Information-flow Type Research Articles

Asset Information Model Management-Based GIS/BIM Integration in Facility Management Contract

Achieving efficiency success status inside an organization’s built environment and obtaining a positive return on investments need robust and comprehensive asset management and maintenance processes based on the efficiency of contract information documents within the built asset lifecycle. This paper aims to highlight the appropriate interactive approach for construction projects to build the information flow scope of asset facility management contracts based on GIS (Geographical Information System) and BIM (Building Information Modeling) integration processes and sustainability standards, and project as-built contractual documents to support owners and stakeholders with the intent of improving asset management processes. Expert interviews and contract information flow types in several facility management processes conducted in both local and international facility management organizations were used to assist the information flow scope method. The study classified and built significant integrated information and data flow models for a case study to serve as contract guidelines, including efficiency performance measures and indicators for monitoring procedures, technical evaluation, and financial issues in order to provide high-performance service quality in facility management applications.

Assessment of energy consumption for information flow control protocols in IoT devices

In the IoT (Internet of Things), millions of devices are interconnected and devices support too poor computation resources to install enough security functions to protect from malicious accesses. Hence, devices have to be supported with access control mechanisms. The CBAC (Capability-Based Access Control) model is most useful to be as access control model for IoT devices because it is sufficient for each device to just check the capability of each access request. However, illegal and late information flows among devices and subjects occur. Types of IFC (Information Flow Control) protocols like the OI and TBOI protocols to prevent illegal and late types of information flows are proposed in our previous studies. A secure device supports the CBAC model and the IFC protocols. First, an EC (Energy Consumption) model is proposed to show how a secure device consumes the electric energy in this paper. By using the EC model, the IFC protocols are evaluated in terms of the energy consumed by secure devices. A secure device mostly consumes energy to check capability tokens of each access request. In the simulation, the energy consumed by secure devices to process access requests can be reduced by selecting only tokens required. About 69% and 73% of energy in the OI and TBOI protocols can be reduced by adopting the CTS (Capability Token Selection) algorithms, respectively.

A Two-Branch Neural Network for Short-Axis PET Image Quality Enhancement.

The axial field of view (FOV) is a key factor that affects the quality of PET images. Due to hardware FOV restrictions, conventional short-axis PET scanners with FOVs of 20 to 35 cm can acquire only low-quality PET (LQ-PET) images in fast scanning times (2-3 minutes). To overcome hardware restrictions and improve PET image quality for better clinical diagnoses, several deep learning-based algorithms have been proposed. However, these approaches use simple convolution layers with residual learning and local attention, which insufficiently extract and fuse long-range contextual information. To this end, we propose a novel two-branch network architecture with swin transformer units and graph convolution operation, namely SW-GCN. The proposed SW-GCN provides additional spatial- and channel-wise flexibility to handle different types of input information flow. Specifically, considering the high computational cost of calculating self-attention weights in full-size PET images, in our designed spatial adaptive branch, we take the self-attention mechanism within each local partition window and introduce global information interactions between nonoverlapping windows by shifting operations to prevent the aforementioned problem. In addition, the convolutional network structure tends to consider the information in each channel equally during the feature extraction process. In our designed channel adaptive branch, we use a Watts Strogatz topology structure to connect each feature map to its most relevant features in each graph convolutional layer, substantially reducing information redundancy. Moreover, ensemble learning is adopted in our SW-GCN for mapping distinct features from the two well-designed branches to the enhanced PET images. We carried out extensive experiments on three single-bed position scans for 386 patients. The test results demonstrate that our proposed SW-GCN approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both quantitative and qualitative evaluations.

