Inferential Analysis Research Articles

Exploring Character Education in 'Bocah-Bocah Borneo': Implications for Student Character Development

Literature is an integral part of character formation efforts. This research aims to determine the contribution of the short story anthology book ‘Bocah-Bocah Borneo’ by Neneng Eliana to the character education of elementary school students. The research method used is inferential content analysis in the form of a process of describing, classifying, interpreting, and concluding the character values contained in the short story and implications for student character development based on Strengthening Ki Hajar Dewantara's Character Education. The data sources for content analysis included the short story anthology 'Bocah-Bocah Borneo', presidential regulations related to Strengthening Character Education inspired by Ki Hajar Dewantara's philosophy, and relevant articles from accredited scientific journals.". "The content analysis involved systematically procuring data from the short story anthology, reducing and categorizing the data, making inferences, and conducting a detailed analysis. The results of the data analysis show several findings. First, there are eighteen characters values contained in the short story anthology ‘Bocah-Bocah Borneo’, namely religious, brave, socially caring, environmentally caring, friendly and communicative, responsible, curious, disciplined, hard-working, polite, independent, honest, tolerant, creative, democratic, spirit of nationality, patriotism, and appreciate for achievements. Second, the implications for student character development of ‘Bocah-Bocah Borneo’ short story which originates from the five values of Strengthening Character Education from Ki Hajar Dewantara's philosophy, namely: religion, nationalism, independence, cooperation, and integrity. This research concludes that the short story contributes significantly to the character instruction values of elementary school understudies.

Effects of procurement risk management strategies on public procuring entities' performance

Organizations implement risk management to mitigate the effects of unforeseen events in their operation settings. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between procurement risk-management strategies and the performance of public higher-learning institutions registered by the National Council for Technical Education and Vocation Training in Tanzania. The findings of the study provide valuable insights that can influence the risk management strategies and performance management policies of public procuring entities. The Principal-Agent Theory guided the study. A convergent parallel mixed-method design was employed, utilizing a census method that included all 16 public high-learning institutions in Dar es Salaam as the sample. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data analysis involved descriptive statistics to compute percentages and means of school respondents. Multiple Regressions was employed for inferential statistics analysis. Qualitative data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis. The study identified risks affecting the performance of PEs including non-compliance risks, planning risks, managerial risks, contract management risks, and project delays. To address these challenges, the study recommends that entities should develop and adhere to their procurement plans, invest in capacity building to strengthen ethical practices to avoid unethical behavior, and address non-compliance issues. Entities should use a combination of strategies based on internal policies, experience, and the preferences of the procurement assignment.

Physical education learning outcomes of senior high school students based on gender and intellectual intelligence review

Abstract. This study examined the disparities in Physical Education (PE) learning Outcomes among high school pupils by considering their gender and intellectual aptitude. The study involved participants from a high school in Yogyakarta, selected using the Simple Random Sampling method. The data were then analysed using descriptive statistics and a two-way factorial inferential analysis of variance (ANOVA). The study divided the results into two groups based on their intellectual intelligence: low and high. In the low intellectual category, the average learning outcome for male students was 83.60. Meanwhile, the average for female students was 84.10. In the high intellectual intelligence category, the average results for male students were 85.30, while the average achievement for female students was 83.70. The ANOVA test for the intellectual intelligence variable yielded a p-value (Sig.) of 0.303, which is greater than the significance level of 0.05. This figure suggests that there is no statistically significant difference in students’ learning outcomes based on their level of intelligence, whether low or high. Similarly, the p-value of 0.383 for the gender variable was also greater than the significance level of 0.05, indicating no statistically significant variations in learning results. Additionally, the interaction effect between IQ and gender yielded a significance value of 0.100, which is greater than 0.05. It indicates no significant interaction between these two variables on the learning performance of high school students. The finding means that cognitive intelligence does not have a substantial impact on the performance of physical education (PE) among high school students. Moreover, there is no notable disparity in PE performance between male and female students, suggesting gender equality in both the opportunities and abilities in PE. Finally, the study found no notable correlation between gender and IQ levels in performance on intelligence tasks. These results diminish the importance of considering other criteria, such as physical aptitude, in evaluating PE performance and emphasize the need for comprehensive and inclusive physical education programs. Keywords: Learning Achievement, PE, Students, Adolescents, Gender, Intellectual Intelligence

