Inferential Analysis Research Articles

TRANSPORT LOGISTICS AND WORKFORCE QUALITY: EVALUATING ACCESSIBILITY AND HUMAN RESOURCE QUALITY IN SELECTED NIGERIAN ORGANIZATIONS

This paper investigated how transport services affect the quality of work in selected organizations in Lagos Nigeria. As one of the most populous cities in Nigeria, Lagos deals with unique transport issues that impact the productivity and wellbeing of its workforce, with the region’s dynamic urban landscape that creates challenges and opportunities in the transportation system. A survey design was employed to gather data from 402 employees of the selected organizations sampled from a population of 6150 using research advisor. A structured questionnaire was employed to bring together the data for the study via random sampling technique. Descriptive and inferential analyses which included frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation and regression analysis were used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that availability of transport logistics services (t = 5.837, β = 0.313, ρ ≤ 0.05) had positive and significant effects on access to quality workforce, and reach to quality suppliers (t = 6.438, β = 0.308, ρ ≤ 0.05) significantly affects Cost of Transport logistics. On the overall, transport services in the study areas had a positive and significant effect on the quality of work in Lagos state, Nigeria. This study concluded that the quality of work in Lagos, Nigeria is significantly predicted by transport services. Hence, there is a need to strengthen the transport services so as to improve access to quality workforce, and the cost of transport.

Effect of Coffee on Pulse Rate Rise

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of coffee on pulse rate. In this research method using experimental methods, the sample is Sports Coaching Education Students Class of 2021 totaling 16 (sixteen) people consisting of 5 (five) women and 11 (eleven) men which was held on May 29, 2023 at 15:30 WIB in the Sports Coaching Education Student Association room (HIMA PKO). It is known that the comparison of 60 pulse beats per second in students who drink hot coffee and cold coffee measures it in a standing position. The coffee used is ground village coffee with a dose of 1 teaspoon without sugar, using a dose of 220 ml of water, where there are 8 (eight) students drinking coffee using hot water and 8 (eight) students drinking coffee using cold water / ice water. The results using descriptive analysis and inferential analysis using data from IBM SPSS Statistics 22, the pulse rate of drinking hot coffee scored from the lowest was 60 pulse/second and the highest was 116 pulse/second, while the pulse rate of drinking cold coffee had the lowest pulse rate with a score of 63 pulse/second and the highest score was 100 pulse/second. So it can be concluded that drinking hot coffee makes the pulse rate increase the same as drinking cold coffee.

Investigating the Level of Mathematics Anxiety among Junior High School Pupils

Mathematics is a fascinating and perplexing subject that is constantly evolving in a variety of scientific fields. Naturally, it is amazing and beautiful to use mathematics to solve a real-life problem and comprehend it. However, most people fear mathematics. The goal of this research was to explore Ghanaian Junior High School pupils' level of anxiety in mathematics at two different schools.. A Likert-Scale type of questionnaire on mathematics anxiety was given to 120 pupils who were randomly selected from the population to answer voluntarily. Descriptive and inferential analysis were both used to analysis the responses from the pupils. It was revealed that mathematics anxiety was reported to be high among junior high school pupils. It was also found that female pupils had greater levels of mathematics anxiety than male pupils. Practical recommendations are provided based on the findings of the study.

RISK FACTORS FOR SUBSTANCE USE AMONG MALE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ADEN GOVERNORATE, YEMEN

Substance use among secondary school students is a growing concern with significant implications for public health. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with substance use in a community of secondary school students in Aden Governorate, Yemen. A cross-sectional study was conducted among secondary school students in Aden governorate, using a structured questionnaire to collect data on potential risk factors for substance use. The questionnaire included measures of Peer Pressure, Academic Performance (GPA), Parental Monitoring, as well as self-esteem towards drug use. The Self-esteem among secondary students was measured using Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed to identify significant risk factors. A total of 280 male students from 10 secondary schools (both section) of Aden governorate participated in the study, with a mean age of 17.37± 1.42 years. Risk factors associated with substance use included peer pressure (OR=2.34, 95% CI: 1.56-3.42), poor academic performance (OR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.23-2.81), lack of parental supervision (OR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.09-2.37), and low self-esteem (OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.01-2.11). The findings highlight the complex interplay of social, familial, and individual factors in contributing to substance use among secondary school students. These results can inform targeted interventions and preventive strategies to address the identified risk factors in the community. This study identified several key risk factors for substance use among secondary school students in the community. Understanding and addressing these risk factors is vital for the development of effective preventive interventions and support systems to mitigate the impact of substance use on the health and well-being of young individuals.