Capability token selection algorithms to implement lightweight protocols

The IoT (Internet of Things) is now one of the most significant infrastructure and has to be secure against malicious accesses. Especially, it is critical to make devices secure in the IoT. In the CBAC (Capability-Based Access Control) model adopted to the IoT, device owners issue subjects capability tokens, i.e. a set of access rights on objects in devices. Objects in devices are data resource manipulated by subjects. Data are exchanged among subjects and objects through manipulating objects. Here, if subjects attempt to manipulate objects in accordance with the capability tokens issued, the subjects can get data which the subjects are not authorized to get, i.e. illegal information flow and late information flow occur. In our previous studies, protocols are implemented to prevent both illegal and late types of information flows from occurring. Here, operations implying such information flows are interrupted. However, the request processing time gets longer as the number of capability tokens used increases. In this paper, an MRCTSD (Minimum Required Capability Token Selection for Devices) algorithm is newly proposed to reduce the number of capability tokens used. In the evaluation, it is shown that the request processing times and the numbers of capability tokens used in the lightweight protocols realized with the MRCTSD algorithm are shorter and smaller than the conventional protocols, respectively.

Analisis Rantai Pasok Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan

This research aims to (1) analyze track supply chain, (2) examine business processes and distribution patterns, and (3) analyze the marketing efficiency of vaname shrimp in South Konawe Regency. The population in this research is the owner cultivators in the shrimp farming unit. The sampling technique in this research was carried out in two stages, namely a sample of cultivators and a sample of traders, carried out using the cluster random sampling method. The data collected in this research include primary data and secondary data. The dat analysis done in a descriptive and quantitative. The results of this research indicate that there are 3 supply chain consists of vaname shrimp, track I (breeders - cultivators - retailers - consumers), track II (breeders - cultivators - village collectors - fishery companies - consumers) and track III (seeders - cultivators - traders). village collectors - retailers - consumers). The vaname shrimp supply chain business process has not been well integrated. The market information received is not yet known publicly both regarding price and quantity. The vaname shrimp supply chain in which there are 3 types of flows, product flow, financial flow and information flow flowing from upstream to downstream and downstream to upstream. The performance of the vaname shrimp supply chain has been efficient with the average share indicator or share of the price received by farmers in all lines of 85.63%. The average trader profitability value from all lines is 1.06.Keywords: Vaname Shrimp, Supply Chain, Business Pattern, Distribution Pattern, Marketing Efficiency

How technology influences information gathering and information spreading

Until a few decades ago, the world of information exchanges consisted mainly of interpersonal and mass communications. With the development of the global network, the Internet of Things, etc., new types of information flows have been established. Today they include the collection of huge amounts of data and their analysis with artificial intelligence techniques. Moreover, the global network is being populated by new communicating subjects equipped with artificial intelligence. These phenomena imply unprecedented problems for individuals and society, which postulate urgent regulatory interventions. In this scenario, the aim of this paper is to give a simplified but accurate idea of what is behind technological developments.

CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION FLOWS IN THE TOURISM BUSINESS

Purpose. The aim of the article is formulation of the main classification features of information flows in the tourism business. Methodology of research. Realization of the established goal of the research involves the use of a certain methodology. To highlight the main approaches, signs and types of information flows, the deduction method was used, which involved the selection of individual structural components based on an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the phenomenon under study. The classification of signs was carried out on the basis of the method of data systematization. The assessment of the conformity of the positions of the authors with the content of a certain scientific approach was carried out on the basis of the application of a comparative analysis of the content of the provisions of their research. Findings. The main approaches and corresponding classification features of information flows in the tourism sphere are singled out, which made it possible to formulate a typology of the latter. The presented classification of signs and types of information flows was developed taking into account the modern characteristics and specifics of the development of the tourist business, which functions taking into account social transformations, social and economic, information and communication changes. It has been proven that the reference to the given classification signs (multi-branch signs, advertising subject-object sign, marketing-market subject-object sign, sign of synthesized influence) will enable tourism enterprises to make important management decisions in various areas, to carry out analysis and forecasting of future development prospects. It is noted that it cannot be claimed that the presented list of classification features and types of information flows in the tourism sphere is unchanged or is distinguished by stable characteristics for the long term, since the dynamism of the environment can provide transformations in its development. Originality. The classification of signs of information flows in the tourism business has gained further development, in particular, the author put forward and substantiated the sign of synthesized influence, and the main types of information flows in tourism characteristic of it have also been highlighted. Practical value. The given classification of information flows can be used to assess the actual and forecast types and characteristics of information flows in the tourism business. Key words: information flows, tourism business, synthesized impact, multi-industry features, advertising subject-object feature, marketing-market subject-object feature, advantages, negative impact.

