuals involved in the transfer of information, as well as broader contextual factors such as changing information technology and changing markets. This paper reviews literature from a range of fields relating directly and indirectly to issues of informed decision-making for POCDHH. These studies provide an overview of issues such as current understandings of what type of information does (or does not) support decision-making, as well as highlighting the importance of considering how information is presented. Approaches used in other fields to address issues of reliability of information are also discussed. To complement this literature review, the article includes an auto-ethnographic component documenting my own attempts as a POCDHH to garner reliable information on behalf of my daughter within a discursive environment where the material often appeared inconsistent with best practice informed-choice and decision-making principles.

The method of Internet-resources formalized abstracting

The problem of changing information technologies and libraries’ demand for new methods of information analytical and synthetical processing are discussed. The findings of 2000-2017 document flow examination are presented. The authors emphasize that there has been no studies in abstracting www-sites, portals, and blogs. The need for updating abstracting terminology is substantiated; the clarified definitions of the terms “Internet resources”, “Internet resource abstracting” “annotation” are given. The main types of annotations essential for designing digital guides are characterized, i.e. reference and recommendation, extended and concise, descriptive and abstractive types. The method of formalized www-site abstracting is suggested to improve designing library digital guides of Internet resources. The annotation structure comprises four blocks, namely identification, topical (content-driven), service, and chronological ones. The annotation depends on its type and purpose. The consequence of technological operations when annotating is described. The advantages of the formalized abstracting method are emphasized, i. e. less intellectual and time input, improvement of abstract quality.

A welcomed reversal in computer science enrollments: Analysis of contributing factors and recommendations to sustain the growth

Periodic assessment of enrollment in programs is helpful in different ways. It reveals patterns that may not be immediately clear and it identifies contributing factors that provide insight into sustaining growth. For Information Technology (IT) programs, this kind of assessment takes another dimension - the rapid changes of IT may dictate on faculty members to continuously study market demand and to reshape their program’s curriculum in response to the demand. This study assesses the recent trends of enrollment in Computer Science programs. It presents enrollment trends in the years since the turn of the century, analyzes the factors that contributed to the cycles occurring during these years, and provides recommendations for sustaining the most recent trend. This paper sheds light on a program in Computer Science at a university in Western Pennsylvania. It shows how this department continued assessing the trends regularly and how they are responding to the most recent enrollment trends in their program. The paper concludes with a summary and recommendations.

Optimal Release Time and Sensitivity Analysis Using a New NHPP Software Reliability Model with Probability of Fault Removal Subject to Operating Environments

With the latest technological developments, the software industry is at the center of the fourth industrial revolution. In today’s complex and rapidly changing environment, where software applications must be developed quickly and easily, software must be focused on rapidly changing information technology. The basic goal of software engineering is to produce high-quality software at low cost. However, because of the complexity of software systems, software development can be time consuming and expensive. Software reliability models (SRMs) are used to estimate and predict the reliability, number of remaining faults, failure intensity, total and development cost, etc., of software. Additionally, it is very important to decide when, how, and at what cost to release the software to users. In this study, we propose a new nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) SRM with a fault detection rate function affected by the probability of fault removal on failure subject to operating environments and discuss the optimal release time and software reliability with the new NHPP SRM. The example results show a good fit to the proposed model, and we propose an optimal release time for a given change in the proposed model.

Technology executives in the changing accounting information environment: Impact of IFRS adoption on CIO compensation

Accounting regulatory changes that affect the information technology (IT) infrastructure of firms have prompted Chief Information Officers (CIOs) to take the lead in aligning IT changes with new reporting requirements. This study investigates the associations between the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and CIO compensation. We find a significant increase in CIO compensation in the post-IFRS period, which is higher in non-IT firms than in IT firms. Moreover, pay is at a premium for CIOs equipped with more educational background in business. We discuss the implications of our study and offer suggestions for future research.

