Infiltration Ability Research Articles

Preventing postsurgical colorectal cancer relapse: A hemostatic hydrogel loaded with METTL3 inhibitor for CAR-NK cell therapy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) recurrence post-surgery remains a major challenge. While Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-engineered natural killer (NK) cells hold immense therapeutic potential, their intratumoral infiltration ability remains limited, hampering efficacy. Building upon prior research suggesting that chemokines like C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) recruit CAR-NK cells, we hypothesized that tumor cell m6A methylation, regulated by Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), influences chemokine secretion. This study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and improve METTL3 inhibition efficiency. We designed an adhesive hemostasis hydrogel loaded with STM2457, a METTL3 inhibitor, aimed at sustained release in the acidic tumor microenvironment. In vitro, the hydrogel promoted CAR-NK cell recruitment and tumor killing via sustained METTL3 inhibition. The hydrogel's Schiff base bonds further enabled intestinal adhesion and hemostasis in an incomplete tumor resection model of CRC. Combining the hydrogel with CAR-NK cell therapy significantly reduced CRC recurrence in vivo. Overall, our study reveals the crucial role of METTL3 in CRC recurrence and proposes a promising, multimodal strategy using STM2457-loaded hydrogel and CAR-NK cells for enhanced therapeutic efficacy.

Effects of Long-Term Fenced Enclosure on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Infiltration Ability in Grasslands of Yunwu Mountain, China

Fenced enclosures, a proven strategy for restoring degraded grassland, have been widely implemented. However, recent climate trends of warming and drying, accompanied by increased extreme rainfall, have heightened soil erosion risks. It is crucial to assess the long-term effectiveness of fenced enclosures on grassland restoration and their impact on soil physicochemical properties and water infiltration capacity. This study investigated the effects of enclosure duration on soil organic matter, aggregate composition and stability, and infiltration capacity in Yunwu Mountain Grassland Nature Reserve, comparing grasslands with enclosure durations of 2, 14, 30, and 39 years. Results showed that grasslands enclosed for 14, 30, and 39 years had infiltration rates increased by 20.66%, 152.03%, and 61.19%, respectively, compared to those enclosed for only 2 years. After 30 years of enclosure, soil quality reached its optimum, with the highest root biomass, soil organic matter, aggregate stability, and a notably superior infiltration rate. The findings suggest that long-term fenced enclosures facilitate grassland vegetation restoration and enhance soil infiltration capacity, with the most significant improvement observed at the 30-year enclosure milestone, followed by a gradual decline in this effect.

Regenerated spent graphite with enhanced pre-storage abilities of near-surface layers towards high-rate properties

Attracted by the potential value of spent lithium-ion batteries, their high effective-recycling has been devoted to numerous attentions. Unfortunately, spent graphite is always used as fossil fuel, accompanying with the serious resources wasting and carbon emission. Owing to low-cost and energy-consumption, their direct regeneration has been regarded as the next-generation key technology. Although high-temperature sintering can induce the recovering of internal structure, they still suffer from strong surface anisotropy. Herein, through the introduction of coating-layer, their infiltration abilities and isotropy are effectively improved. And, their physical-chemical properties can be recovered to that of commercial materials, containing compact-density, impurities-content and conductivities. The as-regenerated sample delivers a Li-storage capacity of 324 mA h g−1 at 1.0 C after 250 cycles. Even at high rates, their specific capacity can be still kept at about 286 mA h g−1 after 300 loops. Assisted by detailed electrochemical analysis, the pre-storage role of surface/near-surface layer is successfully confirmed, accompanied by stable charge balance. Moreover, its diffusion energy barrier of layers is further decreasing, accompanying with the considerable ion-diffusion behaviors. Therefore, the work is anticipated to provide significant surface-tailoring strategy for spent graphite, meanwhile illustrating the in-depth understanding of carbon-layers effect.