Relationship between Officer Knowledge and Resources with Healthy Family Index Achievement in Konawe Islands Regency

Introduction: Based on the initial data collection, the factors that are obstacles or problems so that the Family Health Index in Konawe Islands Regency has not increased or has not become a healthy status, these factors include knowledge, resources, financing/funding, policies, facilities and infrastructure and so on. For this reason, researchers are interested in conducting research on "The Relationship between Knowledge and Resources of Officers and the Achievement of the Healthy Family Index in Konawe Islands Regency". Method: This type of research is quantitative research with a Cross Sectional Study approach, which was conducted at 8 Health Centers in Konawe Islands Regency. The population was 163 officers and the sample was 100 samples with Simple Random Sampling determination, descriptive and inferential data analysis. Result: The results of the Fisher's Exact Test statistical test at a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05) show that the Fisher's Exact Test p = 0.001 < 0.05 value of X2table = 3.841 and the results of the chi square statistical test of officer resources at a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05) show that the X2count value = 14.710 > X2table value = 3.841, Conclusion: There is a weak relationship between the knowledge and resources of officers with the healthy family index in Konawe Islands Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province.

PREVALENCE OF SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICE AMONG THE PEOPLE IN NANGARHAR, AFGHANISTAN

Self-medication, the practice of using medication without medical supervision, is widespread in many low-income settings, including Afghanistan, where access to healthcare services can be limited. Despite its convenience, self-medication carries significant risks, such as drug resistance and adverse reactions, particularly with the misuse of antibiotics and other prescription medications. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors influencing self-medication practices among residents of Nangarhar, Afghanistan, focusing on common illnesses and types of medications used. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and June 2024 among 1,020 individuals, both male and female, aged 18 years and above, across Nangarhar. Participants were selected through random sampling. Data collection was performed using structured questionnaires, which gathered information on demographics, types of illnesses, medications used, and factors influencing self-medication practices. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. Results: Of the total respondents, 62.6% reported self-medicating in the past six months. The most commonly reported ailments leading to self-medication were pain relief (45.2%), fever (39.8%), headache (38.7%), and gastrointestinal issues (27.5%). Antibiotics (46.1%) and analgesics (43.3%) were the most frequently used medications without prescriptions. Key reasons for self-medication included easy access to pharmacies (64.7%), high costs of healthcare (57.2%), and previous experiences with similar symptoms (49.8%). Lack of awareness about the dangers of self-medication and a perceived lack of severity of symptoms were also major contributing factors. Conclusion: Self-medication is a prevalent practice among residents of Nangarhar, Afghanistan, driven largely by ease of access to medications, economic barriers to healthcare, and low health literacy. Public health interventions, including educational campaigns and stricter regulations on over-the-counter medication sales, are urgently needed to mitigate the potential risks associated with this practice.

Analysis of Rental Value of Shop Houses in Kecamatan Medan Petisah

This research aims to analyze the factors that influence the rental value of shophouses in Medan Petisah District, Medan City. The difference in shophouse rental prices is caused by increasingly expensive land prices, which are influenced by busy locations and the presence of new buildings. The Petisah area has experienced rapid development in recent years, causing a significant increase in land prices. This land issue is very important considering the increasing need for regional development. This research uses a market approach to determine the rental value of shophouses by analyzing the factors of building area, rights (certificates), building age, location, road width and parking area simultaneously and partially on the rental value of shophouses. This type of research is quantitative/associative/correlational with inferential statistical data analysis. The population of this study was all shophouses in Medan Petisah District, totaling 456 shophouses, with a sample of 82 shophouses. Data is processed using multiple regression analysis. The research results show that simultaneously, all independent variables have a significant effect on the rental value of shophouses. Partially, the variables of building area, rights (certificate), building age and parking area have a significant effect, while the variables of location and road width have no significant effect. Based on the regression coefficient value, the variables building area, rights (certificate), building age, and parking area have a positive and significant influence on shophouse rental values ​​in Medan Petisah District, Medan City

