Influence Of Protein Intake Research Articles

The SLC6A18 Transporter Is Most Likely a Na-Dependent Glycine/Urea Antiporter Responsible for Urea Secretion in the Proximal Straight Tubule: Influence of This Urea Secretion on Glomerular Filtration Rate.

Urea is the major end-product of protein metabolism in mammals. In carnivores and omnivores, a large load of urea is excreted daily in urine, with a concentration that is 30-100 times above that in plasma. This is important for the sake of water economy. Too little attention has been given to the existence of energy-dependent urea transport that plays an important role in this concentrating activity. This review first presents functional evidence for an energy-dependent urea secretion that occurs exclusively in the straight part of the proximal tubule (PST). Second, it proposes a candidate transmembrane transporter responsible for this urea secretion in the PST. SLC6A18 is expressed exclusively in the PST and has been identified as a glycine transporter, based on findings in SLC6A18 knockout mice. We propose that it is actually a glycine/urea antiport, secreting urea into the lumen in exchange for glycine and Na. Glycine is most likely recycled back into the cell via a transporter located in the brush border. Urea secretion in the PST modifies the composition of the tubular fluid in the thick ascending limb and, thus, contributes, indirectly, to influence the "signal" at the macula densa that plays a crucial role in the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by the tubulo-glomerular feedback. Taking into account this secondary active secretion of urea in the mammalian kidney provides a new understanding of the influence of protein intake on GFR, of the regulation of urea excretion, and of the urine-concentrating mechanism.

Influence of protein intake on clinical and nutritional parameters in pancreatic cancer

Introduction Nutritional status is an important determinant of survival in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. However, the effects of protein intake on nutritional status are largely unknown.

Association of protein intake during hospitalization with readmission in older adult patients with heart failure at risk of malnutrition.

The influence of protein intake during hospitalization on postdischarge readmission in patients with heart failure (HF) is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between protein intake and readmission in older adult patients with HF at risk of malnutrition. This retrospective observational study was conducted at a single acute care hospital. Patients were diagnosed with HF between April 2017 and March 2019, aged ≥65 years, and had a body mass index <35 and Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index <92 were included in the analysis. The primary outcome was HF-related readmission within 1 year after discharge. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine whether protein intake was an independent predictor of readmission within 1 year. Ultimately, 165 patients were included in the analysis: 105 patients did not require readmission, and 60 required readmission because of HF-related events. Multivariate analysis showed that protein intake <1.2 g/kg/day was an independent contributor to readmission in either model (model 1: hazard ratio [HR] = 2.07 [95% CI, 1.07-4.01], P = 0.030; model 2: HR = 2.24 [95% CI, 1.15-4.37], P = 0.018; model 3: HR = 2.70 [95% CI, 1.23-5.94], P = 0.013; and model 4: HR = 2.88 [95% CI, 1.28-6.51], P = 0.011). Low protein intake during hospitalization in older adult patients with HF at risk of malnutrition may increase the rate of readmission within 1 year after discharge. Nutrition intervention should be provided to these patients early during their hospitalization to ensure sufficient protein intake to maintain and improve their nutrition status and activity level.

Influence of protein intake on the changes in skeletal muscle mass after kidney transplantation

Skeletal muscle mass decreases in patients with chronic kidney disease, especially those on dialysis with end-stage kidney disease. On the other hand, the recovery of renal function due to successful kidney transplantation (KT) improves skeletal muscle mass loss. However, low protein intake may influence the changes in skeletal muscle mass after KT. The aim of the present study is to examine the association of the changes in skeletal muscle mass with protein intake in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). A cohort study was conducted in KTRs and living-kidney donors (LKDs). Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis before KT and at 1 month and 12 months after KT. Protein intake was calculated with 24-h urine urea nitrogen from the Maroni formula at 12 months after KT. To evaluate the association between protein intake and the changes in SMI during the first year after KT, we performed a multivariable regression analysis adjusted for covariates including age, sex, cumulative glucocorticoids, cumulative hospitalization, diabetes mellitus, and SMI before KT. In KTRs (n=64), the median SMI was 7.26kg/m2 before KT, which decreased to 7.01kg/m2 at 1 month after KT and increased to 7.55kg/m2 at 12 months after KT. In LKDs (n=17), the median SMI was 6.24kg/m2 before KT which increased to 6.40kg/m2 at 1 month after KT and further increased to 6.95kg/m2 at 12 months after KT. The changes in SMI during the 1-year period after KT exhibited a positive correlation with protein intake (p=0.015) after adjustment. The predicted value of protein intake in KTRs, whose values of SMI before KT and at 12 months after KT were the same, was 0.72g/kg ideal body weight (IBW)/day using the multivariable non-linear regression model. In KTRs, insufficient protein intake adversely affected the recovery from skeletal muscle mass loss after KT. Therefore, a protein intake of at least more than 0.72g/kg IBW/day, the predicted value obtained in the present study, might be recommended for KTRs suffering from skeletal muscle mass loss.

