Influence Of Tobacco Smoking Research Articles

The influence of tobacco smoking on dental periapical condition in a sample of an adult population of the Łódź region, Poland.

Epidemiological studies show that apical periodontitis (AP), alongside tooth decay, is the most common oral disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of smoking on the prevalence of AP in the population of the Łódź region, Poland. The study involved 815 first-time, randomly selected patients reporting to the Central Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Lodz. The studied group was a systematic sample of the population admitted for treatment in 2016. The study consisted of a questionnaire and a radiological part. Each patient filled out a questionnaire containing demographic data, and an interview regarding smoking and diabetes. The radiological part of the study included the analysis of panoramic radiographs which showed the periapical status, and the presence and quality of root canal treatment. Teeth with AP were observed more frequently in patients addicted to tobacco either at the time of the study or in the past (group 1) - 7.2% than in people who had never smoked (group 2) - 5.2% (p < 0.0005). In the teeth without root canal treatment, AP was observed more frequently in group 1 - 3.5% than in group 2 - 1.9% (p < 0.0005). A statistically significant difference was found in the percentage of endodontically treated teeth between group 1 and group 2 (10.7% vs. 9.6%) (p = 0.017). However, no difference was observed in the frequency of AP in the endodontically treated teeth in both groups (37.6% vs. 35.8%) (p = 0.451). Smokers are a group facing an increased risk of AP and, therefore, there is a need for an early detection and treatment of caries and its complications in this group of patients. The multifactorial etiology of AP indicates the necessity to undertake further studies on the effect of smoking on the periapical status. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2020;33(1):45-57.

The influence of smoking on the formation of airway hyperresponsiveness to cold and the course of destructive-cytological processes in the goblet cells of the bronchial epithelium in patients with asthma

Tobacco smoking in patients with asthma can intensify the bronchi mucosa damage and significantly worsen the course of the disease.Aim. To assess the influence of tobacco smoking on the clinical manifestations of the disease, airway response to cold air exposure and destructive-cytological processes in the goblet cells of bronchial epithelium in patients with asthma.Materials and methods. In 145 patients with asthma their asthma control level was determined by the Аsthma Control Test, lung function (FEV1 , %) and airway response (∆FEV1 , %) to a 3-minute isocapnic hyperventilation (–20 °С) of cold air (IHCA) were evaluated, and induced sputum (IS) was collected. In cytograms of IS a percentage content, the index of cell destruction (ICD) and the index of cytolysis intensiveness (IC) were assessed; histochemically the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the contents of glycoproteins were identified. The 1st group included 102 non-smokers and the 2nd group included 43 smokers.Results. In IS of patients of the 2nd group in comparison with the 1st one we found intensification of the destructive (ICD = 0.47 ± 0.02 and 0.40 ± 0.02, respectively, р = 0.044) and cytolytic activity of goblet cells (IC = 0.22 ± 0.03 and 0.15 ± 0.02, respectively, р = 0.047) with the domination of the number of completely destroyed cells (21.7 ± 2.4 vs. 14.5 ± 1.6%, р = 0.043) and the decrease in the number of cells with a normal structure (52.5 ± 2.1 vs. 60.5 ± 3.1%, р = 0.047). For smokers it was typical to have high contents of neutrophils in IS (34.1 ± 3.0 vs. 23.9 ± 1.4%, respectively, р = 0.0006) and high level of myeloperoxidase in granulocytes of bronchi (94.3 ± 5.4 vs. 80.7 ± 3.6 pixels, р = 0.037). Smokers responded more actively to IHCA (∆FEV1 was –13.7 ± 2.6 vs. –7.9 ± 1.2%, respectively, р = 0.032), and the degree of the response correlated with the indices of destructive-cytological activity of IS cells.Conclusion. Tobacco smoking in patients with asthma leads to the disturbance of the structure of goblet epithelium in the bronchi with the intensification of destructive-cytological processes, which is accompanied by a decrease in the level of glycoproteins in cytoplasm, an increase in the secretory activity of the goblet cells, neutrophilia, growth of oxidative peroxidase activity of granulocytes, worsening of the bronchial conductance, and intensification of airway response to cold air.

CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLACENTA DYSFUNCTION IN PREGNANT WOMEN PRONE TO TOBACCO SMOKING

The aim is to determine the morphological markers of placental dysfunction in pregnantwomen under conditions of tobacco smoking.Material and methods. We examined 75 pregnant women (main group) who wereregistered and gave birth in the Odessa Maternity Hospital №7. Pregnant women in themain group were divided into 2 subgroups: 1-A group consisted of 45 pregnant womenwho smoked cigarettes during pregnancy; The 1-B group consisted of 30 pregnantwomen who smoked cigarettes before pregnancy and did not abuse tobacco during theircurrent pregnancies. The control group consisted of 40 healthy pregnant women whowere not under the influence of tobacco smoking during pregnancy. The examination ofpregnant women was conducted in accordance with local protocols of the OdessaMaternity Hospital №7 and regulating orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine.Results. The article presents the data of the clinical-morphological characteristics ofplacental dysfunction in pregnant women who are predisposed to tobacco smoking. Ithas been shown that smoking in pregnant women leads to an increase in the frequency ofobstetric complications, a malfunction of the fetoplacental complex and the condition ofthe fetus. The peculiarities of morpho-functional changes in villi chorion, which serve asthe basis for the development of chronic placental dysfunction under the conditions oftobacco smoking, are established. Decreased concentration of marker of placental dysfunction - placental lactogen in syncytiotrophoblast indicate a violation of maturationof trophoblast of the chorial villi.Conclusions. 1. Pregnant women, prone to tobacco smoking are a high-risk group ofplacental dysfunction and obstetric complications. 2. In pregnant women, who abusesmoking, manifestations of fetoplacental dysfunction occur by delaying the maturationof the chorial villi, proliferation of cytotrophoblast of intermediate mature and terminalvilli increases.

Влияние табакокурения при беременности на фетоплацентарную систему и состояние новорожденных

Влияние табакокурения при беременности на фетоплацентарную систему и состояние новорожденных

�������-��������� ������ � ��������� ��������� ��������� ������ ������������ �� ������� ������ ��� ��������� ��������� �������� ������������

�������-��������� ������ � ��������� ��������� ��������� ������ ������������ �� ������� ������ ��� ��������� ��������� �������� ������������

The effect of maternal tobacco smoking and second-hand tobacco smoke exposure on human milk oxidant-antioxidant status

BackgroundMany women who smoke tobacco continue to do so during lactation, and many non-smoking women are exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) during the period that she wishes to breastfeed. There are reports documenting the adverse effects of maternal smoking during lactation on their infant's health; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these effects are incompletely understood. ObjectivesOur study purpose was to examine the influence of tobacco smoke on biochemical markers reflecting the intensity of oxidative stress using concentration of total protein (TP), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), S-nitrosothiols (RSNO), nitric oxide (NO), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) in the plasma, colostrum, and mature milk of women who smoke, those only exposed to SHS, and non-smokers. MethodsQuestionnaire data on the tobacco smoking status were verified based on the determination of cotinine by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Relevant markers of oxidative stress and biochemical parameters were determined using spectrophotometric methods. ResultsWe found that tobacco smoking during lactation increases oxidative stress in the mother's plasma, colostrum, and mature milk, and lesser so in those exposed to SHS. Tobacco smoke significantly increase TBARS and decrease TEAC in colostrum and mature milk. In response to ROS generated by tobacco smoke increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GST, GPx and CAT), p < 0.05. DiscussionSuch exposure to tobacco smoke influences the antioxidant barrier of human colostrum and mature milk that can adversely affect their infant's health. Greater public health awareness of the adverse effects of tobacco smoking during lactation on breast milk quality and its protective effects is urgently needed.