Attitude of Post-Graduate Students towards Family Planning in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State

Family planning can be considered beneficial to an extent and it involves the use of contraceptives to stop unwanted pregnancies. Thus, this study investigated attitude of post-graduate students towards family planning in Ilorin metropolis, Kwara state. Descriptive research design of survey type was adopted for this study. The population for this study consisted of post graduates in Ilorin, Kwara state. The sample of two hundred were randomly selected. The sampling technique that was used in this study was purposive sampling technique. The instrument that was used for this study is a researcher-developed questionnaire tagged “Attitude of Post-graduate Students Towards Family Planning Question (APSTFPQ)". In analyzing the data collected for this study, both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were employed. The demographic data collected was analyzed using percentages and ranking order. In testing the hypotheses generated, t-test and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics were used to analyze the hypotheses generated for the study at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that the attitude of post graduate students towards family planning in Ilorin metropolis was positive. There was no significant difference in the attitude of post graduate students towards family planning based on age, course of study and number of children while significant difference was observed on level of educational attainment. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that awareness should be created among post graduate students about family planning to improve the attitude of the students towards family planning, Counsellors in tertiary institutions should organize seminars and workshops on family planning and its importance, post graduate students irrespective of age, course of study and number of children should make it as a habit to engage in family planning.

Influence of the Type Of Anesthesia On The Rate Of Maturation Of Arteriovenous Fistulas In Patients On Hemodialysis Protocol

This article aims to determine if the type of anesthesia influences the maturation rate of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) in patients on hemodialysis protocol. To this end, an observational, retrospective study was carried out from the clinical records of patients who underwent AVF in the period December 2021-June 2022 at the ISSSTE Tláhuac Hospital. Information of interest was obtained from the records, including age, sex, anthropometric characteristics, comorbidities, anesthetic risk, type of anesthesia (BPB: brachial plexus block versus general anesthesia), fistula maturation, and complications. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed. A cutoff value of p ≤0.05 was considered significant. 45 patients with a mean age of 54.8±10.6 years were included. At three weeks post-fistula formation, the AVF maturation rate was 84.4%. At 6 months of follow-up, 97.8% of the fistulas were functional. Steal syndrome was the only complication and was found in 6.7% of patients. The Odds Ratio (OR) for fistula maturation in patients who underwent BPB was 8.1, 95%CI 1.3-48.8 (p=0.023). It can be concluded that the BPB is associated with a higher rate of AVF maturation for hemodialysis.

The Influence of the Learning Environment on the Learning Achievement of Students of SMK Negeri 1 Wajo

Learning achievement is the outcome achieved by students consisting of knowledge, skills and attitudes as a result of experience and education received individually. Success can be achieved through the learning activities carried out. Learning achievement is the level of success in learning, it is one way to measure how well students participate in education in school. Learning and the environment are two things that cannot be separated from each other, the learning environment is the place where learning takes place and externally affects the continuity of activities. This study discusses how the learning environment affects the learning outcomes of SMK Negeri 1 Wajo students. This research is quantitative showing cause and effect. The sample in this study is 90 samples with a simple random sampling technique. Data collection techniques are carried out using questionnaires, observations and documentation. The data analysis techniques used are descriptive data analysis and inferential statistical analysis. The results of the study show that the learning environment in the teaching and learning process of SMK Negeri 1 Wajo is in the "Good" category with 3 indicators in it, namely the school environment, family environment and community environment. Meanwhile, student achievement is in the "adequate" category based on indicators, namely the average student report card score. Based on the results of the product moment correlation test, the relationship between variables and the level of strong relationship