Effect of hypocaloric versus standard enteral feeding on clinical outcomes in critically ill adults – A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis

ObjectivesTo compare the effect of hypocaloric versus standard enteral feeding on clinical outcomes in critically ill adults, and to investigate the influence of protein intake upon the outcome effects of hypocaloric feeding. DesignA meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were carried out. SettingIntensive Care Unit (ICU). PatientsOr participants Critically ill adults. InterventionsHypocaloric enteral feeding versus standard enteral feeding. Main variables of interestThe primary outcomes were all-cause short-term mortality and the incidence of nosocomial infection. ResultsEleven RCTs met the inclusion criteria; of these trials, two were judged as having low risk of bias. Compared with standard enteral feeding, hypocaloric enteral feeding had no benefits in terms of reducing short-term mortality, the incidence of nosocomial infection, or long-term mortality, though it had a positive impact upon the incidence of gastrointestinal intolerance. The TSA further confirmed these results. In turn, hypocaloric enteral feeding had no effects upon the incidence of bloodstream infection, pneumonia, hypoglycemia or the duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, or in-hospital stay. The above results remained unchanged in the sub-analysis of trials with a low risk of bias, trials administering a similar dose of protein, or trials administering different doses of protein. ConclusionsCompared with standard enteral feeding, hypocaloric enteral feeding was not associated with better clinical outcomes in critically ill adults, except for a lower risk of gastrointestinal intolerance. The difference in protein intake between groups might have no influence on the outcome effects of hypocaloric enteral feeding. High quality randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm this, however.

Quality and Quantity of Protein Intake Influence Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Coronary Heart Disease Patients: From the CORDIOPREV Study.

Evidence suggests that enriching a diet with plant-based proteins could reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present work, we evaluated the association between the change in plant protein intake (adjusted by energy) and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with coronary heart disease from the CORDIOPREV (coronary diet intervention with olive oil and cardiovascular prevention) study. At baseline and during the follow-up, patients underwent medical examination and blood and oral glucose tolerance tests. Information on patient’s dietary intake was gathered by registered dietitians using a validated food frequency questionnaire. A total of 106 out of 436 nondiabetic patients at baseline developed type 2 diabetes mellitus after a median follow-up of 60 months. Cox regression analyses showed that patients who belonged to the group that increased plant protein intake exhibited a lower risk of developing the disease (HR = 0.64, (0.43–0.96)). Changes in plant protein intake were positively correlated with changes in carbohydrates, fibre, and legumes intake and negatively correlated with changes in saturated fatty acids intake. Results of the present study support the need of improving diet with plant-based proteins to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Perspectives Concerning the Influence of Protein Intake for Renal Function in Diabetic Nephropathy

Regarding the diet treatment of diabetic nephropathy, protein restriction has been recommended. American Diabetes Association (ADA) proposed protein restriction guidelines in the 2008 edition. However, this comment was deleted in the 2013/2019 edition, because of insufficient evidence. A recent report showed that the intake of plant protein has a protective effect on the decrease of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and the intake of animal protein has neither protection nor deterioration. There are controversies about the relationship between protein intake and the reduction of renal function. Further research will be expected for diabetic nephropathy, diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Effect of hypocaloric versus standard enteral feeding on clinical outcomes in critically ill adults - A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis

To compare the effect of hypocaloric versus standard enteral feeding on clinical outcomes in critically ill adults, and to investigate the influence of protein intake upon the outcome effects of hypocaloric feeding. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were carried out. Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Or participants Critically ill adults. Hypocaloric enteral feeding versus standard enteral feeding. The primary outcomes were all-cause short-term mortality and the incidence of nosocomial infection. Eleven RCTs met the inclusion criteria; of these trials, two were judged as having low risk of bias. Compared with standard enteral feeding, hypocaloric enteral feeding had no benefits in terms of reducing short-term mortality, the incidence of nosocomial infection, or long-term mortality, though it had a positive impact upon the incidence of gastrointestinal intolerance. The TSA further confirmed these results. In turn, hypocaloric enteral feeding had no effects upon the incidence of bloodstream infection, pneumonia, hypoglycemia or the duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, or in-hospital stay. The above results remained unchanged in the sub-analysis of trials with a low risk of bias, trials administering a similar dose of protein, or trials administering different doses of protein. Compared with standard enteral feeding, hypocaloric enteral feeding was not associated with better clinical outcomes in critically ill adults, except for a lower risk of gastrointestinal intolerance. The difference in protein intake between groups might have no influence on the outcome effects of hypocaloric enteral feeding. High quality randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm this, however.

OR55: Influence of Protein Intake in the First Year of Life on Body Size and IGF-I Levels

OR55: Influence of Protein Intake in the First Year of Life on Body Size and IGF-I Levels

Initial Dietary Protein Intake Influence Muscle Function Adaptations in Older Men and Women Following High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with Citrulline

Background: This study evaluates whether the initial amount of dietary protein intake could influence the combined effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and citrulline (CIT), or HIIT alone, on body composition, muscle strength, and functional capacities in obese older adults. Methods: Seventy-three sedentary obese older men and women who completed a 12-week elliptical HIIT program with double-blinded randomized supplementation of CIT or placebo (PLA) were divided into four groups according to their initial protein intake (CIT–PROT+: n = 21; CIT–PROT−: n = 19; PLA–PROT+: n = 19; PLA–PROT−: n = 14). Body composition (fat and fat-free masses), handgrip (HSr) strength, knee extensor (KESr) strength, muscle power, and functional capacities were measured pre-intervention and post-intervention. Results: Following the intervention, the four groups improved significantly regarding all the parameters measured. For the same initial amount of protein intake, the CIT–PROT− group decreased more gynoid fat mass (p = 0.04) than the PLA–PROT− group. The CIT–PROT+ group increased more KESr (p = 0.04) than the PLA–PROT+ group. In addition, the CIT–PROT− group decreased more gynoid FM (p = 0.02) and improved more leg FFM (p = 0.02) and HSr (p = 0.02) than the CIT–PROT+ group. Conclusion: HIIT combined with CIT induced greater positive changes than in the PLA groups. The combination seems more beneficial in participants consuming less than 1 g/kg/d of protein, since greater improvements on body composition and muscle strength were observed.

Different Amounts Of Protein Intake Influence Body Composition And Performance In Elite Cyclists