Selection of data analytic techniques by using fuzzy AHP TOPSIS from a healthcare perspective

The healthcare industry has been put to test the need to manage enormous amounts of data provided by various sources, which are renowned for providing enormous quantities of heterogeneous information. The data are collected and analyzed with different Data Analytic (DA) and machine learning algorithm approaches. Researchers, scientists, and industrialists must manage or select the best approach associated with DA in healthcare. This scientific study is based on decision analysis between the DA factors and alternatives. The information affects the whole system in a rational manner. This information is very important in healthcare sector for appropriate prediction and analysis. The evaluation discusses its benefits and presents an analytic framework. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP) approach is used to address the weight of the factors. The Fuzzy Techniques for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (Fuzzy TOPSIS) address the rank of the data analytic alternatives used in healthcare sector. The models used in the article briefly discuss the challenges of DA and approaches to address those challenges. The assorted factors of DA are capture, cleaning, storage, security, stewardship, reporting, visualization, updating, sharing, and querying. The DA alternatives include descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, prescriptive, discovery, regression, cohort and inferential analyses. The most influential factors of the DA and the most suitable approach for the DA are evaluated. The ‘cleaning’ factor has the highest weight, and ‘updating’ is achieved at least by the Fuzzy-AHP approach. The regression approach of data analysis had the highest rank, and the diagnostic analysis had the lowest rank. Decision analyses are necessary for data scientists and medical providers to predict diseases appropriately in the healthcare domain. This analysis also revealed the cost benefits to hospitals.

The Effect of E-Branding and E-Loyalty on the Online Repurchase Intention of Beauty E-Commerce Sociolla.com

This research is a quantitative research that examines social phenomena with the aims to determine the effect of E-Branding and E-Loyalty on Online Repurchase Intention of Beauty E-Commerce Sociolla.com. The population of this research is Sociolla consumers. This research took a sample of 100 respondents through a non-probability sampling technique using purposive sampling method. The data collection for this research was in the form of distributing questionnaires to consumers who had bought and used scarlett whitening products. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis and inferential analysis by the Partial Least Square (PLS) 4.0 analysis tool. The results of this study state that the E-Branding has a significant effect on Online Repurchase Intention and E-Loyalty has a significant effect on Online Repurchase Intention.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Sosial Instagram Terhadap Pemahaman Akhlak pada Mahasiswa PAI Angkatan 2021 di Universitas Ibn Khaldun Bogor

Understanding morals is one of the important components that students must have in an effort to deepen their knowledge and values ​​of Islamic teachings as the basis of a Muslim's knowledge. There are two factors that can influence each individual's understanding of morals, namely internal factors and external factors. Internal factors come from within students such as thought patterns, attitudes and self-motivation. Meanwhile, external factors include family, school, social environment and social media. Support for achieving understanding of student morals through the social media Instagram can be obtained if students have the ability to act and behave critically, carefully, wisely, think objectively and appreciate the diversity of Islamic information obtained. This research aims to find out whether there is an influence of the use of Instagram media on students' understanding of Islam at Ibn Khaldun University, Bogor. The research method used is a quantitative method. The data collection techniques used were questionnaires and documentation. The analysis technique used by researchers is an inferential statistical analysis technique with an analysis stage in the form of an analysis prerequisite test stage consisting of a normality test and linearity test, hypothesis testing consisting of a simple linear regression analysis test and a t test with the help of the SPSS version 27 application. Results from Research shows that there is an influence of the use of social media on the understanding of morals of PAI students class of 2021 at Ibn Khaldun University, Bogor. The magnitude of the influence that social media has on Islamic understanding shows a figure of 17.9%. Social media has an influence in shaping students' understanding and behavior regarding morals. Students who have good personalities and are not easily influenced by anything can determine their understanding of the information received via Instagram social media.