The Influence of Archive Management on the Work Efficiency of Attendants

Work efficiency is the most important factor to achieve organizational goals. Work efficiency will be created if employees can meet the demands of their work so that work results will be better. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of archive management on the work efficiency of employees at the Soppeng Regency Population and Civil Registration Office. This research is classified as a descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The sample in this study amounted to 49 employees of the Soppeng Regency Population and Civil Registration Office with census techniques. In this study, data collection was used observations, questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique in this study uses descriptive analysis and inferential statistical analysis. The results of the study explain that the archive management variable is in the very good category, while the employee work efficiency variable is in the very good category. Based on the correlation test of the two variables, namely archive management, it is shown that the work efficiency of employees has a moderate relationship. Based on the T test, conclusions were obtained if there was a positive impact and archive management had a major impact on employee work efficiency

The Impact of Logistics Integration on Supply Chain Performance: The Moderating Role of Information Sharing

Purpose: The study aims to assess the influence of logistics integration on supply chain performance, as well as the function of information sharing plays in that connection among supply chain partners in a vital section of Ghana's economy (the Energy Sector). Methodology: The study employed quantitative approach and adopted the explanatory research designs in the investigation. The research population targets senior management staff of energy firms operating within the Greater Accra Region. The study used convenience sampling approach to select a total of 111 employees from the population. Structured survey questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument to gather primary data from respondents. Data technique used were descriptive and inferential analysis and structural equation modelling using IBM SPSS (version 26) and Amos version 23. Findings: The study found that: a) logistics integration has a significant and positive effect on supply chain performance; b) information sharing correlates positively and significantly with supply chain performance; c) information sharing does not have any influence of the relationship between supply chain performance and logistics integration. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy, and Practice: The study recommends that, supply chain managers to utilize technology as part of the strategic objectives to attain supply chain performance across their operations and lastly, managers are encouraged to promote successful information flow across the chain using design for disassembly principles, source effective communication, and supplier need-to-know policies. The study concludes that future studies are urged to create a research model that takes into account the comprehensive definition of sustainability, including its economic, social, and environmental elements, in order to fill in gaps in the literature and fill them. Future research is also urged to take into account how industrial innovation mediates the link between sustainability and other important outcome variables including sustainability performance, cost performance, customer happiness, and environmental performance.

Assessing the Impact of Land Fragmentation on Agricultural Productivity and Rural Development in Vihiga County, Kenya

Increased population pressures affect land as it is divided again and again resulting in poor yields in agriculture. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the Legislative changes and population growth as factors leading to land fragmentation in Vihiga County, Kenya. Following the Agricultural Production Function Model, the study was descriptively cross-sectional. The study was undertaken in Vihiga County. Purposive sampling together with the stratified random sampling technique was adopted to recruit participants to the study. The population was over 10,000 therefore sample determination was done using Fisher’s formula which gave 384 peasant farmers with subdivided farms. Quantitative data were gathered using, Likert-scale questionnaires that were semi-structured, while qualitative data were gathered using interview guides. Quasi-experimental research design incorporated both quantitative and qualitative data that used both descriptive and inferential analysis. The study showed that 58percent of the households had land of half-quarter to half acre, 71 percent. 3 percent of farmers are owning the land for farming. On the issue of land fragmentation 94 % of the respondents agreed that this was prevalent mainly as a result of inheritance. Also, 48% of subdivisions produced subdivided plots that were less than a quarter acre, therefore reducing the productivity of farm land and posing difficultly in managing it. While 84% of responded farmers had less than one acre of land, only 16% had more than one acre of land which was strongly indicating the level of land fragmentation. Additionally, on 66 percent of the agricultural: land size farmed was between a quarter and half an acre. It revealed that farm productivity had positive relation with larger land size (r = 0. 888). Descriptive statistics and inferential tests showed a strong positive relationship between land size, land ownership and productivity found out that large block of size is productive. This also affected the investment in modern and mechanized farming practices with a correlation of -0. 598 as the fragmentation was associated with low yields and low profitability or economic return with r = - 0. 443. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher concludes that land consolidation is crucial in increasing agriculture productivity and supports the policies dealing with efficient use of the limited land resources. This study recommended that in the event of addressing the issue of fragmentation prioritization of land consolidation and the encouragement of land ownership reforms to accommodate investments in different techniques in support of superior usage of land, thereby increasing agricultural, production and sustainability levels.