Microstructure optimization and coercivity enhancement of Nd-Fe-B magnets prepared via grain boundary diffusion of DyCeAl alloy

The compositional design of diffusion source plays a crucial role in improving magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B magnet. In this work, Dy80–xCexAl20 (x=0–50, in at%) alloy was employed as the diffusion source for grain boundary diffusion. The results show that Dy-Ce co-diffusion can effectively enhance the infiltration ability of diffusion source. The maximum coercivity increment of up to 795 kA/m can be achieved when x=10 due to the deeper diffusion depth and higher Dy content in the shell, while a significant degradation of remanence is also exhibited due to the formation of a larger number of Dy-rich grains. Thus, Ce content is regulated to inhibit the deterioration of remanence. Increasing Ce content to above x=30, it is found that the formed CeFe2 phase near the surface can regulate the infiltration ability of diffusion source, reducing the area fraction of Dy-rich grain region that is detrimental to the remanence, and eventually, when x=50, the remanence is recovered to be comparable to that of as-prepared magnet, with a coercivity increment of 430 kA/m concurrently. This suggests that rationally designing the diffusion source composition enables the preparation of cost-effective magnets.

Water-sensitive Urban Design Based on the Perspective of "Sponge City"

At the end of the 20th century, highly urbanized areas began to explore water-sensitive urban design. In recent years, with the gradual expansion of China's urban scale, a large number of people enter the city to settle down, the pressure on urban roads is also increasing, and the limited ability of rainwater infiltration on roads leads to serious water logging in the city when it comes to the rainy season. Sponge city not only solves the problem of urban flooding, but also makes full use of rainwater resources, and will further alleviate the problem of water shortage. This paper takes the design perspective of "sponge city" in water-sensitive urban design as a starting point, explains the origin, connotation, multi-scale construction method and practice of the concept of "sponge city", and combines the Potsdamer Platz in Germany and the Vertical Forest Architecture Case in Italy, to understand the design of sunken green space in sponge city system and the architectural design of vertical garden style in resilient city.

Electrospun Scaffolds are Not Necessarily Always Made of Nanofibers as Demonstrated by Polymeric Heart Valves for Tissue Engineering.

In the last 30 years, there are ≈60000 publications about electrospun nanofibers, but it is still unclear whether nanoscale fibers are really necessary for electrospun tissue engineering scaffolds. The present report puts forward this argument and reveals that compared with electrospun nanofibers, microfibers with diameter of ≈3 µm (named as "oligo-micro fiber") are more appropriate for tissue engineering scaffolds owing to their better cell infiltration ability caused by larger pores with available nuclear deformation. To further increase pore sizes, electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds are fabricated using latticed collectors with meshes. Fiber orientation leads to sufficient mechanical strength albeit increases porosity. The latticed scaffolds exhibit good biocompatibility and improve cell infiltration. Under aortic conditions in vitro, the performances of latticed scaffolds are satisfactory in terms of the acute systolic hemodynamic functionality, except for the higher regurgitation fraction caused by the enlarged pores. This hierarchical electrospun scaffold with sparse fibers in macropores and oligo-micro fibers in filaments provides new insights into the design of tissue engineering scaffolds, and tissue engineering may provide living heart valves with regenerative capabilities for patients with severe valve disease in the future.

