Influence Of Dialect Research Articles

The Influence of Dialects in Northwest China on English Pronunciation Learning

In today's rapidly developing society, economic globalization is an irresistible trend, and exchanges between countries are becoming more frequent. As an international communication language, English has played a great role in various international cooperation and exchanges in China, and an increasing number of English learners have emerged in the world today. Pronunciation is the foundation and premise of learning every language, and students are inevitably affected by many aspects when they learn English pronunciation. Through research, it is found that the main factor affecting students' learning is that students are more or less influenced by their own local language and the influence of dialect habits. In response to this problem, this paper analyzes the factors affecting English pronunciation and proposes: let students intuitively understand the pronunciation of English and dialect, and let students imitate pure English pronunciation and practice more, so as to avoid the influence of dialect in learning pronunciation, as well as to improve students' English proficiency.

Analysis of Recruiter Interest in the International 5-Star Hotel Industry in Jakarta Determines Employee Candidates

The recruitment process is often influenced by various factors, both objective and subjective. One interesting factor to study is the influence of physical attractiveness, accent, and dialect of candidates on recruiters' assessments. This study aims to reveal the relationship between physical attractiveness and candidate accent, as well as the role of dialect as a mediator, influencing recruiters' perceptions of job suitability, stereotypes formed, and interest in recruiting. This study uses a quantitative method with a questionnaire distribution technique to recruiters in the 5-star hotel industry located in Jakarta. Data obtained from BPS (2024) shows that there are 37 international 5-star hotels in DKI Jakarta Province. Thus, the population of this study was 37 recruiters from international 5-star hotels in Jakarta. This study distributed questionnaires to the entire population so that the sampling technique was carried out using the census technique. The data collected were analyzed using the SEM PLS technique. The results of the study showed that there was no relationship between physical attractiveness and job suitability. While physical attractiveness has a significant relationship to recruiter stereotypes and interest in recruiting. In addition, it was found that dialect mediates the influence of job candidate access to job suitability, recruiter stereotypes and interest in recruiting.

Influence of Dialect on the English Consonants Perception by English L2 learners: Evidence from Jiangsu Province for Chinese Native Speakers

The native language will have a negative transfer on the acquisition of second language. Dialects, as a branch of Chinese, also have an influence on English acquisition. The perception of consonants is one of the important foundations of English learning. This study will adopt discrimination as an experimental method to investigate whether there is a significant difference in the influence of different dialects on the perception of English consonants. Three major dialects in Jiangsu province will be taken as a study case to verify the hypothesis that there is a significant difference on the perception of English consonants in different dialects. This study will fill the gap in the overall research on the impact of three major dialects in Jiangsu province on the perception of English consonants, help English language learners with dialect background to reduce the influence of dialects on them and provide some teaching key points to teachers, especially for English language learners in Jiangsu province.

Lexis and Grammar Specifics of the English Language in Africa

This research work deals with the lexical and grammatical features of the English language variant widely used in Africa. The importance of the use of British English is also taken into account, as well as its transformational processes due to the interaction and mutual influence of local dialects on its structure. Examples of neologisms and modified lexical units are given, based on the influence of local culture and the lack of an equivalent in the recipient language. The article pays attention to the grammatical aspects of language in the functioning of phrasal, modal and prepositional verbs, and also reveals the peculiarities of articles and pronouns use due to the influence of autochthonous languages. The aim of the research work is to identify the specifics of the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the English language in Africa and systematize the lexical and grammatical aspects of the English language as the territorial variant type. The choice of working methods is determined by the goals and objectives of the study. In the research work the method of metalinguistic analysis, methods of contextual and definitional analysis, methods of systematization and classification of linguistic material are used. As a result of the work the high productivity of the realities functioning in autochthonous languages in the lexical structure of the English variant in African countries and the lexical borrowings of terms from autochthonous languages are revealed. This trend is also emphasized in the borrowing of entire lexical phrases from the thesaurus of native languages. With regard to the grammatical part, a significant deviation from British English is emphasized. The research work results in such grammatical changes as: the use of auxiliary verbs together with semantic ones; the functioning of a simplified form of modern forms of the verb; the productive use of uncountable nouns in speech in the form of a countable nouns; significant deviations from British English in the process of using articles, personal and possessive pronouns.

