Influence Of Environmental Variables Research Articles

The role of the cytochrome P450 superfamily in the skin.

In mammals, the skin acts as a barrier to prevent harmful environmental stimuli from entering the circulation. CYP450s are involved in drug biotransformation, exogenous and endogenous substrate metabolism, and maintaining the normal physiological function of the skin, as well as facilitating homeostasis of the internal environment. The expression pattern of CYP450s in the skin is tissue-specific and thus differs from the liver and other organs. The development of skin topical medications, and knowledge of the toxicity and side effects of these medications require a detailed understanding of the expression and function of skin-specific CYP450s. Thus, we summarized the expression of CYP450s in the skin, their function in endogenous metabolic physiology, aberrant CYP450 expression in skin diseases and the influence of environmental variables and medications. This information will serve as a crucial foundation for future studies on the skin, as well as for the design and development of new drugs for skin diseases including topical medications.

A Study on the Development Trend and Mechanism Perfection of Cultural Industry in Western China Based on Variable Model

Abstract As an emerging industry with high growth, the cultural industry plays an increasingly prominent role in boosting national economic construction and enriching people’s lives. This paper utilizes the relevant statistical data of the culture industry in 2022, selects the indicators of input-output variables, and adopts the three-stage DEA method to measure the efficiency level of the culture industry in Western China and explore the development trend of the culture industry in western China after eliminating the influence of external environment and random variables on the analysis results. In addition, the level of cultural industry efficiency in West China is taken as an explanatory variable. Relevant explanatory variables are selected to derive the influence of each variable on cultural industry efficiency by the partial least squares method, and regional heterogeneity is detected. The overall cultural industry efficiency in the western region is low; more than 30% of the inputs do not create value, and 50% of the provinces and municipalities have a low level of cultural industry operation and management and low development of industry scale. Except for Chongqing and Shaanxi, all other provinces and cities are in the stage of increasing returns to scale. The selected explanatory variables all positively contribute to the comprehensive technical efficiency of the cultural industry, with the most significant effect of the urbanization level, with a regression effect of 0.387. Focusing on improving the operation and management levels and the scale of the cultural industry is the key to enhancing the efficiency of the overall cultural industry in the West.

Clay micromechanics: Mapping the future of particle-scale modelling of clay

Geotechnical engineers need to predict the macroscopic behaviour of clays in terms of strength, stiffness, and permeability and the variation in these properties during deformation. Engineers also need to predict the influence of environmental variables (temperature, pressure, pore-fluid chemistry) on these engineering properties. Particle-based methods, which explicitly model individual clay platelets and their interactions, can help identify the fundamental mechanisms that govern the engineering behaviour. Virtual samples can be created, and simulations can consider application of mechanical loading or change in the environmental conditions to generate data on particle kinematics and interparticle interactions. Particlebased models can be used to simulate stress and strain paths that are not easy to reproduce in physical experiments. This approach to simulation also enables parametric studies to understand the sensitivity of the overall behaviour to various particle characteristics and the nature of the particle interactions. This contribution provides a review of the state-of-theart of existing particle-based models for clays, namely Discrete Element Method (DEM), Monte Carlo method (MC), and Molecular Dynamics (MD). The technical challenges, advantages, and disadvantages of each method for the simulation of clays are presented and discussed, together with the technical developments we would like to see over the next decade to realize the full potential of these modelling tools.

Investigating the interplay between environmental conditioning and nanotopographical cueing on the response of human MG63 osteoblastic cells to titanium nanotubes.