PBMCs as Tool for Identification of Novel Immunotherapy Biomarkers in Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer (LC), including both non-small (NSCLC) and small (SCLC) subtypes, is currently treated with a combination of chemo- and immunotherapy. However, predictive biomarkers to identify high-risk patients are needed. Here, we explore the role of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as a tool for novel biomarkers searching. We analyzed the expression of the cGAS-STING pathway, a key DNA sensor that activates during chemotherapy, in PBMCs from LC patients divided into best responders (BR), responders (R) and non-responders (NR). The PBMCs were whole exome sequenced (WES). PBMCs from BR and R patients of LC cohorts showed the highest levels of STING (p < 0.0001) and CXCL10 (p < 0.0001). From WES, each subject had at least 1 germline/somatic alteration in a DDR gene and the presence of more DDR gene mutations correlated with clinical responses, suggesting novel biomarker implications. Thus, we tested the effect of the pharmacological DDR inhibitor (DDRi) in PBMCs and in three-dimensional spheroid co-culture of PBMCs and LC cell lines; we found that DDRi strongly increased cGAS-STING expression and tumor infiltration ability of immune cells in NR and R patients. Furthermore, we performed FACS analysis of PBMCs derived from LC patients from the BR, R and NR cohorts and we found that cytotoxic T cell subpopulations displayed the highest STING expression. cGAS-STING signaling activation in PBMCs may be a novel potential predictive biomarker for the response to immunotherapy and high levels are correlated with a better response to treatment along with an overall increased antitumor immune injury.

Abstract 6784: Cancer cell heterospheroids with stromal component used as drug testing and immune cell infiltration models

Abstract 3D cancer cell cultures have enabled new opportunities for replacing compound testing in experimental animals. However, driven by increased understanding of the need for more complex cancer cell models that consider drug resistance and penetration, hypoxia, and immuno-oncology applications, we have developed multicellular tumor heterospheroids composed of cancer cell lines, fibroblasts and immune cells. We have studied heterospheroids of cancer cell lines, HT29, MCF7, PANC1 and SW480 co-cultured with fibroblasts and 1) explored the architectural organization, 2) performed whole transcriptome analysis (WTA) of mono and co-cultures and 3) tested their capacity of immune cell infiltration. The architectural organization was studied in embedded heterospheroids. HT29 and MCF7 cells developed spheroids with the cancer cells surrounding the fibroblasts, whereas PANC1 cells mingled with the fibroblasts and SW480 cells were surrounded by fibroblasts. The fibroblasts expressed FAP-α mRNA as determined by ISH as well as collagen-1 as determined by immunohistochemistry. The hypoxia marker, Ca-IX, and the apoptosis marker, cleaved-Caspase-3, were dominating in the central core of the spheroids but the Ca-IX and Caspase-3 expression was not coordinated. In addition, WTA performed on day-7 heterospheroids, showed upregulated LOX, indicating that hypoxia-related markers known from genuine cancers are upregulated also in heterospheroids. WTA of day-7 mono-cell cultured and hetero-cultured spheroids, showed abundant ECM-, EMT-, and fibrosis-related expression in heterospheroids, thus reflecting a representative tumor-like microenvironment in heterospheroids compared to mono-culture spheroids. In particular, PANC1 spheroids showed a strong EMT profile with abundant FOXC2, TGF-β and TWIST expression. Genes related to Akt/mTOR and EGF pathways were consistently expressed in the tested heterospheroids. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of anti-cancer compounds was performed using both cell viability and apoptosis assays. Exposure of the NCI drug library composed of 166 cytotoxic compounds to the heterospheroids, interestingly, revealed a complex output with limited correlation between cytotoxic and apoptotic effects. A subset of drug candidates is currently being further examined. PBMC-derived immune cells infiltrate heterospheroids and their infiltration is strongly enhanced after activation. The T cells' ability to infiltrate heterospheroids of different cancer types may serve as models of cold and hot tumors. We conclude that the cancer cell lines determine the architectural structure of heterospheroids, that ECM development is a prevalent part of the heterospheroids, and that the different heterospheroids possess varying ability of immune cell infiltration. Citation Format: Boye Schnack Nielsen, Natasha H. Madsen, Jesper Larsen, Monika Gad, Kim Holmstrøm. Cancer cell heterospheroids with stromal component used as drug testing and immune cell infiltration models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6784.

A Method Probing High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Crystalline Materials.