Influence of tobacco smoke on zinc, cadmium, iron, iron-binding proteins, and low-weight anti-oxidant status in pregnancy

Pregnancy and tobacco smoking (TS) each can cause increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; this, in turn, can lead to disorders in iron management and disruption of the pro- and anti-oxidant balance. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of TS and Cd on Fe, Zn, and anti-oxidant levels (i.e. glutathione [GSH], metallothionein [MT]) in the blood of pregnant women. The study reported here evaluated 110 blood samples from pregnant women in their 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester. Concentrations of ferritin and transferrin were measured in the serum; Zn, Fe and cotinine in the plasma, that of Cd in whole blood, that for glutathione in red blood cell lysates, and levels of metallothionein both in the plasma and in lysates prepared from isolated erythrocytes. The results indicated there was a decrease in Zn and increase in Cd and metallothionein levels in pregnant women smokers as compared to in nonsmoking counterparts. Differences in intracellular MT concentration were noted both in smoking and nonsmoking women during pregnancy while there were no changes in extracellular MT level. A decline in circulating ferritin and a rise in transferrin during pregnancy was observed in all groups. Based on the results, it was concluded that exposure to TS-associated xenobiotics like Cd could result in higher MT levels in erythrocytes and in pregnant smokers, the major anti-oxidant mechanism that is in place is one being mediated by MT and not by reduced GSH.

Relationship between somatostatin and interleukin-6: A cross-sectional study in patients with acute pancreatitis

ObjectivesThe aim of the analysis is to determine dynamic changes in somatostatin (SS) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations during in acute pancreatitis (AP). MethodsThe influence of tobacco smoking on IL-6 and SS levels in the serum of non-smoking (n = 10) and smoking (n = 27) patients with diagnosed AP and control group: non-smoking (n = 44), smoking (n = 42) and passive smoking (n = 29) healthy persons was proved. The concentration of IL-6 and SS was determined by means of ELISA. Differences between the groups analyzed were tested using the U Mann Whitney test. The Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlations. ResultsThe concentrations of IL-6 and SS were significantly higher in smoking patients with AP and healthy persons when compared with non-smoking population on every day (1 day: p = 0.0002, p = 0.015; 3 day: p = 0.005, p = 0.001 and 7 day: p = 0.025, p = 0.038). Dynamic changes in concentrations of IL-6 and SS in the serum of patients with AP were demonstrated in the ensuing days of the disease. In case of non-smoking and smoking patients, significant positive correlations between IL-6 and SS was observed. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that some of the antiinflammatory effects of SS against acute pancreatitis may be mediated by reducing the local proinflammatory cytokine secretion in the pancreas.

Influence of tobacco smoking on clinical efficacy of a 1-year rehabilitation programme for myocardial infarction patients of economically active age

Aim. Evaluation of the efficacy of 1-year exercise based program (EP) in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients of economically active age after acute myocardial infarction (MI), depending on smoking status.Material and methods. To the study, males included (n=338) after MI (not later than 3 weeks from the event). Four groups shaped by randomization: EP patients smokers (group 1, n=84), EP non-smokers (group 2, n=85); no EP smokers (group 3, n=85) and no EP non-smokers (group 4, n=84). All patients received standard medication treatment. The EP were added, of moderate intensity (50-60% from the load in exercise test) 3 times a week during 1 year.Results. After EP in smokers (n=41) and non-smokers (n=85) there was an increase of load duration by 30,3% (p&lt;0,001) and by 28,4% (p&lt;0,001), and its intensity by 31,2% (p&lt;0,001) and 30,8% (p&lt;0,001), with 3,8% (p&lt;0,01) increase of economicity of physical work, but only in smokers. With no EP only in non-smokers there was slight increase of exercise duration by 10,1% (p&lt;0,01) and its intensity by 11,1% (p&lt;0,05), but milder, and in smokers, in contrary, the economicity parameter declined by 13,3% (p&lt;0,05). This was linked with the heart size enlargement and the left ventricle ejection fraction increase in smokers and non-smokers; in the absence of EP there were no changes, just slight (by 1,9%) (p&lt;0,05) increase of the left ventricle ejection fraction in non-smokers. Only at EP, with similar grade in smokers and non-smokers there was decrease of atherogenic lipids levels and high density cholesterol increase. In 1 year of EP, all cases of cardiovascular adverse events significantly decreased in smokers by 44,8% (р&lt;0,05) and in nonsmokers by 50,9% (р&lt;0,05).Conclusion. Long term (1 year) EP of moderate intensity, in both smokers and non-smokers MI patients lead to stable disease course, decrease the rate of cardiovascuar complications and improve patients life quality. However the “smoking factor” decreases rehabilitational potentional of patient and interferes with better results achievement in cardiorehabilitation.