Titanium nanotubular surfaces have been extensively studied for their potential use in biomedical implants due to their ability to promote relevant phenomena associated with osseointegration, among other functions. However, despite the large body of literature on the subject, potential synergistic/antagonistic effects resulting from the combined influence of environmental variables and nanotopographical cues remain poorly investigated. Specifically, it is still unclear whether the nanotube-induced variations in cellular activity are preserved across different biochemical contexts. To bridge this gap, this study systematically evaluates the combined influence of nanotopographical cues and environmental factors on human MG63 osteoblastic cells. To this end, we capitalized on a triphasic anodization protocol to create nanostructured surfaces characterized by an average nanotube inner diameter of 25 nm (NT1) and 82 nm (NT2), as well as a two-tiered honeycomb (HC) architecture. A variable glucose content was chosen as the environmental modifier due to its well-known ability to affect specific functions of MG63 cells. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), viability/metabolic activity and proliferation were quantified to identify the suitable preconditioning window required for dictating a change in behaviour without significantly damaging cells. Successively, a combination of immunofluorescence, colorimetric assays, live cell imaging and western blots quantified viability/metabolic activity and cell proliferation, migration and differentiation as a function of the combined effects exerted by the nanostructured substrates and the glucose content. To achieve a thorough understanding of MG63 cell adaptation and response, a comparative analysis table that includes and systematically cross-analyzes all variables from this study was used for interpretation and discussion of the results. Taken together, we have demonstrated that all surfaces mitigate the negative effects of high glucose. However, nanotubular topographies, particularly NT2, elicit a more beneficial outcome in high glucose in respect to untreated titanium. In addition, while NT1 surfaces are associated with the most stable cellular response across varying glucose levels, the NT2 and HC substrates exhibit the strongest enhancement of cell migration, viability/metabolism and differentiation. Moreover, shorter-term processes such as adhesion and proliferation are favored on untreated titanium, while anodized samples support later-term events. Lastly, the role of anodized surfaces is dominant over the effects of environmental glucose, underscoring the importance of carefully considering nanoscale surface features in the design and development of cell-instructive titanium surfaces.

The Effect of Organizational Culture and Work Environment on Job Satisfaction Through Work Ethic

This research aims to obtain valid knowledge regarding the influence of organizational culture and work environment on job satisfaction through work ethic at PT. X. The research method used is quantitative. The data analysis technique was carried out using the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) approach using Smart PLS (Partial Least Square) software. The population is employees of PT. X. Based on the outside measurement of the model used as a measure of validity and reliability of indicators, which includes measurement of convergent validity, discriminant validity, extracted variance (AVE), composite reliability, and cronbach's alpha, it can be concluded that all indicators in this case research are valid . Based on the inner model measurements used in this research to measure the relationship between variables, organizational culture and work environment variables on job satisfaction have a strong influence of 91% and the influence of organizational culture and work environment variables on work ethic has a large influence. strong influence of 89%. It can be concluded that work ethic is able to mediate the influence between organizational culture and work environment on job satisfaction

Analisis Tingkat Pengaruh Pendidikan, Lingkungan dan Motivasi Terhadap Minat Berwirausaha

This research aims to analyze the level of influence of educational, environmental, and motivational variables on interest in entrepreneurship. The research method uses a quantitative approach by carrying out analytical calculations on the specified variables. The research dataset consists of the population and samples of management students at Putra Indonesia University YPTK Padang in 2023, totaling 128 samples. The results of this research show that the R coefficient is (0.717) and the Adjusted R Square coefficient value is (0.503) for the variables of education, environment, and motivation for interest in entrepreneurship. The results of other analyses also show that other variables do not influence 49.7%. The level of influence based on the results of the analysis shows that the entrepreneurial education variable has a positive and significant effect on management's interest in entrepreneurship with a t-value of 2.961. The family environment variable also has a positive and significant influence on management's entrepreneurial interest with a t-value of 6.991. The motivation variable also has a positive and significant influence on interest in entrepreneurship with a t-value of 4.661. Overall, education, environment, and motivation variables have a positive and significant influence on interest in entrepreneurship. Based on these results, this research can contribute to presenting knowledge and information that entrepreneurship education, family environment, and motivation simultaneously and partially have a positive influence on interest in entrepreneurship

Model Kinerja Guru Melalui Kepuasaan Kerja: Lingkungan Kerja dan Literasi Digital