Library services for all ages – building economical, equal, and complete audio collections

Purpose To provide library service to users of all ages has been one of the primary missions of county libraries since 1908 when the first branch of the first county library system was born in Sacramento as a proud milestone in the history of California public library. It has been a constant challenge to local governments and library staff members alike, especially when there are economic downturns or many priority programs to balance with. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach The paper introduces an innovative methodology in collection development to promote the concept that library collections, traditional or digital, can serve users of all ages as long as they can be adaptable to meet the changing needs of users, and compatible with changing information technologies. Findings By examining the process of an audio collection integrated as part of library collections and deeply rooted in users’ lives, the author reports the findings in the following areas: developing a robust audio collection catering to all users at Santa Cruz Public Libraries, despite technological changes and limited budget; getting involved in the whole organization’s programs and projects by collaborations; offering innovative promotion approaches; providing comprehensive subject coverage and always keeping the local community in mind; and evolving constantly to make technologies your friends, not foes. Research limitations/implications The paper analyzes a successful collection development experience in audio collections to strive to realize the original county library’s ideal to serve users of all ages in California. Practical implications The successful collection development experience is useful not only for acquisition librarians, but a much broader audience such as library managers in charge of library material budgets. Social implications The findings point out a number of social implications confronting library professionals worldwide. They include conflicts between users’ real needs vs our assumptions, limited budget vs expanding coverage, and library services vs the nature of technology. Originality/value The paper helps library professionals to develop, maintain, and succeed in their short- and long-term goals in collection development.

Technology Executives in the Changing Accounting Information Environment: Impact of IFRS Adoption on CIO Compensation

Accounting regulatory changes that affect the information technology (IT) infrastructure of firms have prompted Chief Information Officers (CIOs) to take the lead in aligning IT changes with new reporting requirements. This study investigates the associations between the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), one significant global accounting reform, and CIO compensation. We show a significant increase in CIO compensation in the post-IFRS period, which is higher in non-IT firms than in IT firms. Moreover, pay is at a premium for CIOs equipped with business education. We discuss the implications of our research and offer suggestions for future research.

Assessing the Impact of Employee Work Design on Performance and Profit Optimization of Nigerian Commercial Banks

The major problem confronting most human resources managers in organization is how can a job be designed or structured so that the employee’s performance can be enhanced and profitability increased. There is the need to understand that how workers responsibilities and duties are segmented helps to shape and determine virtually all other facets of organizational functioning. This research work has the objective of assessing the impact of work design on profit optimization of Nigerian commercial banks. The study adopted a survey research method and both primary and secondary sources of data were applied. Formulated hypotheses were tested using regression analysis. The findings of the study revealed that Work design enhances productivity in banks, Work design increases profitability, influences behavior, staff motivation and autonomy in banks. The study recommends that Work should be design to influence potential behavior in line with technological trends, and Management should endeavour to discourage the notion that work design exercises are carried out for performance evaluation purposes only. This can be done by laying more emphasis on training and retraining of staff to fit into ever changing information technology especially in banks.

The growing scale and scope of the supply chain: a reflection on supply chain graduate skills

Purpose The growing scale and scope of the supply chain requires a greater understanding of the broader supply chain skills picture. This study aims to assess the supply chain skills needs within the context of a UK-based higher education institution involving graduates, academics and employers to appreciate the graduate skills demands of modern supply chains. Design/methodology/approach A mixed methods study entailing in-depth interviews with academics followed by a questionnaire distributed to graduates and employers has been designed and utilised. Findings The findings indicate that the changing supply chain scope encourages the requisition and development of different supply chain skills with varied levels of emphases in relation to 25 skills identified in the literature. Key graduate skills needs are highlighted, including time management, collaborative learning, teamwork and problem solving, with the addition of two supply chain skill areas, namely specialist training and the understanding and application of regulations. The findings of the current study present a limited emphasis on information technology (IT) skills, despite the significant IT advancements and changes in supply chains. Research limitations/implications The study has been carried out in a UK university delivering undergraduate supply chain management courses. It would be beneficial to test whether the findings are exemplary across other supply chain courses and to investigate the integration of these skills within the supply chain syllabus and how employers, graduates and academic parties could actively engage in developing the agenda for future supply chain skills needs. Practical implications This research paper highlights the gaps in supply chain skills, which inevitably puts considerable pressure on operatives and managers whose responsibility it is to ensure compliance with regulations and professional bodies. Originality/value This paper contributes to the supply chain skills discussion and reports subject relevant challenges for supply chain educators by engaging three key stakeholders – graduate employers, graduates and academics. The findings have generated additional supply chain skills to the academic literature, in addition to providing an understanding of the weighting of skills in terms of their importance and application to industry needs.