Analysis of Indonesian Spelling Errors Differences Among Students Based on Their Regional Dialects at Al Razi Sinar Harapan Junior High School

This study aims to analyze the differences in Indonesian spelling errors among students based on their regional dialects at Al Razi Sinar Harapan Junior High School. The research method employed is a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches involving interviews with Indonesian language teachers and questionnaires distributed to students. The findings indicate variations in spelling errors among students from different regions, as well as the influence of regional dialects on spelling error patterns. Additionally, the impact of social media and technology contributes to students' spelling errors. This research provides a deeper understanding of the factors affecting Indonesian spelling errors among students.

Examining /l/ variation in Singaporean bilingual child-directed speech for sociophonetic insights

Language is integrated into multiple dimensions of human behavior, and social work is essentially a language-centered activity. Although language plays a key role in many social work activities, few studies have explored its significance from the perspective of differences. This paper introduces the process of language conceptualization in social work and points out the limitations of some existing conceptual perspectives in the multilingual context in which language and social work are viewed. In English language variation, language variation mainly includes dialect, stress, register and variation. Dialects are the starting point of the study of language variation, so this paper takes dialects as a representative to study this field. First, the definition of language variation and its related factors are introduced and discussed, and how to define and study language variation is further discussed. Second, dialects are taken as a representative area to delve deeper into language variation. The different types and features of dialects are analyzed. Finally, the influence of dialects and language variation on education, society and other aspects is reviewed, highlighting some of the important effects observed in previous research.

Improving English Pronunciation Through Phonetics Instruction in Yemeni EFL Classrooms

The context of English education in Yemen provides a critical backdrop for comprehending the challenges Yemeni students face in acquiring proficiency in English pronunciation. These challenges are primarily rooted in the distinct differences between the Arabic and English sound systems, variations in syllable structure and intonation, and the influence of local dialects. Such factors are instrumental in identifying the obstacles Yemeni learners encounter in accurately articulating English phonemes. This research delves into the efficacy of phonetics instruction, specifically phonics training, in ameliorating English pronunciation skills among students in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) settings in Yemen. Employing a literature review methodology, this study meticulously collects and analyzes data from pertinent academic sources to assess the impact of phonics training on pronunciation proficiency. The findings reveal a significant enhancement in students' ability to correctly identify and articulate English phonemes, thereby improving their verbal interaction and comprehension skills, and bolstering their confidence in English communication. The contributions of this study are manifold. It illuminates the pivotal role of phonetics instruction in refining English pronunciation among EFL learners in Yemen, providing empirical evidence to support the integration of phonetic teaching within the EFL curriculum. Moreover, it advocates for the enrichment of educational resources and teacher development programs, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing English pronunciation in Yemen's English language education framework. Through its insights, this study not only addresses a critical gap in the literature but also proposes actionable recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of English pronunciation teaching in Yemeni EFL classrooms. In essence, this study underscores the transformative potential of phonics training in elevating the English language proficiency of Yemeni students, thereby contributing significantly to the broader discourse on language acquisition and pedagogy.

PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGIZATION OF THE MODERN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

It is always important to talk about the purity of language, as language is one of the main means of communication and expression. Here are some reasons why it is important today: a). Ensuring clarity: The use of correct language facilitates understanding between language promotes understanding between interlocutors. Incorrect use of words, grammatical structures or pronunciation can lead to misunderstandings. b). Professional credibility: In many areas of life, correct speech can affect the first impression and the level of professional credibility. Competent language shows the culture of the interlocutor and their level of education. c). Preservation of cultural heritage: Language is not only a means of communication, but also a part of cultural heritage. Compliance with the rules of the language contributes to preservation and development of language culture. d). Effective communication: Correct speech helps you to express your thoughts, ideas and feelings effectively. People with right speech can express yourself more accurately and clearly. These topics can occur in a variety of contexts, from academic discussions to practical measures to improve speech culture. The authors of this article consider several factors that may affect the ability of Ukrainians to speak the correct literary language: 1). The influence of dialects and language variants: Ukraine has many regional dialects and language variants that can affect the way words are pronounced, word usage and grammar. 2). Language contact: The richness of language contact in Ukraine can lead to the borrowing of words, phrases and grammatical constructions that do not always meet the standards of the literary Ukrainian language. 3). Lack of language education: Lack of opportunities to receive quality language education or insufficient attention to language literacy in the programs can affect the level of language skills. 4). Socio-cultural context: Socio-cultural factors such as social status, education, media, and the influence of the Internet can influence the language behavior and word use of Ukrainians. 5). Lack of motivation: Lack of motivation to learn and use the correct language can be an obstacle for Ukrainians. 6). Political and historical context: Historical events and political processes also influence Ukrainians' language choices and speech practices. As a result of these factors, Ukrainians may have different levels of language literacy and use of the literary language. However, the interest in improving language skills and proper language education can help to improve this situation. Thus, it is important to talk about language purity today in order to maintain quality communication, preserve cultural heritage and increase the level of professional trust.