A Design Theory for Energy and Carbon Management Systems in the Supply Chain The Quest for Innovation in Information Systems Research: Recognizing, Stimulating, and Promoting Novel and Useful Knowledge

Energy and carbon management systems (ECMS) are a class of green information systems that has the potential to increase environmental sustainability in organizations and across supply chains. Employing a design science research approach, we define the scope of ECMS in the supply chain context, identify requirements, design an expository instantiation, and develop an information systems design theory, including key constructs and design principles. We instantiate this theory in four supply chain contexts to validate and revise the proposed design in two rounds. We identify six system components data collection, energy monitoring, supply chain coordination, ECMS workflow engine, reporting, and carbon footprint estimator that integrate and coordinate four types of information flows (transactional, contextual, energy, and product environmental), and formulate design principles. Our evaluation indicates that the ECMS design theory, if instantiated, supports energy and carbon measurement and environmentally aware decision-making and practice in supply chains. We also highlight how considering energy information flows in combination with material features that afford environmentally aware decision-making and practice are key to qualifying information systems as green.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИМИ ПОТОКАМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА: СУТЬ, ВИДИ ТА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ

The article reveals the need to consider information flows at transport enterprises, in particular, automobile ones. Considered types of information in the logistics system, namely functional and pragmatic. The factors of the microand macro-environment and their components of the formation of information flows of the enterprise are determined. The concept of the flow of discrete information and monitoring information about a competitor of the enterprise, taking into account its validity and intentions, is revealed. A generalized classification scheme of information flows at the enterprise is given. Information flow management support is listed. The types of information flows are analyzed depending on the features of classification and their content is revealed. Considered information flows in the logistics direction of the enterprise. The concept of information capabilities (potential) of the manager and information resources of the enterprise and their role for the success of the organization are disclosed. Controlling of checking the information flow within the enterprise for quality analysis and interpretation of information, which is necessary to improve the enterprise's activity indicators, is provided. The considered information service system as a means of managing the enterprise's corporate information system. The role of information flows in the activities of enterprise managers is revealed and the stages of their actions regarding the adoption of a management decision are given. Modern information technologies of information flows are given, namely: when the information flow precedes the material flow, accompanies the material flow and lags behind it, which affects the result of the management decision. The main criteria for the quality of the functioning of the corporate information system and the criteria of compliance, which form the quality of information that enters the internal corporate turnover, are considered. These are timeliness, truthfulness, relevance, usefulness, completeness and comprehensibility of information. The document processing automation program "BAS Document Processing KORP" is considered, which is used to optimize the organization and control of the company's data accounting. The essence, norms and role of document flow in the organization and the necessity of its automation in order to increase the productivity of employees and the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole are determined.

ІНФОРМАЦІЙНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ОЦІНКИ ВАРТОСТІ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

