Inferential Analysis Research Articles

Analyzing road traffic accidents through identification and prioritization of accident-prone areas on the dembecha to injibara highway segment in amhara region, ethiopia

Every year, millions die in road accidents globally, imposing significant economic and humanitarian costs. While road traffic accidents are a major health concern, many developing countries, including Ethiopia, struggle to address this issue effectively. Ethiopia ranks second in East Africa for severe road traffic accidents, highlighting the need for improved injury reduction strategies. This study introduces a novel approach by chronologically identifying and prioritizing accident black spots in the studied area, Ethiopia. This method provides a valuable tool for transportation authorities and traffic police to target high-risk areas for immediate intervention. Focusing on the Dembecha-Injibara highway segment, the study employs both descriptive and inferential analyses, using the Zegeer method to calculate accident rates. It also uses factors of weight contributing to road traffic accidents and their severity to rank accident-prone areas. The findings reveal that areas near Finote Selam, Banja, and Burie are highly prone to severe accidents, with specific accident frequencies and priority values identified. Recommendations are offered to address these high-risk areas and mitigate severe traffic accidents in the study region.

Innovation in Teacher Training: Curricular and Operational Keys in Pedagogy Programs

This study addresses the curricular components and operational conditions required for the success of curricular innovations in teacher education programs. This quantitative study analyzed components related to epistemic meanings, organization, design, and curricular policies, as well as operational conditions for the development of curricular innovations in teacher training. A Likert-scale survey was administered to academics from public universities in Chile that train teachers. The method of analysis used SPSSv28 software, establishing a descriptive and inferential analysis through descriptive statistics of sex, age, gender, and position in the organization. The results show that operational conditions, academic teams, organizational aspects, updating of regulatory frameworks, infrastructure, and curricular policies are essential for the success of curricular innovations. We conclude that curricular innovations at the institutional level require the generation of curricular policies that contemplate the design, monitoring, and evaluation of the curriculum to favor the processes of curriculum review and quality assurance.

Impact of a PD-L1 Learning Collaborative: outcomes from a mixed-methods evaluation

Abstract Introduction/Objective PD-L1 Immunohistochemistry testing is often required to determine eligibility for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. An ASCP PD-L1 Learning Collaborative (LC) was formed aiming to: 1) identify ways to streamline PD-L1 testing; 2) encourage members to locally implement changes; and 3) develop a resource guide for the community. Methods/Case Report The PD-L1 LC (n=38 pathologists and laboratory professionals) participated in 3 activities: 1) 4 meetings in which LC members discussed current literature and practice; 2) 3 30-minute on-demand, credit-bearing panel videos, in which selected LC members summarized the LC outputs and shared their experiences; and 3) a guide summarizing resources relevant to streamlining PD-L1 testing. The mixed-methods evaluation included: 1) five- minute surveys before (n=24), immediately after (n=11) and 7-months post-LC (n=17); 2) polling questions (2-4 per meeting); 3) semi-structured interviews (n=5). Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential analysis, qualitative data using a thematic analysis / inductive reasoning approach. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Baseline data confirmed delays in testing caused by unstandardized PD-L1 testing processes and suboptimal confidence in PD-L1 validation and methodologies. Post-LC, members self-reported perceived increased knowledge and higher confidence levels regarding discussion of PD-L1 scientific evidence and best practices. At the 7-month follow-up, 59% of respondents reported at least one PD-L1-related practice change, with 29% of participants selecting:1) Improving protocols for specimen acquisition, handling, or processing; 2) Improving communication with multidisciplinary care team; 3) Optimizing biomarker testing workflows. Remaining suboptimal knowledge post-LC suggests need for further educational efforts. Participants identified “Tumor-specific considerations” as the main resource missing for PD-L1 testing. Conclusion A learning collaborative has shown impact in improving PD-L1 testing processes and related practices among a group of pathology professionals. The group successfully made available three panel videos and a resource guide, and PD-L1-related practice changes were reported. Future initiatives should address remaining gaps and develop tumor-specific PD-L1 testing considerations.

Implementation of Think Pair and Share (TPS) Technique in Listening to Short Story Texts Learning

This research aims to determine whether there are differences in students' abilities in listening to short story texts using the Think-Pair-Share (TTPS) cooperative learning method. Conducted as a quasi-experimental study, the sample comprised 11th-grade students from SMA DDI Maros. Data collection involved text analysis techniques, and the obtained data were analyzed through stages including the creation of raw score lists, frequency distributions, descriptive statistical analysis, and inferential statistical analysis. The results indicate significant differences in learning outcomes between students using the TTPS method and those not using it. The use of TTPS improved students' listening comprehension of short story texts, as evidenced by the mean score of 74.36 (high category) in the experimental class compared to 58.46 (low category) in the control class. This demonstrates that the TTPS method effectively enhances students' listening skills.