Two views on a single research object: mixed language code

The purpose of this article was to present the approaches and methods of Ukrainian and European scientists to the research of the interaction of two languages – Ukrainian and Russian in the communication processes between different segments of the society. As a result of close contacts, a mixed code with an uncertain status emerged, which received the figurative name “surzhyk” and was assessed by Ukrainian sociolinguistics as a threat to the development and functioning of the Ukrainian, primarily literary, language. The goal of the study was to analyze how the research object is presented in European science, namely in a scientific project in which Austrian, German and Ukrainian researchers participated (2019 – 2024). The research content was articles on mixed code published in Ukraine and abroad, as well as reports delivered at the seminar “Hybridization from two sides: Ukrainian-Russian and Russian-Ukrainian Code Mixing in the context of the (socio)linguistic situation in southern Ukraine along the Black Sea coast”, which took place in February 2024 in the Alpine-Austrian. University (Klagenfurt, Austria) and the participants of the project with the same name - researchers from the above-mentioned University named after Karl von Ossetsky (Institute of Slavic Studies), as well as Ukrainian and Polish researchers. This article belongs to the comparative and general research, therefore, the methods with which the author worked include the comparative method and the method of induction, which enabled to identify certain trends in the development of scientific thought in specific cases. The methods of analysis and synthesis allowed to analyze the approaches and methods of studying the results of the language mixing, which is Ukrainian-Russian Surzhyk. The analysis of the approaches and methods of analysis, recorded in the works of Ukrainian and Western European scholars - project participants, allowed us to draw conclusions that, when studying surzhyk, researchers have different goals in front of themselves. Ukrainian sociolinguists present it as a negative consequence of the existence of bilingualism on the territory of Ukraine, as a threat to the functioning and development of the Ukrainian language, as a space of interference phenomena in the structure of expressions. German and Austrian participants of the project, considering the historical and cultural development of Ukraine, consider surzhyk as a code that arose as a result of the complex communication interaction of languages and dialects living on the Ukraine’s territory, look for nodes of stabilization in it, single out regional lexifiers that form this code, analyze the systematic signs of the code due to the reduction of the variability of its units. Both groups emphasized the need to regard dialectal influences that allow to discuss different types of surzhyk, consider surzhyk a language of limited use and do not predict its establishing as a third language that ensures communication in society.

Northern Kresy Polish – a Summary of Research

This article presents a concise overview of research on the Northern Kresy variety of the Polish language (polszczyzna północnokresowa). There is extensive literature on the subject, but there is still no comprehensive bibliography which would accurately document the rich legacy of several generations of researchers working in this field of study. Northern Kresy Polish is a variety of the Polish language which formed in the historical Slavic-Baltic borderland, mainly as a result of the processes of Polonisation of the local population. Contacts between various ethnolinguistic communities resulted in significant social and territorial diversity of Northern Kresy Polish in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The differences between its variants consist mainly in the frequency of features and the scale of influence of local languages and dialects on the grammatical system and vocabulary of Polish. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify a set of constitutive features of Northern Kresy Polish which function throughout its entire geographical area. Currently, Northern Kresy Polish is defined as the language of the Polish minority in Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia. It is apparent that the Polish language in all of these countries is in decline.