To date, the oxidation behavior of crystal materials is not fully understood; additional research is needed to understand the oxidation of materials. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and a 3D kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model are used to investigate the infiltration and diffusion behaviors of oxygen atoms within the crystal. Oxygen molecules readily adsorbes on crystal surfaces of the material and rapidly dissociates, verified by both first-principles calculations and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) results. The infiltration ability of oxygen atoms into the inner crystal layers is affected by the surrounding oxygen atom, lattice compactness, and other factors. Energy-barrier calculations show that crystal thin/dense layers have significant effects on the crystal oxidation process, so high-pressure technology is used to investigate this correlation experimentally. KMC calculations and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) show the infiltration behavior of oxygen atoms in the main crystal plane (211) toward the inner layers has the highest proportion to the actual high-temperature oxidation behavior of the title material. The results of both the KMC calculations and thermal experiments show the material peeled off upon further oxidation, which accelerates oxidation. At the same time, high-pressure treatment increases the oxidation resistance of materials at lower temperatures (<600°C).

The Impact of Land Cover Density on the Water Infiltration Process in the Nyadeng Lake Area, Merabu Village Berau District, East Kalimantan

The sustainability of water resources depends on the state of the nearby forest. Land cover is essential for sustaining life systems in a region; the higher the quality of the land cover or forest vegetation, the greater the biodiversity value of the region. This research attempts to determine whether or not the vegetation in the Merabu Village area of Nyadeng Lake has the capacity to process the infiltration rate. The vegetation was sampled using simple random sampling, and a 20 m x 20 m plot was used to represent the area under investigation. Data collection was accomplished by establishing research plots that can represent the entire area or research area, with the size of the plot varying according to plant class. This research utilized a total of six plots. Three plots on the west and three on the east were laid out at a distance of five meters from the lake’s shore. The infiltration rate was measured by creating 0.5 m x 0.5 m infiltration subplots with five replicates per sample plot. These locations have been established approximately five metres away from the shore of the lake. High vegetation cover has a tremendously positive effect on infiltration. The coefficient of determination, with a value of 72%, indicates that the infiltration ability is influenced by the existence of vegetation to a significant degree.

The Effect of Plasma Treatment on the Mechanical and Biological Properties of Polyurethane Artificial Blood Vessel.

In recent years, the incidence of cardiovascular disease has increased annually, and the demand for artificial blood vessels has been increasing. Due to the formation of thrombosis and stenosis after implantation, the application of many materials in the human body has been inhibited. Therefore, the choice of surface modification process is very important. In this paper, small-diameter polyurethane artificial blood vessels were prepared through electrospinning, and their surfaces were treated with plasma to improve their biological properties. The samples before and after plasma treatment were characterized by SEM, contact angle, XPS, and tensile testing; meanwhile, the cell compatibility and blood compatibility were evaluated. The results show that there are no significant changes to the fiber morphology or diameter distribution on the surface of the sample before and after plasma treatment. Plasma treatment can increase the proportion of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the sample and improve its wettability, thereby increasing the infiltration ability of cells and promoting cell proliferation. Plasma treatment can reduce the risk of hemolysis, and does not cause platelet adhesion. Due to the etching effect of plasma, the mechanical properties of the samples decreased with the extension of plasma treatment time, which should be used as a basis to balance the mechanical property and biological property of artificial blood vessels. But on the whole, plasma treatment has positive significance for improving the comprehensive performance of samples.

Infiltration ability in the area of land use change, Bogor, West Java

The upstream of the Cisadane Watershed is included in the Mount Halimun Salak National Park area as the water catchment area. Water resource conservation is important because of land use change. Rainfall analysis was carried out to determine the rain intensity amount. Then, infiltration observations were also carried out in Ecosystem Restoration (ER) areas. ER is an area in the rehabilitation zone that requires improvement, especially in biophysical improvement. Several ER areas are in Cibunian Village and Purwabakti Village. The analysis determined the infiltration rates in the ER areas. Field surveys carried out data collection on infiltration sample measurements. Sample points were selected using Stratified Random Sampling. The results show the average rainfall in the study area is around 3950 mm/year. The results show the infiltration ability in the ER area is relatively slow. However, there are still results of rapid infiltration at several sample points. Due to limited water absorption capacity, soil characteristics with clay texture influence slow infiltration conditions. Even though the rainfall is high, surface water runoff is quickly formed. The rainfall in the Cisadane watershed should be stored to reserve water supply, especially during the dry season. In detail, water storage can be an infiltration pit, artificial water storage tanks, reservoirs, or ponds. The limited availability of water resources challenges water uses in the Cisadane Watershed. This research is essential as an initial study to find out more about the watershed hydrological system and the water demand level.