PC249: Change in hemodynamic parameters in periodontal tissues under the influence of tobacco smoking

PC249: Change in hemodynamic parameters in periodontal tissues under the influence of tobacco smoking

Does switching to electronic cigarettes reduce the harm caused to the cardiovascular system by tobacco smoking?

The largest number of premature deaths associated with active and passive smoking are due to cardiovascular diseases. The introduction of alternative nicotine delivery devices to the consumer market over the last decade has inspired a vivid debate on the harmfulness of these products. This review compares the mechanisms of the negative influence of tobacco smoke and the aerosol generated from electronic cigarettes on the cardiovascular system. The opinions of authorities in cardiology, as well as those of prestigious organisations and institutions on the matter, are quoted in the paper. Harm reduction following the replacement of conventional cigarettes with electronic ones has been assessed. Available research shows that the main cause of the negative effects of the aerosol from electronic cigarettes to the cardiovascular system is nicotine. No combustion process in electronic cigarettes results in the lack of a vast amount of smoke compounds normally found in cigarette smoke. This results in a smaller influence of these compounds on cardiovascular system. As a consequence, substituting cigarette smoking with electronic cigarettes or other smokeless tobacco products should lead to a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular diseases, however, not to eliminating the risk.

Smoking Decreases Endometrial Thickness in IVF/ICSI Patients.

Introduction Smoking is a serious problem for the health care system. Many of the compounds identified in cigarette smoke have toxic effects on the fertility of both females and males. The purpose of this study was to determine whether smoking affects clinical factors during IVF/ICSI therapy in a single-center reproductive unit. Material and Methods In a retrospective study of 200 IVF/ICSI cycles, endometrial thickness and the outcome of IVF/ICSI therapy were analyzed. Results Endometrial thickness was significantly lower in smoking patients than in non-smoking patients (10.4 ± 1.5 mm vs. 11.6 ± 1.8 mm). Age was significantly higher in women who failed to conceive. The total dose of gonadotropins administered was significantly lower in pregnant patients and the highest pregnancy rate was achieved with an rFSH protocol. BMI and number of cigarettes smoked did not influence treatment outcomes in this study. Conclusion We showed that smoking has a negative effect on endometrial thickness on the day of embryo transfer. This may help to further explain the detrimental influence of tobacco smoke on implantation and pregnancy rates during assisted reproduction therapy.

Research of indicators of the endogenous antioxidant system in rats affected with sodium nitrite on the background of tobacco intoxication

Under conditions of progression of environmental pollution, the one of priority directions of toxicology and medicine is the study of features and mechanisms of the combined effect of xenobiotics – risk factors of many ecologically depending diseases. In last years there is widely studied the influence of tobacco smoking on the human organism. The numerous researches proved that the wide use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture resulted in environmental pollution, especially pollution of atmospheric air, drinking water and food and created the real threat for life of both human and other living beings. All these anthropogenic toxicants penetrate the human organism and lead to the oxidative stress and activation of free radical processes in the organism and imbalance in functioning of pro- and antioxidant systems.The aim of the research is to establish the level of the oxidative stress and activity of indicators of the system of antioxidant defense in rats, injured with sodium nitrite on the background of 45 days tobacco intoxication for choosing adequate schemes of correction of detected disorders.Experiments were realized on non-linear white male rats of different age groups, who underwent the effect of tobacco smoke during 45 days. Two groups of animals, injured by smoke, received sodium nitrite in dose 45 mg / kg of body mass for 24 hours and 72 hours before the end of experiment. Euthanasia was realized under thiopental anesthesia. Blood, blood serum liver and kidneys were taken for the study.For determining AOF, there was realized extraction of blood neutrophils by the method of gradient centrifugation. For measuring AOF level in neutrophils, dichlofluorescein diacetate was used. The level of AOF production was analyzed by the intensity of dye stuff lighting on the current cytometer. Catalase activity in the reaction with ammonium molybdate, superoxide dismutase activity with nitrotetrazolium blue, the content of restored glutathione at interaction of Ellman reagent with free SH-groups were determined in blood serum and tissues. The content of ceruloplasmin in blood serum was determined by the reaction of para-phenylendiamine oxidation.The studies were realized observing general principles of experiments on animals, coordinated with statements of the European convention about protection of vertebral animals, used for experimental and other scientific aims.Rats of all age groups, injured by tobacco smoke demonstrated the increase of AOF level in blood that resulted in the oxidative process development in the organism. The synchronous intoxication of rats with tobacco smoke and sodium nitrite deepened even more all detected disorders that testify to the reliable (p≤0,05) increase of AOF that acquired the maximal values in immature animals. The oxidative stress, observed in the organism of rats of all age groups, caused inhibition of antioxidant enzymes activity: superoxide dismutase, catalase and decrease of the non-enzyme component of the antioxidant system – restored glutathione. The synchronous injure of animals by sodium nitrite and tobacco smoke resulted in the decrease of catalase activity in lungs of mature rats in 2,4times compared with intact animals in the final term of the study. After sodium nitrite intoxication of rats, toxicated by smoke, the content of restored glutathione was maximally decreased in the liver of mature rats (in 4,5 times). Most expressed changes of indicators of the antioxidant system were observed in blood serum and organs of mature rats