Changes occurring in the economy of the whole world and Ukraine, including, will require enterprises to consider the process of valuation of the enterprise in a new way. In its essence, the cost assessment process is an information flow that accepts information about enterprises at the "entrance" and gives information about the value estimation "at the exit." In the conditions of a huge amount of information, it is important to choose the one that can reliably reflect the cost of the enterprise. The lack of a systematic approach to assessing the value of the enterprise and the use of inappropriate sources of information leads to a deterioration of the already difficult situation in this area. The valuation market of the enterprise is considered one of the worst in Europe. The essence of the category "cost" is investigated in the article. The need to estimate the value of the enterprise is determined and the main approaches used to determine the value of the enterprise are determined. The place of information support in the process of valuation of the enterprise is highlighted, the expediency of the correct formation of information support for the assessment of the cost of the enterprise through the management of information flows of the enterprise is substantiated, the consequences of the use of irrelevant and inaccurate information support for the assessment of the cost of the enterprise are outlined. The main approaches to estimating the cost of the enterprise are considered, the features of information support for each type are analyzed. Modeling of the process of management of information flow of estimation of enterprise value is carried out. Various approaches to the formation of information support from the accounting and management accounting are also considered and analyzed, the feasibility of using integrated reporting in the assessment of the cost of the enterprise is proved. On the basis of the study and systematization of the views of domestic and foreign scientists, recommendations are given for the use of certain types of information flows of the enterprise in the process of assessing the value of the enterprise. Conclusions about the importance of information support for a reliable assessment of the value of the enterprise.

Conditional Independence by Typing

A central goal of probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) is to separate modelling from inference. However, this goal is hard to achieve in practice. Users are often forced to re-write their models to improve efficiency of inference or meet restrictions imposed by the PPL. Conditional independence (CI) relationships among parameters are a crucial aspect of probabilistic models that capture a qualitative summary of the specified model and can facilitate more efficient inference. We present an information flow type system for probabilistic programming that captures conditional independence (CI) relationships and show that, for a well-typed program in our system, the distribution it implements is guaranteed to have certain CI-relationships. Further, by using type inference, we can statically deduce which CI-properties are present in a specified model. As a practical application, we consider the problem of how to perform inference on models with mixed discrete and continuous parameters. Inference on such models is challenging in many existing PPLs, but can be improved through a workaround, where the discrete parameters are used implicitly , at the expense of manual model re-writing. We present a source-to-source semantics-preserving transformation, which uses our CI-type system to automate this workaround by eliminating the discrete parameters from a probabilistic program. The resulting program can be seen as a hybrid inference algorithm on the original program, where continuous parameters can be drawn using efficient gradient-based inference methods, while the discrete parameters are inferred using variable elimination. We implement our CI-type system and its example application in SlicStan: a compositional variant of Stan. 1

Information Flow Control Based on Capability Token Validity for Secure IoT: Implementation and Evaluation

In the CBAC (Capability-Based Access Control) model proposed for realizing the secure IoT (Internet of Things), authorizers issue subjects capability tokens, i.e. sets of access rights on objects in devices. Objects are data resources which are used to store sensor data and action data. Data of an object may be stored in another object through communication among subjects and devices. A subject can get data of an object from another object even if the subject is not allowed to get the data, i.e. information illegally flows from the object to the subject. In addition, a subject can get data generated at time before which the capability token to get the data starts to be valid. Here, information flows from the object to the subject later than expected by the subject to get the data. In our previous studies, the OI (Operation Interruption) and the TBOI (Time-Based OI) protocols are proposed to interrupt operations implying illegal type of information flow and not only illegal but also late types of information flows, respectively. In this paper, the TBOI protocol is designed and implemented. In the evaluation, it is shown the late information flow is prevented in addition to the illegal one in the TBOI protocol although the request processing time is almost the same as the OI protocol.

Identification of information and communication media in multi-team working relationship on construction project continuity

The construction project has a high complexity of work due to the many parties involved in it. In project construction the parties who involved must be able to manage and distribute construction materials properly, it can be realized if the parties who involved can establish good coordination and communication to complete the work. In the flow of information contained in supply chain management must also pay attention to the types of communication media that used so that coordination and communication run effectively. This study aims to determine the pattern of information flow that occurs and the role of communication media in the information flow. This research was conducted by interview method, followed by the distribution of questionnaires using the Delphi method to obtain consensus on what types of communication media have the potential to become an effective communication media in project supply chain management. In this study, information flow patterns formed in 3 projects carried out by state-owned corporation and the communication media used were very diverse and the telephone became the highest ranked communication media and included 3 types of information flow namely general information flow, material information flow, and financial information flow.