Next Generation of Brain Cancer Nanomedicines to Overcome the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB): Insights on Transcytosis, Perivascular Tumor Growth, and BBB Models

AbstractBrain cancers, particularly malignant gliomas such as glioblastoma, are highly invasive and characterized by elevated complexity, heterogeneity, and high infiltration ability. Therefore, they pose a significant challenge to conventional treatments due to the limited drug permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), the involvement of numerous acquired and intrinsic drug resistance mechanisms in metastatic brain tumors, and the high sensitivity of surrounding healthy tissues. Despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, their prognosis remains poor, with their median overall survival rarely exceeding 12 months. To overcome these limitations, different nanomedicine‐based therapeutic approaches have recently been proposed, aiming to provide more effective and safer drug delivery for targeting brain cancers. However, most reported nanomedicines to date have failed to meet the high expectations in the clinic. This fact can be attributed to limited understanding of brain tumor biology and lack of knowledge about bio‐nanoparticle interactions, among other factors. This review discusses recent progress in brain cancer nanomedicines, with a particular focus in understanding intracellular sorting mechanisms, perivascular tumor growth, and the design of advanced BBB models. It also highlights how an improved understanding of brain tumor biology can pave the way for designing safer and more effective nanomedicines for brain cancer treatment.

2B4 inhibits the apoptosis of natural killer cells through phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase/B-cell lymphoma 2 signal pathway

Background aimsDecades after the identification of natural killer (NK) cells as potential effector cells against malignantly transformed cells, an increasing amount of research suggests that NK cells are a prospective choice of immunocytes for cancer immunotherapy in addition to T lymphocytes for cancer immunotherapy. Recent studies have led to a breakthrough in the combination of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation with allogeneic NK cells infusion for the treatment of malignant tumors. However, the short lifespan of NK cells in patients is the major impediment, limiting their efficacy. Therefore, prolonging the survival of NK cells will promote the application of NK-cell immunotherapy. As we have known, NK cells use a “missing-self” mechanism to lyse target cells and exert their functions through a wide array of activating, co-stimulatory and inhibitory receptors. Our previous study has suggested that CD244 (2B4), one of the co-stimulatory receptors, can improve the function of chimeric antigen receptor NK cells. However, the underlying mechanism of how 2B4 engages in the function of NK cells requires further investigation. Overall, we established a feeder cell with the expression of CD48, the ligand of 2B4, to investigate the function of 2B4-CD48 axis in NK cells, and meanwhile, to explore whether the newly generated feeder cell can improve the function of ex vivo–expanded NK cells. MethodsFirst, K562 cells overexpressing 4-1BBL and membrane-bound IL-21 (mbIL-21) were constructed (K562-41BBL-mbIL-21) and were sorted to generate the single clone. These widely used feeder cells (K562-41BBL-mbIL-21) were named as Basic Feeder hereinafter. Based on the Basic feeder, CD48 was overexpressed and named as CD48 Feeder. Then, the genetically modified feeder cells were used to expand primary NK cells from peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood. In vitro experiments were performed to compare proliferation ability, cytotoxicity, survival and activation/inhibition phenotypes of NK cells stimulated via different feeder cells. K562 cells were injected into nude mice subcutaneously with tail vein injection of NK cells from different feeder system for the detection of NK in vivo persistence and function. ResultsCompared with Basic Feeders, CD48 Feeders can promote the proliferation of primary NK cells from peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood and reduce NK cell apoptosis by activating the p-ERK/BCL2 pathway both in vitro and in vivo without affecting overall phenotypes. Furthermore, NK cells expanded via CD48 Feeders showed stronger anti-tumor capability and infiltration ability into the tumor microenvironment. ConclusionsIn this preclinical study, the engagement of the 2B4-CD48 axis can inhibit the apoptosis of NK cells through the p-ERK/BCL2 signal pathway, leading to an improvement in therapeutic efficiency.