Considerations of dialect on the identification of speech sound disorder in Vietnamese‐speaking children

AbstractBackgroundThe dialect spoken by children influences diagnostic decision‐making regarding the identification and severity of speech sound disorder (SSD).AimsThe primary objective was to review papers that examined the influence of dialect on the identification of SSD in Vietnamese‐speaking children.Methods & ProceduresFive studies of mono‐ and multilingual Vietnamese‐speaking children living in Vietnam and Australia were reviewed to examine the influence of dialect on the assessment and analysis children's speech. The main Vietnamese dialects (Standard, Northern, Central, Southern) differ in the production of consonants, vowels and tones.Main contributionMost speech assessments define correct production using the standard dialect of a language. Insights from recent studies of Vietnamese provide recommendations for also considering dialect in diagnostic decision‐making. First, we recommend adding column(s) to the assessment score sheet that includes the dialectal variants spoken by adults in the child's family or community. Second, we calculate the accuracy of production twice, based on the standard form and dialectal form. Third, we report the percentage of consonants correct—standard (PCC‐S) and percentage of consonants correct—dialect (PCC‐D).Conclusions & ImplicationsDiagnostic decision‐making is influenced by dialectal variation in children's speech, so speech and language therapists need to compare standard and dialectal productions when undertaking assessments, analysis and diagnostic decision‐making.WHAT THIS PAPER ADDSWhat is already known on the subject Most speech assessments use the standard form of a dialect as the correct production. The standard dialect is used for diagnosis of SSD and identification of intervention targets.What this paper adds to the existing knowledge This paper examines five research studies of Vietnamese to identify ways to consider dialect in speech and language therapy assessment and analysis. Vietnamese provides a complex environment for this examination since there are numerous Vietnamese dialects and they differ according to consonants, vowels and tones.What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Speech and language therapists are encouraged to add column(s) to their assessment score sheet that includes the dialectal variants spoken by adults and to report the PCC‐S and PCC‐D.

Al Samātu Al Lughowiyyatu Lil Arobiyyati Fil Ma’had Al Islāmi Dirōsatu Hālati Fi Ma’hadi Al ‘Ashri Bil Indōnῑsiyyā

This research aims to describe the characteristics of the Arabic language used in Pondok Pesantren Modern Alhasyimiah Darul Ulum Sipaho. The study encompasses five main aspects: fluency in Arabic, the structure of the language employed, the influence of the mother tongue on language usage, literal translation, and proposed solutions. The research methodology employed is a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection through interview and observation. Data is subsequently analyzed using deduction and description methods. The findings of this study reveal that Pondok Pesantren Modern Alhasyimiah Darul Ulum Sipaho places a strong emphasis on fluency in the Arabic language as a crucial aspect of Arabic language proficiency. However, the teaching of language structure is somewhat limited, resulting in various structural errors in everyday Arabic communication. Additionally, the influence of local languages or dialects on Arabic language usage is present, yet a practical approach to Arabic language instruction boosts students' confidence in communication. The phenomenon of literal translation in Arabic also underscores the importance of contextual understanding in foreign language use. As a solution, the pesantren offers supplementary training programs, interaction with native Arabic speakers, and the promotion of active Arabic language use in daily life. The results above imply the importance of emphasizing contextual understanding and active use of the Arabic language in daily life, as well as the need for a practical approach to teaching language structure to enhance everyday communication in Arabic.

The Influence of Shandong dialect on English learning

Phonologythe material shell of languagehas its own peculiarities because language structures and realizations vary. Behaviorist phonological theory implies that prior phonological patterns interfere with second-language communication. Learners inadvertently transfer their native language pronunciation to foreign language acquisition. The transfer is a psychological phrase that used to refer primarily to the influence of former learning on subsequent learning but now refers to the influence of one type of learning on another. Positive and negative transfers exist. English is Indo-European, while Chinese is Sino-Tibetan. distinct language families mean distinct phonological intonation systems and pronunciation patterns, therefore negative transfer of phonological learning is inevitable. Chinese students learn various dialects, each with its own system, and these dialects deeply affect English phonological intonation learning. This paper examines the transfer effect of the Shandong dialect on English phonology and the negative transfer of dialects to English intonation learning. The phonological system differs in terms of consonant parts and pronunciation methods, and the intonation system differs in tone, intonation, stress, and rhythm.

CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF DASHAMOOL KWATH WITH HINGU AND PUSHKARMOOL CHURNA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF JHINJHINI VATA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SCIATIC NEURALGIA.