PURPOSE: The ideal amount of protein intake for endurance athletes has been poorly investigated. The aim of our study was to evaluated the physiological impact of different dietary protein intakes on body composition and performance outcomes in a group of elite cyclists. METHODS: Thirty-four elite cyclists (1600-1800 km/month) participated to the study. Subjects were divided in 4 groups with different levels of protein intake: normal (NP, 1.2 g/kg), moderate (MP, 1.6 g/kg), high (HP, 2.0 g/kg) or very high (VHP 2.4 g/kg)protein for 8 wk. In the diets fats were maintained constant whilst energy from carbohydrate and protein was modified to maintain an isocaloric diet. Body composition was assessed via Dual X Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and via ultrasound to calculate cross sectional area (CSA) of the anterior thigh. VO2max, peak power output and 1 RM half squat test were also performed. RESULTS: After two months both HP and VHP showed a significant improvement of 1 RM (HP pre 133±14 Kg vs post 141±12 Kg, p<0.001; VHP pre 137±12 Kg vs post 144±11 Kg, p<0.001), PPO (HP pre 505±78 W vs post 534±67 W, p<0.001; VHP pre 512±55 W vs post 541±76 W, p<0.001), and VO2max (HP pre 62.1±5.8 mlO2/Kg vs post 64.5±5.9 mlO2/Kg, p<0.001; VHP pre 61.2±5,5 mlO2/Kg vs post 64.1±7,6 mlO2/Kg, p<0.001), without differences between groups. There were no significant changes of 1 RM and VO2max for both NP and MP whilst NP showed a significant decrease of PPO. Both HP and VHP showed a significant increase of lean body mass (LBM) (HP pre 64.72±1.9 Kg vs post 65.99±2.2 Kg, p<0.001; VHP pre 65.52±2.0 Kg vs post 67.61±1.7 Kg) whilst both NP and MP showed a significant decrease (NP pre 63.31±2.1 Kg vs post 62.4±2.3, p<0.05; MP pre 66.88±1.8 Kg vs post 65.80±2.9). HP and VHP showed a significant increase of anterior thigh CSA (HP pre 50.5±7.8 cm2 vs post 53.4±6.7 cm2, p<0.001; VHP pre 51.2±5.5 cm2 vs post 54.1±7.6 cm2). No chnages of blood values are detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that an higher protein intake (2.0 and 2.4 g/Kg) may help elite cyclists to improve performance and to increase muscle mass without differences between the two levels of protein intake. Instead 1.2 and 1.6 g/Kg of protein seemed to be not sufficient and could impair performance and muscle mass.

Dietary strategies for mitigating osteosarcopenia in older adults: a narrative review

The synchronic loss of bone mineral density and decrease in muscle mass, strength, and function defines the scenario of osteosarcopenia, which is associated with an increased risk of falls and fractures in older adults. An important role in preventing muscle and bone loss is played by nutritional factors, in particular the intake of proteins, calcium, magnesium and vitamin D. This review summarizes the available literature concerning the influence of protein intake and supplementation (vitamin D, Ca, Mg, branched-chain amino acids) on the decline of musculoskeletal integrity in healthy older adults. Furthermore, in this paper, we attempted to give some suggestions to build up adequate nutritional and dietary strategies against the age-related loss of muscle and bone mass.

Does Protein Intake Affect Metabolic Risk Factors among Older Adults in Korea?

BackgroundCarbohydrate intake can impact metabolic risk factors, but related research on protein intake in the elderly is rare. Our purpose was to estimate protein intake and explore how different levels of protein intake influence metabolic risk factors in Korean older adults.MethodsData were obtained from men aged 51–70 years (n=1,735), men aged ≥71 years (n=700), women aged 51–70 years (n=2,305), and women aged ≥71 years (n=957). Health and dietary data were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2010–2011.ResultsRelative to the recommended protein intake based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, inadequate intake was higher in women and super-aging groups than in others. Women had an increased risk of having metabolic risk factors. After adjustment for age and sex, compared with those in the highest quartile of protein intake levels (>1.2 g protein/kg body weight/day), participants in the lowest quartile (<0.8 g protein/kg body weight/day) had increased odds ratios (ORs) for abdominal obesity (men: OR, 2.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.00–3.56; women: OR, 3.42; 95% CI, 2.64–4.43), hypertriglyceridemia (men: OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.08–1.93; women: OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.45–2.29), and high fasting blood glucose (men: OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.07–1.87; women: OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.48–2.79).ConclusionProtein intake (<0.8 g protein/kg body weight/day) lower than the recommend level was associated with a higher risk of metabolic abnormalities in Korean older adults. In particular, lower intake of protein contributed to a higher prevalence of metabolic risk factors in women than in men.