This research is entitled a model of teacher performance through job satisfaction: work environment and literacy. The aim of the research is to determine the influence of the work environment, literacy and satisfaction on teacher performance, the work environment and literacy on job satisfaction and the work environment on teacher performance through job satisfaction as an intervening variable and literacy on teacher performance through job satisfaction as an intervening variable. The population of this research is teachers. Samples were taken from 100 respondents using random techniques. The data analysis methods used by the author in this research are validity testing, reliability testing, descriptive analysis testing and hypothesis testing. From the analysis carried out, the author found that from the research results the influence of work environment variables (X1), digital literacy variables (X2), teacher performance (Y) and job satisfaction variables (Z). It can be concluded that work environment variables have a significant effect on job satisfaction and digital literacy has a significant effect on job satisfaction. However, work environment, digital literacy and satisfaction have an influence and are not significant. Furthermore, there is an influence but not significant of the work environment on teacher performance through job satisfaction as an intervening variable and there is an influence but not significant of literacy on teacher performance through job satisfaction as an intervening variable. So, to increase job satisfaction, teachers should pay attention to a clean and comfortable environment. And can increase digital literacy to increase teacher satisfaction

Seasonal Distribution of Copepods as Influenced by Physicochemical Parameters in Khanki Headworks, Pakistan

Copepods are tiny aquatic animals. Their role in aquatic food chains is very crucial as they are involved in organic matter circulation and energy transfer between different trophic levels. They are important source of food for fish larvae and zooplanktivorous fish. Objective: To assess the influence of environmental variables on the abundance, diversity and seasonal variations of planktonic copepods in Khanki Headworks, Pakistan. Methods: For the analysis of environmental variables monthly water samples from four selected sites were collected for a period of one year (February 2021 to January 2022). Environmental variables were analyzed in laboratory by following standard procedures. Month wise samples of copepods were collected with planktonic net (mesh size: 37µm) from four locations (each with 3 sub-sites). Results: In total, 7 species of Copepods belonging to 4 genera were identified from February 2021 to January 2022. Mesocyclops was observed as the most diverse genus (4 species), while Mesocyclops edax was the most prevalent copepod species. Population density and biodiversity were highest in June and minimum in January. Shannon-Weaver diversity index described greater diversity among copepod species in June. Pearson correlation and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, turbidity, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were important environmental variables affecting the biodiversity and density of copepods. Conclusions: This investigation elucidated that physicochemical parameters generally regulate the population dynamics of Copepods.

Elucidating the ecological patterns of sympatric sea-bob shrimp species Xiphopenaeus dincao and X. kroyeri: A temporal and spatial approach

We evaluated the abundance and spatio-temporal distribution of adult individuals of sympatric shrimp species, X. kroyeri and X. dincao, under the influence of environmental variables. The study period took place from July 2021 to June 2022 in Ubatuba Bay, southeastern coast of Brazil. Monthly sampling of specimen and environmental variables occurred using a shrimp fishing boat along four transects of different depths. The abundance peak was differential: X. dincao occurring in the autumn and X. kroyeri in the winter. There was spatial segregation between the species, with X. dincao predominating in more restricted and shallower habitats, while X. kroyeri showed higher abundance in deeper depths. Temporal differentiation of the highest abundance and the habitat partitioning between the species demonstrate different strategies in resource use, following a scenario that reduces competitive pressures and maintains coexistence stability. The closed fishing season appears to offer more protection for X. dincao. Although both periods do not cover the peak of X. kroyeri abundance, its abundance increased in the following months. Our findings describe the population and ecological characteristics of two sea-bob shrimp species, previously regarded as monotypic, and contribute to a deeper understanding of the actual status of these populations.

Relationship Between Cultivable Bacterial Abundance and Soil C, N, And P Contents Across A Land Use Gradient in The Brazilian Cerrado

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate how soil bacterial abundance relates to soil C, N and P contents along land use change gradient in the Cerrado landscape. Method/design/approach: Land use categories were classified according to the succession stage of natural vegetation and agricultural activity. Soil physicochemical analyzes and plate counts of cellulolytic, amylolytic, free-living diazotrophic, phosphate solubilizing and actinobacteria were carried out. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate the interaction between the abundance of bacterial cultivable groups and soil C, N and P contents. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to determine the influence of environmental variables. Land use change affected how bacterial cultivable abundance interacts to soil C, N and P dynamics. Results and conclusion: The regression analysis revealed 27 significant interactions between bacterial cultivable abundance (BCA) and soil C, N and P contents. In general, the increase of BCA is related to higher soil C, N and P rates. The influence of BCA in soil nutrient cycling seems to be more expressive in stressful environments such as intermediate succession area and agricultural lands. Nitrogen was the most affected nutrient and actinobacteria are the microbial group that can most enhance soil fertility. RDA showed that K, Mg and Ca contents were the main environmental factors acting on bacterial abundance. Research implications: Conservation of natural resources and maintenance of biodiversity. Originality/value: Soil bacterial functional groups and actinobacteria are directly involved in biogeochemical cycling being key factors for ecosystem conservation.