Introduction: Chakradatta has explained the use of Dashamool kwath, Pushkarmool, and Hingu in Jhinjhini Vata. The word Jhinjhini is the best example of onomatopoeia meaning the formation or use of words that indi-cate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. In Sanskrit, the word Jhinjhini is taken from the colloquial language that was in existence at the time of the writer. It is the influence of dialects which was commonly used at that time. This type of word is known as Prakrut (original) words without any specific Nirukti, which has been taken directly from colloquial language. Such words are being accepted in Sanskrit as they are. Therefore, we do not find its original root in any Sanskrit dictionary. So, we assumed that the word Jhinjhini resembled the tingling numbness in sciatic neuralgia. By this assumption, we have studied the effect of the said combination on Jhinjhini Vata w.r.t. tingling and numbness in Sciatic neuralgia. Sciatica is a set of symptoms that includes pain caused by general compression or irritation of one of five spinal nerve roots of each sciatic nerve or by compression or irritation of the left, right, or both sciatic nerves. There is often a history of trauma such as twisting of the spine, lifting heavy objects, or exposure to cold. Herniation or degenerative changes in the intervertebral disc is the most common cause. Symptoms include lower back pain, buttock pain, numbness or weakness, and pain in various parts of the leg and foot. Other symptoms include a “pins and Nee-dles” sensation or tingling and difficulty in moving the leg. Mostly, symptoms only manifest on one side of the body and pain may radiate below the knee, but not always. Sciatica is a set of symptoms where irritation of the root of the nerve is a cause of the pain. This disease is now becoming a major threat to the working population. Methodology: The study aimed to observe the effect of Dashamool kwath, Pushkarmool, and Hingu in Jhinjhini Vata with spe-cial reference to sciatic neuralgia. The subjective assessment of dependent variables such as Sphikshula (Buttock pain), Katishula (Low back pain), Urushula (Pain in the back of thigh), Jamgha shula (Pain in calf), Pada shula (Pain in the foot), Graha (Pulling pain), Spandan (Twitching), Stambha (Stiffness), Supti (Numbness), Toda (Pricking pain) was done. A total of 30 patients were studied. Appropriate statistical tests were applied to find out the significance of the treatment. Results: The Results showed that 2 patients got excellent results (> 75%), 25 patients got good relief (> 50%), and 3 pa-tients got moderate relief (>25%) after treatment of 21 days. The percentage of relief on symptoms score of Sphikshula was 57.33%, Katishula 53%, Urushula 50%, Jamghashula 51.11%, Padashula 64.13%, Graha 67.36%, Stambha 64.8%, Supti 61.61% and Toda 64.42% re-spectively. An average relief of 59.3% was observed for the above-said symptoms. Conclusion: This study revealed that the treatment of Jhinjhini Vata with Dashamool kwath, Pushkarmool, and Hingu as ex-plained by Chakradatta is statistically significant, effective, and complication-free.

The Low-Back-Merger Shift: Evidence from MENA Americans in the Upper Midwest and southern California

Middle Eastern or North African (MENA) Americans are an understudied speech community in sociolinguistics. In terms of racial classification and identification, MENA Americans have been legally and historically classified as white but are not socially perceived as white (Beydoun, 2013, 2015). While early immigrants from MENA regions to the US were mostly Christians, ever since 1947, the majority of immigrants from MENA regions to the US have been from Muslim backgrounds (Orfalea, 2006); this demographic change can result in more ethnic visibility for MENA Americans in the US (cf., e.g., Shryock & Lin, 2009, for a discussion of ethnic visibility of MENA Americans in southeastern Michigan). Higher ethnic visibility can in turn lead to certain linguistic performances on the part of MENA Americans. Several studies have looked at the interaction of ethnic identity/visibility and local vowel patterns such as the merging of the low back vowels (the vowels in THOUGHT and LOT1). For example, Hall–Lew (2009) showed that Asian Americans in San Francisco took part in the low back vowel merger and high back vowel fronting, which both index local meanings being part of the California Vowel Shift (Eckert, 2008). Going beyond one particular locality, Wong and Hall–Lew (2014) demonstrated clear influence of local dialect on the speech of Asian Americans in two different localities, with Asian Americans from NYC having distinct low back vowels and those from San Francisco merged low back vowels. Comparing the speech of three different ethnic groups in the multicultural context of Toronto, Hoffman and Walker (2010) explored two features of the Canadian Vowel Shift: the retraction of TRAP and the lowering and retraction of DRESS. Their findings showed that while Chinese Canadians disfavored these two patterns, British/Irish and Italian Canadians favored them. In another study in the context of California English, Cardoso et al. (2016) looked at subclasses of the TRAP vowel in the speech of Chinese Americans and white Americans of San Francisco. They found that the nasal split of TRAP (it being raised when followed by a nasal consonant, and being retracted and lowered when followed by an oral consonant) was more advanced for white speakers than the Chinese group. Cardoso et al. (2016) associated the observed difference to the social meaning of the TRAP nasal split in California indexing white or non-Chicanx social personae.