Social network characteristics and their relationships with physical activity in children with multiple sclerosis

BackgroundPhysical activity has been found to associate with improved health outcomes in children with multiple sclerosis (MS). Social networks may facilitate physical activity in children with MS. ObjectivesTo estimate associations between social network characteristics and physical activity in children with MS compared to children with monophasic acquired demyelinating syndrome (mono-ADS). MethodsChildren with MS and mono-ADS recruited from the Hospital for Sick Children completed questionnaires on social network and physical activity. Descriptive and inferential analyses estimated differences between cohorts and correlations. ResultsChildren with MS (n = 16) and mono-ADS (n = 22) did not differ in outcomes. Higher physical activity associated with larger social networks (rs= 0.681, p < 0.01), more Emotional Support (rs= 0.604, p < 0.05), Camaraderie (rs= 0.585, p < 0.05), more social network members with post-secondary education (rs= 0.680, p < 0.05), and members who exercise 3 to 4 times a week (rs= 0.744, p < 0.01). These associations were not found in children with mono-ADS. ConclusionLarger social network size, more emotional support and camaraderie, and more individuals with post-secondary education and who regularly exercise in the social network associated with higher physical activity in children with MS. Social network characteristics may help understand health behaviors in children with MS.

Empathy, Moral Sensitivity, and Prosocial Behavior Among Medical Undergraduates in a South Indian Tertiary Care Teaching Institute: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study.

Empathy, moral sensitivity, and prosocialness are critical traits for medical professionals, as they affect patient care quality and ethical decision-making. These traits help address psychological complexities like stress and burnout in medical practice. Despite their importance, the relationships between these traits, especially among medical students, remain underexplored. This study aims to assess empathy, moral sensitivity, and prosocialness among medical students in South India, focusing on gender differences and their associations. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, with 369 medical undergraduates. Data were collected using three standardized tools: the Interpersonal Reactivity Index for empathy, the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire, and the Prosocialness Scale for Adults. The questionnaire, including demographic data, was administered online with anonymity and consent. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic data. Inferential analyses, including t-tests, chi-square tests, Pearson correlations, and multivariate regression, examined relationships between empathy, moral sensitivity, pro-social behavior, and demographics. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Ethical approval was obtained from Saveetha Medical College's Ethics Committee. The mean age of participants was 20.5 ± 2 years, with 183 males (49.6%) and 186 females (50.4%). The majority were first-year students (29.8%), followed by second-year (19.5%) and final-year part I students (19.2%).Final professional part II students and interns comprised 15.4% and 16%, respectively. Females scored significantly higher in empathy domains like perspective-taking (15 ± 3.3 vs. 14 ± 3.4), fantasy (14.4 ± 4 vs. 13.6 ± 3.3), and empathetic concern (15.3 ± 3.5 vs. 14.2 ± 3.1), with p values <0.05. Overall, 186 females (50.4%) had a mean empathy score of 59 ± 9, compared to 183 males (49.6%) with 56.2 ± 7.1 (Cohen's d = 0.33). In moral sensitivity, females scored higher in modifying autonomy (7 ± 2.3 vs. 6.3 ± 2.2), structuring moral meaning (4.6 ± 2 vs. 4.15 ± 1.6), and expressing benevolence (16 ± 4 vs. 15 ± 4), with significant differences (p < 0.05). The total moral sensitivity score was higher in females (57 ± 10 vs. 54 ± 9), with a moderate effect size (Cohen's d = 0.3). Males scored higher in prosocialness, with 183 males (49.6%) scoring 54 ± 7, compared to 186 females (50.4%) with 51.5 ± 7.2 (Cohen's d = 0.3). Weak but significant correlations were found between empathy and prosocialness (r = 0.132, p = 0.011) and between moral sensitivity and prosocialness (r = 0.479, p < 0.001). Regression analysis identified gender, prosocial behavior, and specific moral sensitivity dimensions as significant predictors of empathy scores. This study revealed significant gender differences in empathy, moral sensitivity, and prosocialness among medical students. Females scored higher in empathy and moral sensitivity, whereas males showed greater prosocial behavior. The positive correlations between empathy and prosocialness and between moral sensitivity and prosocialness highlight their interconnectedness. Educational interventions that target empathy and moral sensitivity could help nurture more compassionate, ethical healthcare professionals. Future research should explore how these traits evolve throughout medical education.