Diseño de un sitio web para bachillerato: estudio exploratorio-secuencial

The general purpose of the study was to develop a website to improve the teaching-learning experience of high school students. A mixed methods exploratory sequential design was followed by using the Research and Development design as a basis supported with an inferential analysis. The sample was made up of 161 educational actors belonging to seven high schools. An online questionnaire was used with access links to the website under development for qualitative assessment, and Fisher’s exact test for hypotheses testing. The findings indicated that there is a significant association between different categorical variables studied, suggesting a correlation between various aspects of the user experience on the educational website and its influence on the educational field of high school. However, several challenges were identified, such as the reliability of the content and the availability of technological resources. It was concluded that high school educational actors have a mostly positive perception of the educational website, valuing their interactivity and accessibility.

Exploring Perceived Limitations to Daily Activities Due to Chronic Conditions: A Person-Centered Approach to Measuring Multimorbidity Severity.

Person-centered approaches to measuring severity of multimorbidity (≥ 2 chronic conditions) can help clinicians assess the individual experience of multimorbidity and inform effective caregiving and intervention strategies. We examine how limitations in everyday activities attributable to specific chronic conditions act independently and in tandem to influence individual perceptions of multimorbidity severity. Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (2005-2021) were used to investigate self-reported limitations in normal daily activities resulting from nine chronic conditions (hypertension, arthritis, diabetes, heart condition [heart disease/heart attack], cancer, lung disease, stroke, depression, and memory loss) in 4,318 adults aged 55-95 (18,878 person-wave observations). We used descriptive and inferential analyses to estimate limitations resulting from specific conditions, limitations attributable to condition combinations, and the contribution of comorbid conditions to condition-specific and overall severity. Follow-up analyses addressed mortality selection using inverse probability weighting (IPW) and examined cancer type and cancer status/treatment modality among respondents reporting cancer diagnosis. Of the more prevalent conditions, arthritis was associated with the most severe limitations to normal activities. Memory loss was the least frequent condition reported, but resulted in the most severe limitations, and as a comorbid condition, increased limitations reported for most conditions. IPW adjusted models revealed heterogeneity in estimates for some conditions including cancer and cancer survivors tended to report less lethal cancers that were cured or in remission. Our results suggest that efforts to prevent and treat arthritis and support cognitive function may reduce the severity of multimorbidity experienced by the individual.

Perceptions of Public and Private Sector Stakeholders on the Benefits and Challenges of Public-Private-Partnerships in Nigeria

Nigeria’s infrastructure deficit has become acute because of the country’s burgeoning population. The Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, under labels such as Private-Finance Initiative (PFI) and Build Operate-Transfer (BOT), has been touted as the solution to the funding and other challenges confronting the country with regard to infrastructure development. This research sought to examine stakeholder experiences and perceptions on the benefits, abuse and challenges of deploying PPP for infrastructure procurement. The stakeholders investigated were in Lagos and Ogun States of Nigeria, although some of the experiences transcended the two states. Copies of the questionnaire were purposively administered to 115 professionals drawn from the built environment as well as from the legal and financial sectors of the Nigerian economy; the professionals were from the private and public sectors. Eighty-six (86) copies of the questionnaire were returned, with the data subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Ranking highest among the list of thirteen identified challenges investigated was ‘political interference outside the agreed rules of running the PPP framework’, while ‘inability to initiate or package PPP projects’ ranked least. The most significant form of abuse or disadvantage was ‘embezzling of public funds and reinvesting in PPP as private sector investor’, while the least significant form of abuse was determination of the concession period. The inferential statistical analyses found no significant difference between both sectors in the assessment factors except in the matter of ‘more careful approach in investing funds in infrastructure’. It is therefore recommended that there should be a continuous audit of stakeholder perceptions on various PPP issues that can form the baseline for impactful improvement and intervention in PPP projects.

Mental health of individuals with pre-existing mental illnesses at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic: results of the German National Cohort (NAKO).