Exploring the relationship between mental health and dialect use among Chinese older adults: a moderated mediation estimation.

Mental health, conceptualized as psychological status that includes rational cognition, emotional stability, and interpersonal harmony, is highly relevant to the expected health and well-being of all humans. China is facing the dual risk of increased aging and mental health disorders in older adults, while the established studies have rarely focused on the influence of dialect on the mental health of Chinese older adults. The present study aims to capture the relationship between dialect and mental health in Chinese older adults. We use cross-sectional data from the nationally representative China Family Panel Studies, which encompasses the dialect use, mental health, and other socioeconomic features of 4,420 respondents. We construct a moderated mediation model that uses dialects and mental health as the independent and dependent variables and income inequality and subjective well-being as the mediator and moderator to reveal the relationship between dialect and mental health in Chinese older adults. (1) Dialects are shown to have a negative influence on the mental health of older adults in the current study (coefficient = -0.354, 95% CI = [-0.608, -0.097]). (2) Income inequality positively mediates the correlation between dialects and mental health (coefficient = 0.019, 95% CI = [0.010, 0.045]). (3) Subjective well-being negatively moderates the potential mechanism between dialects and mental health (coefficient = -0.126, 95% CI = [-0.284, -0.010]). The use of dialects is associated with worse mental health outcomes in Chinese older adults, while this negative influence is positively mediated by income inequality and negatively moderated by subjective well-being, simultaneously. This study contributes to the knowledge enrichment of government workers, older adults with mental disorders, medical staff, and other stakeholders.

The Influence of Chinese Dialect on English Pronunciation Acquisition: Evidence from Liaoning Accent as An Example

It is universally known that people are always affected by their mother tongue during the process of second language acquisition (SLA), especially in the aspect of speaking. In the circumstance that there are huge differences between the two languages, the accent of L1 will be transferred into L2 unconsciously by the learners. Chinese EFL learners can be deemed as one of the typical examples. There are varieties of accents in each province or region of China; hence the learners usually speak English in the way of their dialects pronunciation. This article found the following problems by analyzing the questionnaire: the Liaoning learners are prone to adding rhotic sound and pronounce it clearly at each word; they are used to add stress in the end of sentences; also, they are more likely to speak fast so that some vowel may be ignored. And all these phenomena are generated because these features exist in the Liaoning accent itself, and they are negatively transferred into the English speaking.

О некоторых редких и малоизвестных военных терминах в монгольских летописях XVII в.

Goals. The study attempts etymological analyses of several rare military terms attested in 17th-century Mongol chronicles. The following terms are specifically touched upon in the article: aγuraγ ~ aγuruγ ‘base camp’, bayirildu- ‘to battle each other, fight a battle’, bulγaldu- ‘to fight each other or together’, čaγuraγul- ‘to send on a military campaign’, ide- ‘to capture and plunder (a city)’, nengde- ‘to attack unexpectedly’, niγtarqa- ‘to be in close order’, toyin ‘(military) camp’. All these terms are either totally unattested in the dictionaries of written Mongolian, or used with unique or rare meanings in sources, and reflect important features of military structure in the era of the Mongol Empire. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes three Mongol chronicles of the 17th century, namely: Quriyangγui Altan tobči ‘Brief Golden Summary’ (ca. 1604 to 1634, or mid-to-late 17th century), Erdeni tunumal neretü sudur ‘The Jewel Translucent Sūtra’ (ca. 1607), and Altan tobči ‘Golden Summary’ by Blo-bzaṅ bstan-’jin (ca. 1651 to 1655, or late 17th – early 18th century). The work employs a number of research methods inherent to comparative-historical linguistics and textology. Results. The article presumes the Mongol Empire’s military structure still remained more or less efficient — with some modifications — when the examined Mongol chronicles were being compiled, but completely lost its relevance in subsequent times. In view of this, only a small number of medieval military terms have survived in modern Mongolic languages, sometimes greatly changed in meaning (aγuraγ ~ aγuruγ), used only as obsolete forms (bulγa/bulγaldu-) or bound morphemes (ča’ur). Conclusions. The paper suggests some of the terms are of foreign origin and bear obvious traces of the intensive areal contacts between Mongolic and neighboring languages, notably Turkic (aγuraγ ~ aγuruγ, bulγa(-), toyi/n), Tungusic (nen(g)de-), and Khitan (ča’ur) ones. Some are attested as hapax legomena in individual chronicles (bayirildu-, čaγuraγul-, niγtarqa-), while others articulate highly specific meanings that have no parallels in our sources, and thus either correspond to the semantics of the donor forms (toyi/n) or possibly reflect the influence of local dialects of that time (ide-).