Epidemiological profile trends and cost of pediatric sickle cell disease in Brazil from 2008 to 2022

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the epidemiological trends of Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in Brazil over the period 2008–2022, with a focus on understanding the incidence, mortality rates, and associated healthcare costs. The study explored potential associations between patient characteristics and the occurrence of crises in pediatric SCD cases. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted, analyzing national annual rates of pediatric SCD hospitalizations using data from the FioCruz platform. Descriptive and inferential analyses, including time series and ARIMA regression, were employed. Economic dimensions were assessed using cost categorization. The study followed STROBE reporting guidelines. ResultsData on 81,942 pediatric SCD hospitalizations were collected, with a predominance of crisis-related cases (74.08 %). Males and children under five years old were most affected. Regional disparities were observed, with the Southwest region recording the highest hospitalization rates. ICU costs were higher for crisis-related hospitalizations. Mortality rates were significantly higher for crisis-related cases (p < 0.001), with ARIMA regression indicating a significant association between hospitalizations for crisis-related cases and mortality. ConclusionThis study highlights the significant burden of pediatric SCD in Brazil, particularly crisis-related cases, suggesting a need for focused interventions. By prioritizing early detection, equitable access to healthcare, and evidence-based interventions, Brazil can mitigate the burden of SCD and improve patient outcomes. These findings contribute to informing public health policies and interventions aimed at addressing the challenges of pediatric SCD management in Brazil.

Strategi Pemasaran Masa Depan: Mengurai Peran Sales Promotion yang Inovatif dan Daya Tarik Celebrity Endorser dalam Membimbing Keputusan Pembelian Konsumen

Fashion has a strong appeal and is accepted by individuals of all ages as a determining aspect of clothing and daily lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of sales promotion on consumer purchasing choices. The target population of this study consists of Billionaire's Project consumers, with a sample of 100 respondents selected through purposive sampling, a non-probability sampling technique. To collect data, questionnaires were distributed to individuals who had purchased and used products from the Billionaire's Project. The data analysis process uses descriptive and inferential analysis using the Partial Least Square (PLS) 4.0 analysis tool. The findings of this study confirm that sales promotion has a significant effect on purchasing decisions, and the involvement of celebrity endorsers also has a significant influence on consumer purchasing choices. Business owners can leverage these research findings as valuable references when designing digital marketing strategies geared toward increasing sales of Billionaire's Project products, particularly in the areas of sales promotion and celebrity-based marketing.

Mediating Effect Of Employee Wellbeing On The Relationship Between Recruitment And Selection Practices And Employee Commitment Of National Police Service In Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

Low employee commitment has been a prevalent issue within the National Police Service (NPS), often leading to negative consequences such as low morale, poor service delivery, and public distrust. Therefore, this study sought to determine the mediating effect of employee wellbeing on the relationship between recruitment and selection on employee commitment of National Police Service in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The study was guided by Ability motivation opportunity theory. This study adopted explanatory research design. The sample size of 328 for this study was calculated based on Yamane’s formula. The researcher used a questionnaire as research instrument. A pilot study was conducted in national police service in Nandi County. Quantitative data collected using the questionnaires for all the objectives were analysed using descriptive statistics that is frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation. Inferential analysis was carried through correlation and multiple regression analysis. Analyzed data were presented in form of tables and charts. The study findings revealed that the effect of recruitment and selection practices on employee commitment through employee wellbeing is 0.3041, indicating that for every standard deviation increase in recruitment and selection practices. The study concluded that improving recruitment and selection practices can lead to higher levels of employee wellbeing, which in turn can enhance employee commitment. The study recommended that organizations should focus on improving recruitment and selection practices to enhance employee wellbeing and ultimately increase employee commitment.