WS10.5 Influence of tobacco smoke on CFTR function

WS10.5 Influence of tobacco smoke on CFTR function

The effect of cigarette smoking on endothelial damage and atherosclerosis development – modeled and analyzed using Petri nets

Abstract Atherosclerosis as one of the crucial causes of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is the leading reason of death worldwide. One of the contributing factors to this phenomenon is endothelial dysfunction, which is associated with the impact of various agents and their interactions. Tobacco smoke is one of the well known factors here. For better understanding of its significance a model of its impact on atherosclerotic plaque formation has been proposed. The model contains selected aspects of the influence of tobacco smoke, dual function of nitric oxide (NO) (influence of various mechanisms on NO bioavailability), oxidative stress which promotes low density lipoproteins oxidation, macrophages significance and other mechanisms leading to an aggravation of the endothelial disturbances. The model has been built using Petri nets theory and the analysis has been based on t-invariants. This approach allowed to confirm the important role of inflammation and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis development and moreover it has shown the considerable influence of the cigarette smoke.

Smoking and Eye Pathologies. A Systemic Review. Part I. Anterior Eye Segment Pathologies.

Tobacco smoking has detrimental influence on human health and is one of the leading causes of preventable mortality worldwide, associated with lung cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease and cardiovascular disease. The analysis of the influence of tobacco smoking on pathology of the anterior segment of the eye in adults and children. A comprehensive review of the literature performed through MEDLINE and PubMed searches, was published during the period 2000-2016. In adults, tobacco smoking is associated with hyperopia, delayed corneal epithelial healing and progression of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy. Smoking is a strong risk factor for age-related nuclear cataract. However, smoking is not associated with pterygium, and its influence on dry eye symptoms, central corneal thickness and progression of primary open glaucoma remains controversial. Smoking during pregnancy increases risk of convergent or divergent strabismus or poor stereo acuity, however, its influence on anophtalmia, microphtalmia, amblyopia and hyperopic refractive error is controversial. Tobacco smoking plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases of anterior eye segment leading to visual impairment in adults and children.

Smoking and Eye Pathologies. A Systemic Review. Part II. Retina Diseases, Uveitis, Optic Neuropathies, Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy.

Tobacco smoking has detrimental influence on human health. The analysis of influence of tobacco smoking on retina diseases, uveitis, optic neuropathies, and thyroidassociated orbitopathy in adults and children. A comprehensive review of the literature performed through MEDLINE and PubMed searches, covering the years 2000-2016. In adults, tobacco smoking is a strong risk factor for age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, uveitis and inflamed cystoid macular edema as well as Grave`s ophthalmopathy. Tobacco smoking reduces thickness of the retina and choroid, plays a role in episcleritis, sclerits, tobacco optic neuropathy, and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. In children, maternal smoking is a significant risk factor for stages 3 and 4 retinopathy of prematurity, optic nerve hypoplasia among babies with a birth weight over 2500 g and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer. Tobacco smoking plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many posterior eye segment diseases leading to blindness in adults and children.

Clinical and morphological comparisons of the influence of tobacco smoke on the respiratory system of children and rats.