Unstressed a/o Vowels in Russian Toponyms: Sources of Variation

The article examines the sources of the unstressed a/o variation in Russian toponyms spelling. This type of variation is known from the works of previous researchers of Russian toponymy and is also presented in Russia’s State Index of Place Names (SIPN), namely in the category of toponyms requiring spelling clarification. The material of the study is constituted by toponyms from the SIPN with variation in the spelling of unstressed a/o. The sources of the study are normative legal acts of the subjects of the country and municipalities, reference books of political divisions, lists of settlements and topographic maps of the 18th–21st centuries. Using different methods of onomastic research such as the analysis of name variants, etymological analysis, geolinguistic analysis, etc., the following sources for spelling variation of toponyms are identified and illustrated with examples: the influence of local dialects, de-etymologization of toponyms, hypercorrection of toponyms, the use of practical transcription rules, oral adoption of borrowed toponyms, phonetization of toponyms. The main prerequisite for variation is the unstressed position of the a/o vowels. The influence of local dialects may affect the spelling of a toponym, particularly in the case of de-etymologization, but it is not mandatory. De-etymologization manifests itself in the loss of connection with a specific appellative or anthroponym the toponym derives from. Toponymic variation is aggravated in the case of a known variation in the spelling of the corresponding appellative or anthroponym. Hypercorrection results from the urge to render a toponym in some form that feels intuitively correct. Hypercorrection and phonetization ignore both the traditions of the use of the toponym and its linguistic origin. The use of practical transcription leads to variation in the toponyms borrowed into Russian, particularly if these have traditional spellings. In the case of oral adoption of borrowed toponyms, variation occurs because of the adaptation of unfamiliar phonemes. It is noted that variation is often complex, and de-etymologization plays a crucial role.

Gerd Hentšelʹ: Regionalʹnye osobennosti ispolʹzovaniâ ukrainsko-russkoj smešannoj reči (suržika) i vliânie dialektov: pristavki i predlogi vid / ot

REGIONAL PROPERTIES IN UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN MIXED SPEECH (SURZHYK) AND THE INFLUENCE OF DIALECTS: PREFIXES AND PREPOSITIONS VID / OT
 Ukrainian surzhyk is a form of mixed Ukrainian-Russian code influenced not only by standard dialects of Ukrainian and Russian, but also by Ukrainian dialects. In the analyses of the kind and intensity of the influence of Ukrainian or Russian on surzhyk, particularly problematic are the cases in which a given structural phenomenon occurs in some Ukrainian dialects and in the standard language, while in other dialects it is identical or very similar to the phenomenon occurring in Russian. Examples of such language units include the prefixes and vid / ot prepositions discussed in this article. Based on the corpus material, in this study the authors used quantitative methods to present the possibility to differentiate the basic tendencies that determine the way and scope of dialectal influences and both standard languages (Ukrainian and Russian). The main conclusion from the analyses of this linguistic phenomenon is the observation according to which a variant originating from the standard Ukrainian language is only preserved in those areas of using surzhyk in which only such variant occurs. In the regions in which both variants occur dialectally, or only the variant identical to Russian occurs, the latter is preserved. In general, it means that in Ukrainian-language areas variants of synonymical forms are reduced in the process of dialect-levelling in surzhyk as a mezolect.