Pengaruh Hubungan Interpersonal Guru-Siswa Dan Lingkungan Sekolah Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Siswa Di SMK Negeri 1 Banyudono

This research aims to determine: 1) the effect of teacher-student interpersonal relationship on learning motivation, 2) the effect of school environment on learning motivation and 3) the effect of teacher-student interpersonal relationship and school environment on student learning motivation at SMK Negeri 1 Banyudono. This research is quantitative research with a correlational method. The subject of this research is students of SMK Negeri 1 Banyudono. The sampling technique used on this research is stratified random sampling. Data collection technique using a questionnaire. The instrument validation technique used on this research is validity test and reliability test. Data analysis includes classical assumption tests, such as normality tests, linearity tests and multicollinearity tests and there are hypothesis tests such as t-test, F-test, coefficient of determination, multiple regression analysis, effective contribution and relative contribution. The results of this research are: First, that there is a positive and significant influence of the teacher-student interpersonal relationship variable on student learning motivation at SMK Negeri 1 Banyudoni. This is evidenced by the value of Tvalue > Ttable 6.67 > 1.98 and a significance value of <0.05. So H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. Second, it was found that there was no significant influence of school environmental variables on student learning motivation at SMK Negeri 1 Banyudono but the results still showed in a positive direction. This is proven by the significance value of the school environment of > 0.05 and the T value of 0.56 < T table of 1.98 so that H0 is accepted and H2 is rejected. Third, there is a positive and significant influence of teacher-student interpersonal relationship variables and the school environment together on student learning motivation at SMK Negeri 1 Banyudono. This is evidenced by the results of the F test with a F value of 34.75 > 3.09 F table with a significance level <0.05. So H0 is rejected and H3 is accepted. The results of multiple linear regression analysis show a coefficient of determination value of 0.438, where teacher-student interpersonal relationships and the school environment together influence student learning motivation by 43.8%. While the remaining 56.2% is influenced by other factors. Teachers should be active in participating in communication competency training in order to improve teacher-student interpersonal relationships and teachers pay more attention to all students.

Sponge assemblages in fishing grounds and seamounts of the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean)

The Balearic Archipelago (western Mediterranean) is an area of great ecological interest due to the combination of complex geomorphology, highly oligotrophic waters and low fishing pressure. Sponges play a key role in benthic habitats, providing structural complexity and significantly contributing to their diversity and biomass. Here, we present an insight into the sponge communities of this archipelago from the analysis of samples collected during several scientific research surveys carried out on bottom trawl fishing grounds around the Balearic Islands and on sedimentary and rocky bottoms of the Mallorca Channel seamounts. Sampling was carried out with experimental bottom trawl, beam trawl, rock dredge and remotely operated vehicle (ROV). We analyzed species presence/absence data using multivariate methods in order to identify assemblages. Once identified, we characterized their biodiversity, biomass and taxonomic composition. A dbRDA analysis was conducted to test the influence of environmental variables and fishing pressure on the sponge communities. Up to 350 species are reported: 220 at bottom trawl fishing grounds and 189 at seamounts. Communities were structured by depth, temperature, currents, substrate and fishing pressure with sponge presence/absense, biomass and diversity also linked to the presence of deep algae beds. Taxonomic composition differed between bottom trawl fishing grounds and the seamounts, where this fishing activity is almost negligible, pointing to different sensitivity to this fishing impact among the different orders, particularly for Tetractinellida, which was much more diverse and abundant at seamounts.