Background . Tobacco smoking is the most common bad habit on a global scale, which is one of the main risk factors of chronic bronchopulmonary pathology. Most sensitive to exposure to the components of tobacco smoke are children and teenagers, since their respiratory system is very vulnerable through age-related functional, anatomical and morphological features. Objective . To study the depth and dynamics of morphological changes in the bronchopulmonary system of adolescents under the influence of tobacco smoke based on the comparison of clinical data and experiment on rats. Methods . There was conducted a comparative study of the influence of tobacco smoke on the respiratory system of adolescents, who were divided into 3 groups: 1 group from the earliest age were exposed to passive exposure to tobacco smoke; group 2 consisted of teenagers, whose mother during pregnancy smoked, and after being born, they continued to be subjected to passive exposure to tobacco smoke from parents; 3 group – teenagers who were active smokers, however, had not been exposed to tobacco smoke at an early age. The examination included clinical, functional and instrumental methods. The experimental part of the work was to study the morphological changes in the respiratory system of Wistar rats that were in similar conditions, in terms of load and duration of the impact of the pathological factor. Results. It is established that the level of pathological load correlates with the depth of the morphological changes. Thus, the most evident changes in the functional parameters were shown by the second group of adolescents, which coincides with the depth of disorders of the morphological structure of lung tissue of rats that were in similar conditions. The comparison of the results of clinical and experimental studies also took place in other research groups, which allowed to confirm the damaging effect of tobacco smoke on respiratory system of children and adolescents. Conclusion . Studies have shown that tobacco smoke in children and adolescents leads to morphological changes in the bronchopulmonary system, the severity of which depends on age and the duration of its exposure.

The influence of maternal smoking on transferrin sialylation and fetal biometric parameters.

Transferrin is a glycosylated protein responsible for transporting iron, an essential metal responsible for proper fetal development. Tobacco is a heavily used xenobiotic having a negative impact on the human body and pregnancy outcomes. Aims of this study was to examine the influence of tobacco smoking on transferrin sialic acid residues and their connection with fetal biometric parameters in women with iron-deficiency. The study involved 173 samples from pregnant women, smokers and non-smokers, iron deficient and not. Transferrin sialylation was determined by capillary electrophoresis. The cadmium (Cd) level was measured by atomic absorption and the sialic acid concentration by the resorcinol method. Women with iron deficiencies who smoked gave birth earlier than non-smoking, non-iron-deficient women. The Cd level, but not the cotinine level, was positively correlated with transferrin sialylation in the blood of iron-deficient women who smoked; 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-sialoTf correlated negatively with fetal biometric parameters in the same group. It has been shown the relationship between Cd from tobacco smoking and fetal biometric parameters observed only in the iron deficient group suggests an additive effect of these two factors, and indicate that mothers with anemia may be more susceptible to Cd toxicity and disturbed fetal development.

The Influence of Tobacco Smoke on Protein and Metal Levels in the Serum of Women during Pregnancy.

BackgroundTobacco smoking by pregnant women has a negative effect on fetal development and increases pregnancy risk by changing the oxidative balance and microelements level. Smoking affects the concentration, structure and function of proteins, potentially leading to various negative effects on pregnancy outcomes.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe influence of tobacco smoke on key protein fractions in smoking and non-smoking healthy pregnant women was determined by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Concentrations of the proteins α1-antitrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein, α2-macroglobulin and transferrin were determined by ELISA tests. Total protein concentration was measured by the Biuret method. Smoking status was established by cotinine levels. Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn) concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and the Zn/Cd ratio was calculated based on these numbers. Smoking women had a 3.7 times higher level of Cd than non-smoking women. Zn levels decreased during pregnancy for all women. The Zn/Cd ratio was three times lower in smoking women. The differences between the changes in the protein profile for smoking and non-smoking women were noted. Regarding proteins, α1-antitrypsin and α2-macroglobulin levels were lower in the non-smoking group than in the smoking group and correlated with Cd levels (r = -0.968, p = 0.032 for non-smokers; r = −0.835, p = 0.019 for smokers). Zn/Cd ratios correlated negatively with α1-, α2- and β-globulins.Conclusions/SignificanceExposure to tobacco smoke increases the concentration of Cd in the blood of pregnant women and may lead to an elevated risk of pregnancy disorders. During pregnancy alter concentrations of some proteins. The correlation of Cd with proteins suggests that it is one of the causes of protein aberrations.