Disintegration of Operational Capability of Heterogeneous Combat Networks Under Incomplete Information

The combat system-of-systems (CSoSs) in high-tech information warfare, composed of different types of combat systems connected through multiple interconnections, can be abstracted as a type of complex heterogeneous network. Research on the disintegration of the operational capability of a heterogeneous combat network (HCN) is of significant military value for optimizing the planning of operation process and improving network survivability in a complex electromagnetic battlefield. Accordingly, this paper presents an integrated framework called HCN operational capability disintegration based on link prediction (OCDLP) for modeling and solving the disintegration problem regarding the operational capability of an HCN. More specifically, a heterogeneous network model of a combat network under incomplete information is first established, considering different types of functional entities and information flows. Based on this model, a link prediction model is then applied to recover the original combat network structure while taking advantage of the observed information. Next, a disintegration evaluation metric of the operational capability of an HCN is elicited to evaluate the attack efficiency after a link prediction. Last, the reliability and effectiveness of the OCDLP are illustrated through a case study. The results provide useful insight into the operation guidance and design of a more resilient CSoSs.

Agda Formalization of a Security-preserving Translation from Flow-sensitive to Flow-insensitive Security Types

The analysis of information flow is a popular technique for ensuring the confidentiality of data. It is in this context that confidentiality policies arise for giving guarantees that private data cannot be inferred by the inspection of public data. One of those policies is non-interference, a semantic condition that ensures the absence of illicit information flow during program execution by not allowing to distinguish the results of two computations when they only vary in their confidential inputs. A remarkable feature of non-interference is that it can be enforced statically by the definition of information flow type systems. In those type systems, if a program type-checks, then it means that it meets the security policy.In this paper we focus on the preservation of non-interference through program translation. Concretely, we formalize the proof of security preservation of Hunt and Sands' translation that transforms high-level While programs typable in a flow-sensitive type system into equivalent high-level programs typable in a flow-insensitive type system. Our formalization is performed in the dependently-typed language Agda. We use the expressive power of Agda's type system to encode the security type systems at the type level. A particular aspect of our formalization is that it follows a fully internalist approach where we decorate the type of the abstract syntax with security type information in order to obtain the representation of well-typed (i.e secure) programs. A benefit of this approach is that it allows us to directly express the property of security preservation in the type of the translation relation. In this manner, apart from inherently expressing the transformation of programs, the translation relation also stands for an inductive proof of security preservation.

Is implied volatility more informative for forecasting realized volatility: An international perspective

AbstractInspired by the commonly held view that international stock market volatility is equivalent to cross‐market information flow, we propose various ways of constructing two types of information flow, based on realized volatility (RV) and implied volatility (IV), in multiple international markets. We focus on the RVs derived from the intraday prices of eight international stock markets and use a heterogeneous autoregressive framework to forecast the future volatility of each market for 1 day to 22 days ahead. Our Diebold‐Mariano tests provide strong evidence that information flow with IV enhances the accuracy of forecasting international RVs over all of the prediction horizons. The results of a model confidence set test show that a market's own IV and the first principal component of the international IVs exhibit the strongest predictive ability. In addition, the use of information flows with IV can further increase economic returns. Our results are supported by the findings of a wide range of robustness checks.

Cool, warm, soft and sharp: paradigms of cultural exchange in Japan–China relations

ABSTRACT In the post-war period, relations between Japan and China have veered between cold and warm. For most of this period, due to historical and ideological issues, there has been an underlying tension which has prevented genuinely friendly relations and open cultural exchange between the two states. However, there have been periods of time when more open cultural exchanges and free information flows have occurred, and when genuinely friendly and cooperative relations have seemed possible. This article first proposes a model of cultural exchange based on types of information flow between countries. It then reviews zero-sum and non-zero sum theoretical perspectives on cultural exchange. Using these ideas, the article then uses several paradigms to characterise cultural exchange in Japan–China relations, namely people to people, partnership, reciprocity, soft power and sharp power paradigms, from the post-war era up to current times.