The Influence of Principal Leadership, Rewards, and Work Environment on Primary School Teacher Performance in Lunyuk District with Teacher Discipline as a Mediating Variable

This research aims to examine the influence of the principal's leadership, giving rewards, and the work environment on the discipline of elementary school teachers in Lunyuk District and to examine the influence of the principal's leadership, giving rewards, and the work environment on teacher performance through discipline as a mediating variable. The method used in this research is a quantitative method using primary data. The population in this study were all elementary school teachers in Lunyuk District, consisting of 18 elementary schools with a total of 166 teachers. In this study, the sample used was 117 respondents. The data collection technique used in this research was a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression, and the prerequisite tests used include the normality test, heteroscedasticity test, multicollinearity test, path analysis, and Sobel test to test the influence of mediating or intervening variables. The results of the research statistically show that the influence of the principal's leadership variable on teacher discipline has a t-count of 2.075. This shows that the t-calculated value is greater than the t-table value (2.075 > 1.981), where the principal's leadership has a positive and significant effect on the work discipline of elementary school teachers. The influence of the reward variable on teacher discipline obtained a t-calculated value of -0.874. This shows that the t-calculated value is smaller than the t-table value (-0.874 < 1.981), where giving rewards does not have a significant effect on the work discipline of elementary school teachers. The influence of work environment variables on teacher discipline obtained a t-calculated value of 6.738. This shows that the t-calculated value is greater than the t-table value (6.738 > 1.981), which means that the work environment has a positive and significant effect on the work discipline of elementary school teachers. The results of the Sobel test show that the mediating role of work discipline on the principal's leadership and the school work environment has a significant effect, which can improve the performance of elementary school teachers in Lunyuk District. This can be seen in the results of the probability value being less than 0.05. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the principal leadership and work environment variables have a positive and significant effect on the work discipline of elementary school teachers, while rewards do not have a significant effect on the work discipline of elementary school teachers. The results of the Sobel test show that the mediating role of work discipline on the principal's leadership and work environment has a significant effect, which can improve the performance of elementary school teachers in Lunyuk District. Keywords: Principal Leadership, Rewards, Work Environment, and Teacher Performance

The influence of spatial processes on fish community structure: using a metacommunity framework for freshwater bioassessment.

The use of biological indicators in a bioassessment approach is important for inferences of anthropogenic stress in routine monitoring programs. One of the primary assumptions of bioassessment is that biological indicators observed at specific sampling sites will allow for inferences of local environmental quality; however, this assumption requires a reliable understanding of dispersal processes, which is particularly relevant in river systems due to their dendritic network. Inter-stream dispersal between different points of the river network could bias bioassessment, especially for highly mobile organisms like fish. Here, we examine standard biological metrics used in routine biomonitoring to determine how spatial variables, including dispersal, influence inferences between fish populations and environmental gradients. Using redundancy analysis (RDA) and variation partitioning, we tested the relative influence of both environmental and spatial variables on fish community structure and related community metrics. Fish were collected from 99 sampling sites distributed across 44 rivers and streams of the Great Morava River Basin, Serbia. Electroconductivity, the percentage of agricultural areas, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and nitrate-nitrogen were found to be significant environmental variables, while ten spatial predictors from broad- to small-scales were found to influence fish community structure and community metrics. Our results suggest that contemporary dispersal among streams influences fish community composition, but that trait-based metrics are less sensitive than basic measures of diversity to spatial processes. Our results highlight the need for spatially independent sampling, as well as the need to consider dispersal-based processes in routine biomonitoring.

Analisis Anteseden Semangat Kerja Pada Karyawan UMKM Hijab di Desa Bolo Kecamatan Demak

This research aims to analyze the influence of work environment variables, work stress, work conflict, organizational communication and leadership style on the work spirit of Hijab MSME employees in Bolo Village. The population in this study was 190 employees; the sample determined in this study was 128 employees using a saturated sample. In this research, a sampling technique was carried out by distributing questionnaires.. The findings of this research are that the work environment has a positive and significant effect on the work morale of Hijab MSME employees in Bolo Village, work stress has a positive and significant effect on the work spirit of Hijab MSME employees in Bolo Village, work conflict has a positive and significant effect on the work spirit of Hijab MSME employees in the Village. Bolo, organizational communication has a positive and significant influence on the work morale of Hijab MSME employees in Bolo Village, and leadership style has a positive and significant influence on the work spirit of Hijab MSME employees in Bolo Village.