Altmetric.com or PlumX: Does it matter?

AbstractAltmetric.com and PlumX are two prominent tools for collecting alternative metrics data. This study has two main objectives: first, to evaluate how the choice between Altmetric.com and PlumX affects the results of alternative metrics analysis, and second, to investigate the social impact of ‘hot papers’ through the alternative metrics data provided by these platforms. We employed a descriptive and exploratory approach, gathering common alternative metrics from 4236 hot papers using both Altmetric.com and PlumX. The data collected included various alternative metrics such as policy mentions, Mendeley readers, Wikipedia mentions, blog mentions, Facebook mentions, and news mentions, in addition to citation counts from Scopus. We conducted descriptive statistics and inferential analyses to examine the relationships between citations and alternative metrics, as well as to compare the data obtained from both platforms. Our findings indicate that PlumX has broader coverage of hot papers compared to Altmetric.com. While the mean and individual values of alternative metrics differ between the two platforms, the median and geometric mean are similar. Both Altmetric.com and PlumX demonstrate that publications with higher citation counts tend to receive more online attention. Notably, all alternative metrics for Immunology and Chemistry showed statistically significant differences between the two platforms, whereas in Mathematics, alternative metrics (with the exception of Mendeley readers) did not exhibit significant differences. The findings suggest that researchers should be aware of potential variations in data captured by different alternative metrics platforms. Additionally, interpreting alternative metrics data requires caution, considering the research fields and the specific platform used.

Focus on form, forms, or meaning in grammar instruction: a study of Pakistani university EFL teachers’ cognition and practices

Abstract Teacher cognition shapes teachers’ pedagogical decision-making and influences their teaching practices, including grammar instruction, even when their cognition and practices might be inconsistent. This study explores English language teachers’ cognition regarding grammar instruction and analyses (in)consistencies in teacher cognition and classroom practices. The study employed a structured questionnaire administered to over 210 teachers teaching English language to undergraduate classes at various universities in Pakistan. The results of the questionnaire were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. The findings reveal that, despite using focus on forms (FonFs) instruction, teachers support focus on meaning (FonM) instruction, but consider focus on form (FonF) as the most suitable choice for language teaching. Moreover, the content and materials used by teachers reveal their actual classroom practices which tend to favour FonFs instruction, conflicting with their beliefs. This misalignment also indicates teachers’ insufficient knowledge of L2 learning theories and the intricate nature of their grammar cognition. The study implies the need for research on mediating factors in teacher cognition-practice and training programs promoting L2 theory and practical strategies.

Influence of Communication Strategies on Organizational Performance: A Case of the Office of the Auditor General of State Finances in Rwanda

This research paper investigated the effect of communication strategies on organizational success. It specifically assessed the influence of participatory communication, result-based communication, and multi-channelled communication strategies on the success of the Office of Auditor General of state finances (OAG). The paper applied a descriptive and correlation design with a mixed approach. A sample size of 150 was drawn from a target of 248 workers who participated in various service deliveries in Rwanda. A stratified sampling method was adopted to select a representative group. Primary data was obtained utilizing questionnaire surveys and interviews. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential analysis with the aid of the statistical product and service solutions version 26.0. Results to the first objective felt that that 43.0% agreed with openness, 37.6% with dialogue and consultation, and 34.2% strongly agreed with shared decision-making. It revealed the significant correlation between dialogue and time schedules (r=.206; p-value=.000). To the second objective results show that 38.6% strongly agreed with the articulation of performance expectations and provision of performance feedback was agreed by 47.7%. The research felt that 40.9% agreed that the use of information in problem-solving applied during service delivery. Results demonstrated that the effect on the provision of performance feedback on cost efficiency, time schedules, and service quality, the study ascertained that the provision of performance feedback is statistically significant with cost efficiency (r=0.122*; p-value=0.035). Results to the third objective demonstrated that the number of channels used in delivering messages was used as strongly agreed by 35.2%. It has been shown that 36.9% agreed with the cohesiveness of multi-voiced messages (agree=36.9; strongly agree= 31.5). Results show a significant correlation between the cohesiveness and consistency of multi-voiced messages and time schedules (r=0.105, p-value=0.071). In conclusion, the study concludes that participatory communication is correlated with dialogue and time schedules, and results-driven communication is associated with feedback on cost efficiency, time schedules, and service quality, the study ascertained the provision of performance feedback. This study recommends that OAG human resources personnel should adopt effective communication strategies, to encourage the attainment of expected goals. The study suggested that further studies should gather data from workers, clients as well as stakeholders to enrich empirical literature.