Co-Development of Three Dietary Indices to Facilitate Dietary Intake Assessment of Pediatric Crohn's Disease Patients.

Literature on dietary behaviours of the pediatric Crohn's Disease (CD) population and the relationship between dietary intake and CD activity is limited. Three dietary indices were developed and tested to conduct dietary pattern analysis in pediatric patients with CD consuming a free diet following remission induction via exclusive enteral nutrition (n=11). Index scores underwent descriptive and inferential analysis. The mean adjusted scores (out of 100) for the Pediatric Western Diet Index, Pediatric Prudent Diet Index, and Pediatric-Adapted 2010 Alternate Healthy Eating Index (PA2010-AHEI) were 29.82±15.22, 34.25±15.18, and 51.50±11.69, respectively. The mean Western-to-Prudent ratio was 0.94±0.55. A significant correlation (r=-0.71) and relationship (F[1, 9]=9.04, P < 0.05, R2=0.501) between the Western-to-Prudent ratio and PA2010-AHEI was found. The results suggest participants were not following a Western or Prudent diet, and were consuming foods not captured by the indices. More research is needed to describe dietary intake of individuals with CD, validate dietary indices in diverse samples, and explore the utility of these indices in CD assessment and treatment. The co-authors hope this work will stimulate/inspire subsequent interprofessional, dietitian-led research on this topic.

Diversity Scholarships for Plastic Surgery Subinternships: A National Review of US Residency Programs.

Residency programs have developed monetary initiatives for students underrepresented in medicine (URiM). Our team sought to provide a centralized resource for URiM students seeking plastic surgery subinternships with funded opportunities. A cross sectional analysis of URiM scholarships offered by US integrated plastic surgery programs (n = 91) between July and September 2023. The study used residency program web domains. Investigators collected information on the monetary value of scholarship, eligibility criteria, and required application documents. Inferential analyses were conducted to investigate whether programs' geographic region or Doximity ranking played a role in likelihood of scholarship existence. The study found that approximately 52.7% (n = 48) of programs have in place monetary support for underrepresented visiting medical students (eg, stipend or reimbursement). The average monetary support was $1670. A univariate test demonstrated that programs with lower rankings in both reputation and research were less likely to have a scholarship available than higher ranking programs (P = 0.002; P = 0.02, respectively). Programs located in the Midwest regions were 3.5 times more likely to have a diversity scholarship available (P = 0.034). In our multivariate analysis, reputation ranking and geographic region remained significant. A Pearson chi square test showed the greatest proportions of scholarships among geographically similar programs to be in the Midwest (70%), however, not statistically significant. This study provides a centralized resource for URiM students interested in completing away rotations. Further investigation into development of these scholarship opportunities would be of much benefit and could guide other programs in the funding their own diversity scholarships.

Outcome of Nasal continuous positive airway pressure in neonates: A cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in term and preterm neonates with respiratory distress by evaluating successful outcomes, identifying factors contributing to treatment failure, and documenting associated complications. A comparative cross-sectional study design was employed. The research was conducted at Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Rawalpindi from November 2022 to July 2023. All consecutive neonates admitted during the specified period with respiratory distress requiring CPAP treatment and meeting inclusion criteria were enrolled. Pre- and post-CPAP respiratory distress levels, relevant biochemical markers, as well as mortality and morbidity rates were documented. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were employed. The mean age of the study cohort was 53.3±85.6 minutes. The average time to initiate CPAP was 82.4 ± 94.7 minutes. Mean gestational age stood at 34.68±2.8 weeks. CPAP was successful in 97% of babies. The low birth weight below 1200grams was the main factor related to failure of CPAP. The mean Downes score decreased from 5.8±1.3 before CPAP to 3.3±1.6 after 12 hours of CPAP and further to 1.85±2 after 24 hours. Significant improvements in Downes score were noted after 24 hours of CPAP usage (p < 0.05) using paired sample T-test. This study affirms the effectiveness of CPAP in addressing neonatal respiratory distress. The utilization of CPAP emerges as a valuable intervention that not only reduces the requirement for invasive ventilation but also exhibits the potential to alleviate morbidity and mortality rates among neonatal populations.