Restoration of Grassland Improves Soil Infiltration Capacity in Water-Wind Erosion Crisscross Region of China’s Loess Plateau

Soil water infiltration is a key mechanism for meeting plant water demand and groundwater recharge cycles; however, unreasonable land use practices cause reduced infiltration capacity and greater soil erosion. To date, differences in the properties of aeolian sandy soil and Pisha sandstone soil under different utilization methods as well as in soil properties, aggregates, and infiltration among kind of soil types, remain poorly understood. In this work, 54 soil samples of cropland and grassland were selected to identify the unique characteristics of soil infiltration processes under transition from cropland to grassland and contributions of soil properties to soil infiltrability in the Loess Plateau of China. The results showed that converting cropland to grassland could enhance the stable infiltration capacity of shallow soils of aeolian sandy soil and loess soil by 43.6% and 35.7%, respectively. Compared with cropland, the root properties and soil aggregate formation of the three soil types increased during grassland use, with the largest increase in soil organic matter content (32.14%) and total porosities (6.4%). As determined by the ring knife method, the saturated infiltration capacity of Pisha sandstone soil was significantly lower than in aeolian sandy soil and loess soil (p &lt; 0.5). Moreover, its saturated infiltration capacity of cropland was better than grassland. Spearman’s correlation analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that soil infiltration capacity appeared to be the most influenced by soil organic matter, and aggregate structure. These results highlight that fifteen years of returning cropland to grassland is not enough to affect the infiltration ability of deep soil (≥20 cm), and this improvement requires longer term maintenance.

Research Progress on the Mechanism and Treatment of Pyroptosis in Brain Glioma

Glioma is the most common fatal primary malignant brain tumor in the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, the main standard treatment is the combination of tumor resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies glioma into four grades. Glioblastoma (GBM, WHO Grade 4) is the most aggressive type of glioma, characterized by cell heterogeneity, high proliferation rate, diffuse infiltration ability, and high resistance to chemotherapy drugs. Since the five-year survival rate is extremely low and the recurrence rate is high, some new effective treatment strategies are expected. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory programmed cell death mode. Compared with apoptosis, pyroptosis occurs faster and is accompanied by the release of a large number of pro-inflammatory factors. A large amount of evidence shows that pyrodeath can affect the development of tumor, and has both promoting and inhibiting effects on the development of glioma. In order to further understand the influence of pyroptosis on the glioma, this paper discussed the related studies of pyroptosis and glioma, in order to provide potential tumor treatment strategies based on pyroptosis for glioma patients.

Potential Role of Carbon Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Malignant Brain Gliomas.

Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults up to an extent of 78% of all primary malignant brain tumors. However, total surgical resection is almost unachievable due to the considerable infiltrative ability of glial cells. The efficacy of current multimodal therapeutic strategies is, furthermore, limited by the lack of specific therapies against malignant cells, and, therefore, the prognosis of these in patients is still very unfavorable. The limitations of conventional therapies, which may result from inefficient delivery of the therapeutic or contrast agent to brain tumors, are major reasons for this unsolved clinical problem. The major problem in brain drug delivery is the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which limits the delivery of many chemotherapeutic agents. Nanoparticles, thanks to their chemical configuration, are able to go through the blood-brain barrier carrying drugs or genes targeted against gliomas. Carbon nanomaterials show distinct properties including electronic properties, a penetrating capability on the cell membrane, high drug-loading and pH-dependent therapeutic unloading capacities, thermal properties, a large surface area, and easy modification with molecules, which render them as suitable candidates for deliver drugs. In this review, we will focus on the potential effectiveness of the use of carbon nanomaterials in the treatment of malignant gliomas and discuss the current progress of in vitro and in vivo researches of carbon nanomaterials-based drug delivery to brain.