Stress and Coping Behavior Exhibited by Family Members Toward Long-Term Care Facility Residents While Hospitalized.

With the increase in the elderly population, institution-based care has become another option for elderly people. In Changhua, Taiwan, the number of long-term institutions has doubled in the past decade, and more families are choosing to send their elders to institutions for care. However, there is stress induced by having to care for these elders when they come back to their family members when hospitalized. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the stress and coping behaviors of family members in regard to hospitalized long-term care facility residents and identify relevant factors that affect and predict the stress and coping behaviors exhibited by these family members. In this study, a quantitative and cross-sectional survey was conducted using the convenience-sampling method; family members of long-term care facility residents hospitalized in a regional hospital in central Taiwan were selected as the research participants and a total of 162 family members were admitted. The data were collected in the form of questionnaires including basic information and data on the stress and coping behaviors of the family members. The data were collected and coded by using SPSS 22.0 to perform descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The standard average score of total stress for family members was 57.03 points, which corresponds to a moderate level. The four perceptions of stress by family members were, in order, physiological, life, psychological, and economic. Furthermore, family income, work status, and the relationship between residents of the family members and physiological, psychological, and economic factors had predictive power for their problem-oriented coping behaviors, with an explanatory power of 59.6%. Life aspects, gender, marital status, and the number of hospitalizations in half a year had significant predictive power for the family members' emotion-oriented coping behaviors, with an explanatory power of 19.0%. The family members had high levels of stress, especially physical stress, and the total scores of stress perception were higher for those who were younger than 39 years old and had no rotating family members. Additionally, the coping behavior of the main caregiver was mainly problem-oriented. The results of this study may serve as a reference that can help nursing staff in clinical or long-term care facilities to provide or develop effective and individualized services for family members of facility residents.

A Novel Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Based Generative AI Tool (Socrates 2.0) to Facilitate Socratic Dialogue: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Feasibility Study.

Digital mental health tools, designed to augment traditional mental health treatments, are becoming increasingly important due to a wide range of barriers to accessing mental health care, including a growing shortage of clinicians. Most existing tools use rule-based algorithms, often leading to interactions that feel unnatural compared with human therapists. Large language models (LLMs) offer a solution for the development of more natural, engaging digital tools. In this paper, we detail the development of Socrates 2.0, which was designed to engage users in Socratic dialogue surrounding unrealistic or unhelpful beliefs, a core technique in cognitive behavioral therapies. The multiagent LLM-based tool features an artificial intelligence (AI) therapist, Socrates, which receives automated feedback from an AI supervisor and an AI rater. The combination of multiple agents appeared to help address common LLM issues such as looping, and it improved the overall dialogue experience. Initial user feedback from individuals with lived experiences of mental health problems as well as cognitive behavioral therapists has been positive. Moreover, tests in approximately 500 scenarios showed that Socrates 2.0 engaged in harmful responses in under 1% of cases, with the AI supervisor promptly correcting the dialogue each time. However, formal feasibility studies with potential end users are needed. This mixed methods study examines the feasibility of Socrates 2.0. On the basis of the initial data, we devised a formal feasibility study of Socrates 2.0 to gather qualitative and quantitative data about users' and clinicians' experience of interacting with the tool. Using a mixed method approach, the goal is to gather feasibility and acceptability data from 100 users and 50 clinicians to inform the eventual implementation of generative AI tools, such as Socrates 2.0, in mental health treatment. We designed this study to better understand how users and clinicians interact with the tool, including the frequency, length, and time of interactions, users' satisfaction with the tool overall, quality of each dialogue and individual responses, as well as ways in which the tool should be improved before it is used in efficacy trials. Descriptive and inferential analyses will be performed on data from validated usability measures. Thematic analysis will be performed on the qualitative data. Recruitment will begin in February 2024 and is expected to conclude by February 2025. As of September 25, 2024, overall, 55 participants have been recruited. The development of Socrates 2.0 and the outlined feasibility study are important first steps in applying generative AI to mental health treatment delivery and lay the foundation for formal feasibility studies. DERR1-10.2196/58195.