Assessing Consumer Perception of Effective Health Service Delivery: A Study of The Perspectives of Users of Diocesan Health Services in Sunyani

Background: The standard of the healthcare provided predicts a population's health. The purpose of this study is to comprehend how consumers perceive the effective management and provision of health services at the Diocesan Health Services in Sunyani, Ghana. Materials and Methods: The study used a mixed methodology in which both quantitative and qualitative data were utilized. Semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire were used to collect the data. The nested case study design approach was used for this investigation. The study was carried out in a few chosen facilities of Diocesan Health Services Sunyani. The sample included 331 people from the facilities. Respondents’ data were subjected to descriptive and inferential data analysis. Results: The findings revealed focused primary healthcare delivery, good management and leadership, community engagement, and integration of traditional and complementary medicine into the national health systems as quality healthcare. Conclusion: Users view increased accessibility, acceptability, availability, and good service outcomes as quality health service planning and delivery.

The Factors Influencing Supply Chain Performance in Tanzanian Public Procuring Entities: The Mediating Role of Supplier-Buyer Relationships

Academia's current emphasis on supply chain performance highlights the significance of information sharing as a mediator and the supplier-buyer relationship as a moderator. Nevertheless, the examination into the intermediate effects of the supplier-buyer relationship has been relatively neglected. This research examined the factors affecting supply chain performance, emphasizing the mediating role of the supplier-buyer relationship to address the existing knowledge gap in the literature. The research included both descriptive and explanatory methodologies. The positivist research paradigm and stratified sampling method were employed to obtain a sample size of 167 respondents. The data were collected through a questionnaire and an analysis of relevant documents. The collected data was examined using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling, facilitated by SmartPLS 4, a tool for conducting inferential statistical analysis. The analyzed data on respondents' profiles underwent descriptive statistical analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26. The research findings indicate that supply chain performance is affected by information sharing, strategic procurement planning, and the relationship between suppliers and buyers. The statistical significance of strategic procurement planning and information sharing indicates that buyers and suppliers rely on these practices to improve supply chain performance. The results provide definitive evidence validating the accuracy of the proposed research model within the domain of decision-making, specifically regarding the prioritization of investments to improve supply chain performance.

Effect of simulating training of the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery on the attitude of operating room nurses students: an intervention study

Abstract Objective Clinical education plays a key role in preparing students for patient care. Laparoscopy is one of the most important minimally invasive surgeries (MISs) wherein surgical technologists are responsible for camera navigation and assistant surgeons are responsible for peg transfer. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the attitude of the operating room students toward these skills during their study period. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of simulating training in the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) on the attitude of the operating room students. Methods This interventional study was conducted on 28 operating room students of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2019. The census sampling method was used. The data-collection tool included the “Intrinsic motivation inventory (IMI) questionnaire.” The educational intervention was carried out in theoretical (booklet design) and practical (simulation) sections. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential analyses including the paired t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, and independent t-test. The collected data were analyzed using R and SPSS software. P-value &lt;0.05 was considered as the significant level. Results The mean ± SD of the participants’ age was 22.93 ± 2.14 years, and the majority of them were women (67.9%). There was a significant difference in the mean scores of students’ attitudes toward the FLS before and after the educational intervention (P &lt; 0.001) in all dimensions (interest, perceived competence, perceived choice, and tension). There was also a significant correlation between gender and interest dimension (P = 0.005). Conclusions The results of the present study showed that simulating the training FLS curriculum positively affects students’ attitudes. Therefore, the researchers suggest that for creating a positive attitude, increasing students’ interest in laparoscopic surgery, and ensuring a more effective presence in the operating room, this training should be considered in the operating room curriculum.