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a range of studies on mental health, with mixed results. While numerous studies reported worsened conditions in individuals with pre-existing mental disorders, others showed resilience and stability in mental health. However, longitudinal data focusing on the German population are sparse, especially regarding effects of age and pre-existing mental disorders during the early stages of the pandemic. To assess the interplay between psychiatric history, age, and the timing of the pandemic, with a focus on understanding how these factors relate to the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms. Exploratory analyses were based on 135,445 individuals aged 20-72 years from the German National Cohort (NAKO). Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed before and after the first wave of the pandemic. Inferential statistical analyses and negative binomial regression models were calculated. Persons with a self-reported psychiatric history exhibited comparable levels of depression and anxiety symptom severity after the first wave of the pandemic compared to the time before. In contrast, individuals without a psychiatric history, particularly those in their 20s to 40s, experienced an increase in mental health symptom severity during the first wave of the pandemic. Analyses focuses on the first wave of the pandemic, leaving the long-term mental health effects unexplored. Future research should consider age-specific and mental-health-related factors when addressing global health crises. Additionally, it is important to explore factors influencing resilience and adaptation, aiming to develop targeted interventions and informed policies for effective mental health management during pandemics.

Applying the UNESCO ICT competency framework to evaluate digital competencies among undergraduate students in teacher education in Tanzania

The study employed the UNESCO ICT Competency Framework for Teachers (ICT CFT) to assess undergraduate student-teachers' digital competencies in an educational context. Within the quantitative approach, the study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional research design. The data was collected from a sample of 549 student-teachers through the self-developed questionnaire. Data analysis involved both descriptive and inferential analysis. The study found that student-teachers' digital competencies at both knowledge acquisition and knowledge deepening levels were moderate. However, their digital competencies were moderately higher at the knowledge acquisition level, which signifies confidence in basic digital skills. In addition, it was found that gender and age had statistical significance on perceived digital competencies, particularly at the knowledge acquisition level. Based on the findings, it is recommended that while considering the varying levels of comfort with technology across the gender and age groups, a tiered teacher training programme should be put in place where student-teachers can progress from the basic level to the advanced level of digital competencies.

Predicted and Prized Critical Skills for a Graduate to Produce Effective Innovation

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have been mandated with the task to train and produce graduates with the capability to contribute to the economy and improve societies through teaching and learning. Furthermore, they are tasked with the responsibility to produce graduates with the capability to produce innovations that change the world for the better. For a university to produce such graduates it would need to focus on the curriculum and ensure that the skills and knowledge taught are relevant to produce innovative graduates. The purpose of this research paper was to identify the predicted and prized skills that a graduate can use to produce groundbreaking innovations. This objective would yield guidance on the most critical skills that should be included in a BCom degree to produce graduates with the capability to produce groundbreaking innovations. This research employed a Mixed-method approach with the use of both qualitative and quantitative approach. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews with 11 participants from the University of Johannesburg commercialisation units and an online questionnaire from 69 innovation experts from the South African Business Innovation Community (Innovation Summit), and the Innovation, Sustainability and Visionary Leadership Group. Data was collected through descriptive content analysis with the aid of Atlas.ti and inferential statistical analysis. This study is part of a completed PhD study, the reporting is only on Predicted and Prized critical skills for a BCom degree graduate. Based on the results ideation, reasoning, problem solving, complex problem solving, critical thinking, creativity and analytical thinking are skills and competences predicted to improve innovation and produce graduates with the capability to innovate. Furthermore, based on the results critical thinking, judgement and decision making are very significant skills for a person with a BCom degree. In conclusion, HEIs should place more emphasis on critical thinking skills within the curriculum and complex problem-solving skills. These skills should not only be exclusive to certain programmes but throughout the entire HEI’s curriculum.

Pengaruh Media Typewriter Alphabet Digital Berbantuan Audio Visual untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan Siswa Sekolah Dasar

This research aims to determine the effect of using audio-visual assisted digital alphabet typewriter media to improve the initial reading ability of grade 1 students at SDN 23 Batara. The type of research used in this research is Pre-Experimental Design with a One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design research design. The population of this study was all grade 1 students at SDN 23 Batara. The sample consisted of 26 people. The collected data was processed using descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis. Based on the results of descriptive analysis, the average value (pretest) was 66.85 and the average value (posttest) was 90. Meanwhile, based on the results of inferential statistical analysis, t-test results were obtained with a significant value (2 tailed) <0.05, namely < 0.000 means H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence between the application of audio-visual assisted digital alphabet typewriter media on the beginning reading ability of grade 1 students at SDN 23 Batara.