Pengaruh Asupan Protein dan Zat Besi (Fe) terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin pada Wanita Bekerja

Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin (Hb) is lower than the normal value according to age and sex of a person caused by certain factors, including intake of nutrients one protein and iron, with the percentage of women in Indonesia who have anemia amounted to 23,9%. The high prevalence is thought to be associated with low intake of protein and iron in women. This study aimed to measure the effect of protein intake and iron (Fe) to the hemoglobin in women working. This analytical study used cross-sectional design with 69 samples of working women conducted in Panteraja Sub-district Pidie Jaya District, in November-December 2016. Research variable that is protein and iron intake was measured used 24-hour recall in 2 days, and hemoglobin level was examined by easy touch. Data analysis is univariate and bivariate using Pearson correlation test. The results showed a significant influence of protein intake (p=0,000 and r=0,7) and iron intake (p=0,000 and r=0,6) on Hb levels in women working in Panteraja District with strong and patterned strength positive. It can be concluded that the intake of protein and iron has a strong effect on the increase of Hb level, that is the increase of protein and iron intake Hb level in woman work increasingly.

Influence of Protein Intake, Race, and Age on Responses to a Weight-Reduction Intervention in Obese Women

BackgroundWomen have higher rates of obesity than men and develop more pronounced functional deficits as a result. Yet, little is known about how obesity reduction affects their functional status, including whether their responses differ when protein intake is enhanced. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to confirm the feasibility of delivery of a higher-protein (balanced at each meal) calorie-restricted diet in obese women and determine its efficacy for influencing function and retention of lean mass. MethodObese community-dwelling women [n = 80; body mass index (in kg/m2), in means ± SDs: 37.8 ± 5.9; aged 45–78 y; 58.8% white] were enrolled in a weight-loss (−500 kcal/d) study and randomly assigned to either a Control–Weight-Loss (C-WL; 0.8 g protein/kg body weight) group or a High-Protein–Weight-Loss (HP-WL; 1.2 g protein/kg body weight; 30 g protein 3 times/d) group in a 1:2 allocation. Primary outcomes were function by 6-min walk test (6MWT) and lean mass by using the BodPod (Life Measurement, Inc.) at 0, 4, and 6 mo. ResultsBoth groups reduced calorie intakes and body weights (P < 0.001), and the feasibility of the HP-WL intervention was confirmed. The 6MWT results improved (P < 0.01) at 4 mo in the HP-WL group and at 6 mo in both groups (P < 0.001). Both groups improved function by several other measures while slightly decreasing (P < 0.01) lean mass (−1.0 kg, C-WL; −0.6 kg, HP-WL). Weight loss was greater in white than in black women at both 4 mo (6.0 ± 3.6 compared with 3.7 ± 3.4 kg; P < 0.02) and 6 mo (7.2 ± 4.8 compared with 4.0 ± 4.7 kg; P < 0.04) and tended to be positively related to age (P < 0.06). ConclusionsA clinically important functional benefit of obesity reduction was confirmed in both study groups, with no significant group effect. Our findings of racial differences in response to the intervention and a potential influence of participant age lend support for further studies sufficiently powered to explore the interaction of race and age with functional responses to obesity reduction in women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02033655.

Breastfeeding and Protein Intake Influence Body Mass Index from 2 Months to 22 Years in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey

Background: Protein intake (PI) may alter adiposity but few studies have explored the age-specific associations of PI with body mass index (BMI).Objective: We analyzed how PI and breastfeeding relate to BMI in the CLHNS (Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey), an observational Filipino birth cohort (1983–2005).Methods: Random-effects longitudinal regression models estimated the association of daily breastfeeding frequency and energy-adjusted PI residuals with concurrent BMI z scores (zBMI) measured bimonthly from 2 to 24 mo (n = 2899), and the association of breastfeeding history and PI residuals with concurrent BMI using 5 surveys from 2 to 22 y (n = 2435). Models included statistical interactions between PI, breastfeeding, age, and energy intake and adjusted for potential confounders.Results: Breastfeeding was associated with higher predicted zBMI at 6 mo (β: 0.491 SD; 95% CI: 0.422, 0.560) and at 18 mo (β: 0.114 SD; 95% CI: 0.032, 0.197). Daily breastfeeding frequency contributed to higher predicted zBMI in younger infants and lower predicted zBMI in later infancy. Those with longer breastfeeding history (19 mo) were significantly smaller at age 11 y (in kg/m2; β: −0.220; 95% CI: −0.342, −0.097) than those with a shorter (4 mo) breastfeeding duration. Total complementary PI was positively associated with predicted zBMI. Complementary animal PI was positively associated with predicted zBMI in nonbreastfed infants. Plant PI was inversely associated with predicted zBMI of nonbreastfed infants at 6 mo. At 22 y contrasts between high (75th percentile) and low (25th percentile) PIs showed that animal PI was associated with higher predicted BMI (β: 0.187; 95% CI: 0.045, 0.329), and total PI was inversely related to predicted BMI (β: −0.008; 95% CI: −0.015, −0.001).Conclusion: Breastfeeding frequency, breastfeeding history, and PI contribute to BMI from infancy to young adulthood in the CLHNS.