Scale-dependent influence of multiple environmental drivers on estuarine macrobenthic crustaceans

Estuarine ecosystems are transitional environments, where land, freshwater, and marine ecosystems converge. Estuaries are also hotspots of ecological functioning and considered highly economically and culturally valuable for the ecosystem services they provide to humankind. However, multiple stressors (e.g., nutrient and sediment loading, pollution, climate change) are threatening the survival of estuarine organisms and therefore affecting the functions and services estuarine ecosystems provide. In this study, we investigated the influence of multiple environmental variables on long-term estuarine crustacean data across several estuaries in New Zealand. We focused on responses of specific crustacean groups and total crustacean abundance and richness to freshwater, ocean, and climate variables as drivers of change at large, medium, and fine spatial scales. Our analyses revealed that the abundance and richness of crustaceans, as well as the abundance of specific crustacean groups (i.e., Amphipoda, Decapoda, Cumacea, Tanaidacea), were influenced by unique combinations of environmental variables, resulting in scale dependent interactions. We also identified negative relationships between estuarine crustaceans and drivers, with decreased abundance and richness of crustaceans as the magnitude of drivers increased. Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and climate-related drivers (Southern Oscillation Index, SOI) were the dominant drivers affecting estuarine crustaceans, yet sediment muddiness negatively affected crustacean communities at all spatial scales assessed. Our research suggests that the combined effects of multiple environmental drivers such as increased muddiness, ocean warming, and climate change are likely to act in a concerted way to affect the health and functioning of estuarine ecosystems. The observed interactions between macrobenthic crustaceans and climatic and oceanic drivers have important implications for understanding climate change impacts on marine ecosystems and assist management and conservation efforts.

Spatial and Environmental Influence on the Community of Aquatic Insects in Atlantic Forest Streams

Purpose: Investigate the influence of environmental variables and spatial autocorrelation on aquatic insect communities within the same water flow in Atlantic Forest streams. Theoretical framework: The organisms in lotic environments are influenced by both local and non-local factors, in addition to other processes, which result from the dynamics of the environment. Alterations in these factors can provide evidence regarding the organization of aquatic communities. Given the high sensitivity insect are used in ecosystems quality studies around the world. Method: Sampling campaigns were conducted every three months. A total of twenty-four samples were collected across four campaigns and six collection sites were established along the same stream. In-situ measurements of physical and chemical variables were performed. The environmental quality of the surroundings was assessed using the Habitat Integrity Index. Results and conclusion: No spatial dependence was found between the sampling sites. Closer points no longer exhibited resemblance. For the studied situation, the surrounding and turbidity have a stronger relationship with the biota, acting as environmental filters and suggesting that the organization of is driven by local environmental conditions. Environments that are locally less disturbed are more influential in shaping for aquatic insect communities. Thus, considering the effect of habitats on organisms and recognizing the importance of local conservation efforts for preserving the aquatic biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest biome, we emphasize need for the implementation permanent monitoring programs in hydrographic basins, mainly for the BHRA, and the development of strategies aimed at minimizing the impacts on these environments. Research implications: We affirm the applicability of aquatic insects as valuable indicators for assessing the quality and biodiversity of streams and suggest studies with these organisms as a strategy to support management in freshwater environments. Originality/value: Studies that evaluate water bodies and their surroundings are essential in view of the pressures exerted through the different land uses. The study region deserves attention in view of the implementation of large constructions.

Microbial community dynamics and assembly mechanisms across different stages of cyanobacterial bloom in a large freshwater lake