The Effects of Inquiry-Based Learning Environment with Augmented Reality Integration on Spatial Reasoning for Topic of Space / Kesan Persekitaran Pembelajaran Berasaskan Inkuiri dengan Integrasi Realiti Terimbuh terhadap Penaakulan Spatial bagi Tajuk Ruang

Students' mastery of the topic of Space in the field of Geometry is also influenced by their spatial reasoning. The use of technology such as augmented reality applications is necessary in assisting students in develop these skills through its ability to display real objects virtually that can be manipulated freely. However, the effectiveness of integrating augmented reality applications requires the implementation of suitable teaching strategies. This is because learning involving difficult concepts requires students not only to receive information directly but also to actively engage in learning activities to generate knowledge and skills. Therefore, this study aims to design an inquiry-based learning environment with the integration of augmented reality and examine its effects on students' spatial reasoning for the topic of Space in Year Three Mathematics. This study used a pre-experimental quantitative research design involving 25 Year Three students. The purposive sampling method was used to select the school as the location of the study and convenience sampling was used to select students as the study respondents. Pre-tests and post-tests were used to measure students' spatial reasoning after the intervention. The results of the descriptive analysis show that there is an increase in the mean score of 6.16 for students' spatial reasoning. The results of the inferential analysis also prove that there is a significant difference in the mean score (Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) &lt;0.001) between the pre-test and the post-test on students' spatial reasoning. Therefore, the results of this study have had a positive effect on students' spatial reasoning. In conclusion, this study is expected to encourage teachers to apply 21st-century learning strategies along with the integration of appropriate technology tools to design a learning environment of Mathematics learning among primary school students.

Towards understanding the effect of work on teacher’s mental health: a mixed method study

Working as a teacher significantly impacts mental health, both psychological well-being and psychological distress. This study examines the effect of working as a teacher on mental health. A mixed-method sequential explanatory design was chosen because it aims to test theories and provide detailed explanations for the results. Quantitative data were collected from 153 primary school teachers in East Java, and qualitative data were collected from 12 teachers who were purposively selected as interview subjects. The data were collected through interviews and four psychological scales (work commitment, engagement, job satisfaction, and mental health). Statistical inferential analysis and thematic analysis were used to analyse the data. The analyses showed that teachers’ jobs affected their mental health in terms of psychological well-being and psychological distress. Work commitment effected on mental health R=.653, R2=.426 p&amp;lt;.001; work engagements effected on mental health R=.479, R2=.230 p&amp;lt;.001; and job satisfaction effected on mental health R=.668, R2=.446 p&amp;lt;.001. The findings suggest that teachers’ mental health can be strengthened through their attitudes and behaviours towards work.

The Effectiveness of Adding Transvaginal Radiofrequency to Pelvic Floor Muscle Training for 6 Weeks in Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence. A Double-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial.

The objective was to evaluate the clinically beneficial effect of adding transvaginal monopolar non-ablative radiofrequency (RF) to pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) on leakage severity, quality of life and urinary incontinence-related symptoms in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). A double-blind randomised controlled trial was conducted, with a 6-week intervention and a 6-month follow-up. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (PFMT plus RF; n = 18) or the control group (PFMT plus placebo; n = 20). The primary outcome was the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-SF). Secondary outcomes included the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 (PFDI-20) and the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7 (PFIQ-7), self-efficacy, female sexual function, pelvic floor muscle dynamometry, 1-h pad test and number of SUI episodes per week. Inferential analyses of the data were performed using a two-factor analysis of variance. Both groups achieved a statistically significant improvement in ICIQ-SF over time. However, the differences observed in the experimental group exceeded the minimal clinically important differences by 4 points (MD = -9.4, 95% CI = -12.6 to -6.3), which was not observed in the control group (MD = -3.9, 95% CI = -6.9 to -1.0). This was maintained at the 6-month follow-up with a significant time*group interaction (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.150). There was no time*group interaction in the other variables (p > 0.05). Additionally, a significant difference in favour of the experimental group was observed in the 1-h pad test and episodes of SUI per week (p < 0.05). This study highlights the beneficial effects of adding transvaginal RF to PFMT on the severity and amount of leakage, as well as on the quality of life and urinary incontinence-related symptoms in women with moderate SUI. Future trials are needed to assess the effects of this intervention in women with severe SUI.