Breastfeeding and Protein Intake Influence Body Mass Index from 2 Months to 22 Years in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey

Breastfeeding and Protein Intake Influence Body Mass Index from 2 Months to 22 Years in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey

The Influence of Dietary Protein Intake on Mammalian Tryptophan and Phenolic Metabolites.

Although there has been increasing interest in the use of high protein diets, little is known about dietary protein related changes in the mammalian metabolome. We investigated the influence of protein intake on selected tryptophan and phenolic compounds, derived from both endogenous and colonic microbial metabolism. Furthermore, potential inter-species metabolic differences were studied. For this purpose, 29 healthy subjects were allocated to a high (n = 14) or low protein diet (n = 15) for 2 weeks. In addition, 20 wild-type FVB mice were randomized to a high protein or control diet for 21 days. Plasma and urine samples were analyzed with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for measurement of tryptophan and phenolic metabolites. In human subjects, we observed significant changes in plasma level and urinary excretion of indoxyl sulfate (P 0.004 and P 0.001), and in urinary excretion of indoxyl glucuronide (P 0.01), kynurenic acid (P 0.006) and quinolinic acid (P 0.02). In mice, significant differences were noted in plasma tryptophan (P 0.03), indole-3-acetic acid (P 0.02), p-cresyl glucuronide (P 0.03), phenyl sulfate (P 0.004) and phenylacetic acid (P 0.01). Thus, dietary protein intake affects plasma levels and generation of various mammalian metabolites, suggesting an influence on both endogenous and colonic microbial metabolism. Metabolite changes are dissimilar between human subjects and mice, pointing to inter-species metabolic differences with respect to protein intake.

Influence of Protein Intake from Haem and Non-haem Animals and Plant Origin on Inflammatory Biomarkers among Apparently-healthy Adults in Greece

Intake of different types of protein may be associated with differences in biomarkers among various populations. This work investigated the influence of protein intake from haem and non-haem animals as well as protein from plants on haematological and biochemical parameters in inflammation among apparently-healthy adults living in Greece, a Mediterranean country. Four hundred and ninety apparently-healthy subjects (46 +/- 16 years, 40% men), who consecutively visited Polykliniki General Hospital for routine examinations, voluntarily agreed to participate in the study (participation rate 85%). Demographic, anthropometric and lifestyle characteristics were recorded. Participants completed a valid, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Protein intake was classified into three sources: protein from haem animals, protein from non-haem animals, and protein from plant origin. Fasting blood samples were taken from all participants; uric acid, creatinine, lipids, cystatin C, haptoglobin, haemoglobin, haematocrit, iron, ferritin, white blood cells, monocytes, platelets, and C-reactive protein were measured. Protein intake from only haem animals was associated with increased haemoglobin and haematocrit levels (p < 0.05) whereas intake of protein from non-haem animals and plant origin was not associated with the investigated haematological and biochemical markers of low-grade chronic inflammation when lifestyle factors and overall dietary habits were taken into account. Intake of protein from only haem animals seems to be consistently associated with haematological markers. The confounding role of dietary habits and lifestyle variables on the tested parameters deserves further attention in future research.

Influence of Protein Intake and Resistance Training on Glucose Tolerance in Prediabetic Adults

Influence of Protein Intake and Resistance Training on Glucose Tolerance in Prediabetic Adults