Cyanobacterial bloom caused by eutrophication in lakes has become one of the significant environmental problems worldwide. However, a notable research gap persists in understanding the environmental adaptation and community assembly of microbial dynamics in response to different blooming stages. Therefore, metagenomic sequencing was employed in this study to investigate alterations in the microbial community composition in water and sediment during different stages of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu. The results indicated significant spatiotemporal variations in physicochemical parameters across the early, medium, and late stages of a complete cyanobacteria bloom cycle. Diversity analysis further revealed that the temporal differences in the microbial community were substantially greater than spatial variations. Notably, during the medium-blooming stages in water, Microcystis emerged as the predominant detected cyanobacteria genus. Interestingly, the content of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT) in sediment exceeded those in water by over 10 times, indicating that sediment-dwelling Cyanobacteria might constitute a crucial source of water blooms. Moreover, dissolved oxygen, pH, and water temperature were identified as the most influential environmental variables shaping the microbial community in the water. Stochasticity emerged as a prominent factor governing microbial community assembly across different bloom periods. Meanwhile, co-occurrence patterns suggested fewer interactions and instability between species in medium-blooming stages. Notably, the potential keystone phyla occupied crucial ecological niches. This research carries significant theoretical implications for managing cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater ecosystems.

The Influence of Family Environment and Learning Motivation on Learning Outcomes in Economics Subjects

Purpose of the study: The aim of this research is to determine whether there is an influence of family environmental variables and learning motivation simultaneously on learning outcomes in economics subjects. To determine whether or not there is a partial influence of family environmental variables on learning outcomes in economics subjects. And to find out whether there is a partial influence of learning motivation variables on learning outcomes in economics subjects.
 Methodology: This type of research is descriptive quantitative with survey methods. The population in this study was class X high school students, totaling 450 students with a sample size of 82 respondents. Sampling used the proportionate random sampling technique by lottery. The research data collection technique uses a questionnaire. Data validity was obtained through the results of a tryout conducted on 30 respondents. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis technique.
 Main Findings: Based on this research, (1) There is a significant influence between family environment variables and learning motivation simultaneously on students' economics learning outcomes; (2) Family environment variables partially have a significant influence on students' economics learning outcomes; (3) Partial learning motivation variables also have a significant influence on students' learning outcomes in economics subjects; (4) The coefficient of determination (R square) of 0.455 or 45.5% indicates that the family environment and learning motivation together influence 45.5% of student learning outcomes in economics subjects.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: This research investigates the influence of family environmental variables and learning motivation simultaneously on learning outcomes in economics subjects. Previous studies may not have combined these two variables simultaneously in the same context. This research also partially tests the influence of family environmental variables on learning outcomes in economics subjects.

Spatiotemporal Patterns in the Distribution of Albacore, Bigeye, Skipjack, and Yellowfin Tuna Species within the Exclusive Economic Zones of Tonga for the Years 2002 to 2018

The Tongan fisheries targeting the species of albacore (Thunnus alalunga), bigeye (Thunnus obesus), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), comprising the main tuna catch landed, within the EEZ of Tonga is critical to the economy of Tonga. Thus, it is crucial to study the spatiotemporal pattern of their catch and the influence of environmental and physical variables, in addition to the month and year of the catch. To this end, sets of eight generalized additive models were applied to model the distribution of these four species. Selection among competing models was carried out based on k-fold cross-validation, using RMSPE prediction error as a measure of model predictive performance. The following sets of predictors were considered; sea surface temperature, sea surface chlorophyll, bottom depth, month, and year. In addition, to assess the influence of fronts, gradients in SST and Chl-a were computed and used as predictors. Catch year was the most important variable for all, except Albacore tuna, for which month was the important variable. The third most important variable was SST for albacore and bigeye tuna, whereas bottom depth was the most important variable for skipjack and yellowfin tuna. A standardized index of CPUE indicates mostly inter-annual variation in CPUE for albacore and bigeye tuna, whereas a it indicates a general increase in CPUE for skipjack and yellowfin tuna. Hotspots of albacore tuna catches are around the northern and southern edges of the exclusive economic zone and typically during the months of June to August. The bigeye tuna hotspots were concentrated on the eastern side of the islands, in waters overlying trenches; this was most obvious during the months of January to June. Skipjack tuna hotspots were near the edges of the exclusive economic zone, although it is caught in smaller amounts to the three tuna species considered and higher catch rates were observed only after 2014. For yellowfin tuna, the highest catch rates were concentrated around the islands and descending towards the southern edge of the EEZ. As part of the initiative of this study to support national optimal resource management, this study generated standardized CPUE (indices of abundance), an important input in stock assessment, and also looked into the potential influence of environmental and physical variables on the CPUE of these valuable tuna stocks within the EEZ of Tonga.