Preparation of biogum thickener and properties of recoverable fracturing fluid based on environmental protection

AbstractA recyclable biogum thickener was developed and employed as the main agent to compound a fracturing fluid system in order to address the issue of the problematic recovery of fracturing fluid system. By using infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the physical characteristics and microstructure were examined. By using a rheometer, dynamic filtration loss, and an acid‐etching fracture conductivity device, respectively, the system's temperature and shear resistance, dynamic filtration loss, and fracture conductivity damage were studied. The system's gum‐breaking performance, formation water compatibility, and anti‐expansion performance were then measured in accordance with standards. As a result of shearing at 170 s−1 and 120°C for 2 h, the 4% biogum system's performance outperformed the other two systems in every way, according to the experimental findings. Its viscosity could also exceed 70 mPa · s. After breaking, the solution had a viscosity of 2.5 mPa · s, which was very compatible with the formation water. The system has a 90% anti‐swelling rate, a filtration loss coefficient of 5.14 × 10−5, strong infiltration ability, and negligible formation damage. The biogum system's recovery rate after field application is discovered to be around 50%.

Lithium/Sodium Deposition Behavior and Dendrite Inhibition Mechanism on Metal-Modified and Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Skeletons

Nitrogen-doped and metal-modified carbon-based skeletons have been commonly used to improve the Li/Na deposition behavior and dendrite inhibition for alkali metal batteries. However, the synergistic mechanism between nitrogen-doped and metal-modified strategies has not been systematically studied. Herein, to understand the plating/stripping of alkali metals on/from metal-modified and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (CNT) skeletons, the lithium binding energy, charge transfer, and state density between lithium and various carbon skeletons were calculated to demonstrate the fluctuation law of lithium/sodium affinity at the modified sites. The results illustrate that the N-doped CNT skeletons modified with Co or Fe clusters (Co-NCNTs or Fe-NCNTs) have high infiltration ability and affinity toward alkali metals, which could be employed as uniform nucleation sites to direct Li/Na deposition. In light of this, two carbon/lithium composite anodes were created by carbon fibers linked to three-dimensional skeletons (CC@Co-NCNTs and CC@Fe-NCNTs) which were filled with molten lithium. The measurement of the Li deposition overpotential served as an additional evidence of the skeletons’ affinity for lithium. This work demonstrates the direction for the investigation of the dendrite inhibition mechanism and lithiophilicity/sodiophilicity enhancement of CNT carbon skeletons.

Delineation of potential groundwater recharge zones using remote sensing, GIS, and AHP approaches

Groundwater resource plays a critical role in economic development, human health, and ecological diversity. Groundwater exploration has gained much prominence recently due to the rapid nature of geographic information systems and their ability to provide initial information on resources. Present study focuses on delination potential groundwater zones in Mulshi Taluka, Pune district, India, using remote sensing, GIS, and Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP). Geomorphology, geology, slope, drainage density, rainfall, landuse/landcover, lineament density, soil, Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), curvature, and Topographic wetness index (TWI) were used for delineation of the groundwater recharge zones. All thematic maps were weighted using the AHP method according to their characteristics and water potential. The final groundwater potential zone (GWPZ) map was divided into five categories, viz., very low (4%), low (25%), moderate (45%), high (18%), and very high (8%) zones, respectively. The final map identifies 4% of area under a very high recharge zone with natural infiltration ability. The region's central, southern, and western regions account for 80% of the study area's recharge potential. Finally, groundwater fluctuation data was used to verify the accuracy of the GWPZ map through receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). The AUC score for the AHP technique reveals 80.4% accuracy. Local and government authorities can use the study findings to effectively plan and manage groundwater development.