The bandwidth problem in telecoupled systems governance: Certifying sustainable winemaking in Australia and Chile

Telecoupled systems connect consumption and other choices in one part of the world with land-use and land-cover change in another. While such connections are increasingly well documented, research on governing telecoupled systems is in its infancy. Drawing on recent discussions in sociology, we argue that models for governing telecoupled systems must consider two types of information flows. Low-bandwidth flows allow for limited information transfer but can take place over greater distances. High-bandwidth flows, by contrast, allow for more complex knowledge transfer but tend to be geographically localized due to the costs of maintaining robust connections. Using a mixed-methods case study of national sustainability certification in the wine sector in Australia and Chile, we argue that Chile's counterintuitive success in diffusing its national sustainability certification relates to its geography, which facilitated high-bandwidth connections. We conclude that telecoupling governance measures, such as jurisdictional commodity certification, need to consider the unique requirements and costs of high-bandwidth connections in allocating institutional investments.

On the expressiveness and semantics of information flow types

Information Flow Control (IFC) is a form of dependence analysis that tracks and prohibits dependence of public outputs on secret inputs. Such a dependence analysis is often carried out using a type system. IFC type systems can track dependence (via confidentiality labels) at varying levels of granu larity. On one extreme, there are fine-grained type systems that track dependence at the level of individual values. They label individual values. On the other extreme, there are coarse-grained type systems that track dependence at the level of entire computations. These type systems do not label individual values but instead label entire sub-computations. An important foundational question is one of the relative expressiveness of these two classes of IFC type systems. In this paper we show that, despite the glaring differences in how they track dependence, the two classes of type systems are actually equally expressive. We do this by showing translations from FG, a fine-grained IFC type system derived from SLAM (In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL) (1998)), to SLIO∗, a coarse-grained IFC type system derived from HLIO (In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP) (2015)), and vice-versa. The translation from SLIO∗ to FG is straightforward since FG tracks dependence at a granularity finer than SLIO∗ does. However, the translation from FG to SLIO∗ is quite involved and relies extensively on label quantification. We further examine the reason for this complexity using a slight variant of SLIO∗, called CG, to which FG can be translated more easily. As a separate, more foundational contribution we show how to extend logical relation models of information flow to languages with higher-order state. Specifically, we build world-indexed (Kripke) logical relations for FG, SLIO∗ and CG, which we use to prove these type systems sound and also to prove the translations between them correct.

Improved methodology for selecting the sequence of information flow servicing priorities

The operation of the communication system involves the processing of information, which has different importance and time required for its processing. Therefore, the question arises as to the organization of the communication system so as to obtain the maximum of processed information from streams of different intensity, duration and importance, provided that in the case of occupancy of all communication channels, the information is lost. Analysis of the operation of the communication system for the transmission of information flows that have different importance and time required for processing, necessitates the search for ways to maximize the total importance of the processed information during the performance of official tasks. The purpose of the article is to improve the methodology that will increase the efficiency (productivity) of the communication system by increasing the amount of all processed information. The improved methodology additionally takes into account the priority of the types of information flows, according to which the right of priority service in the communication system is granted. An improved method of selecting a sequence of priorities for servicing information flows, allows to increase the efficiency (productivity) of the communication system by increasing the volume of all transmitted information, provided that the channels (means) of communication. The method makes it possible to determine the amount of information that can be processed by the communication system and compare the performance of the system in cases of optimal and suboptimal choice of priorities for servicing the types of information flows. The developed methodology increases the reliability and efficiency of the communication system by 12% and can be used to organize work in various institutions and organizations in order to increase the total importance of all decisions on business tasks received for implementation.