Characterization and perception of incarcerated women regarding social, employment, and educational inclusion: A mixed methods study

Brazil has one of the highest jailed populations globally, second only to the United States and China. The country faces challenges with prison infrastructure and inadequate reintegration, especially for women, who are a minority. The aim of the research was to characterize the profile of incarcerated women in the prison system in a Brazilian city, as well as to describe and analyze perceptions of prison experiences and future expectations. This study employed a mixed-methods approach to provide a detailed description of the topic matter. The quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires and subjected to double data entry. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted to characterize the sample using the statistical software SPSS. For the qualitative data, content analysis was employed to identify recurrent and unique themes, categorize them, and interpret the results. All procedures followed ethical guidelines, including obtaining informed consent and ensuring data confidentiality. The study comprised 83 incarcerated women. The majority of participants were young, self-identified as black, and had low educational attainment. Themes such as family, motherhood, and education were prominent, expressing a desire to reconnect with children and assume significant maternal roles post-incarceration. Participants viewed education as crucial for enhancing their living conditions after incarceration. Moreover, there was a strong emphasis on personal growth, with aspirations to break the criminal cycle and build productive lives. The findings underscore the urgency of public policies that support the social and professional reintegration of women, providing education, employment, and psychosocial support. These initiatives are crucial for reducing criminal recidivism and promoting a more inclusive and promising future.

Mandibular second molar impaction: introducing a novel and validated 3D classification system

BackgroundMandibular second molar (M2M) impaction is a clinically significant manifestation of eruption disturbance in dental development. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the three-dimensional (3D) characterization on clinical and therapeutic decisions for M2M impaction. The secondary aim was to introduce a validated 3D classification system incorporating both surgical and orthodontic parameters.MethodsBidimensional (2D) and 3D radiological records of 15 impacted M2M were collected and deidentified. Ten experienced clinicians (5 oral surgeons;5 orthodontists) categorized each case, first based on 2D records and then with 3D scans. The degree of orthodontic and surgical difficulty in treating impacted M2M was evaluated using a novel classification system based on anatomical and radiological features. The primary outcome variable was the assessment of differences in diagnosis and decision-making protocol using 2D or 3D records, where clinical relevance ranged from 0 to 4. The secondary outcome variable was the validation analysis of the proposed 3D classification system to determine the concordance among the clinicians. Descriptive statistics and multivariable inferential analysis based on Akaike information criterion (AIC) were performed (α = 0.05).Results3D examination allowed a better visualization of M2M impaction with higher clinical relevance for diagnosis of M2M root relationship to alveolar nerve and lingual plate, height to alveolar crest, depth, and inclination relative to the first molar and position relative to the third molar (range:2.69–3.43). The proposed 3D classification of M2M impaction changed clinical decisions regarding surgical-orthodontic approach, biomechanics, patient education, and treatment time estimate (range:2.59–3.33). In the validation analysis of the classification, no evidence of inter- or intra-group (surgeon/orthodontist) bias in score attribution occurred: the model with the minimum AIC was the null model (AIC = 718.04).Conclusion3D evaluation of impacted M2Ms could enhance diagnostic accuracy, and a classification system was proposed and validated by a group of experienced surgeons and orthodontists with high concordance.

Service quality, loyalty building and institutional image at a university in Lima, Peru using structural equations

The objective of the research was to explain the satisfaction of students at a private university in Lima, Peru, by applying structural equations. The study aimed to explain the perceived quality of service and how it contributes to student loyalty and institutional image. A purposefully designed quantitative survey was administered to a convenience sample of third-semester university students, considering the semesters 2022-I, 2022-II, and 2023-I. A total of 655 responses were included in the analysis. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted to test the proposed hypotheses and identify findings. The results demonstrate a statistical relationship between the variables. The quality of service perceived by the university students almost entirely (99%) explained their satisfaction with the university services provided. Satisfaction, in turn, influences the institutional image by 91% and loyalty by 47%. The image perceived by the students accounts for 39% of their loyalty to the university they attend. Given that the development of student competencies is a primary objective of higher education, this is important because the participants are preparing for qualified employment. For this reason, the use of quality surveys in education is of interest to academics, communities, and governments alike. Although the quality results of this study are admirable, based on them, the dimensions of quality can continue to be reinforced over time. Studying service provision, student satisfaction, and loyalty can help educators and institutions improve learning.

Prevalence and factors contributing to mental health challenges among school-going adolescents: a case of a climate-vulnerable Manafwa Watershed in Uganda

BackgroundGlobally, mental health challenges are common among school-going adolescents, with a prevalence of 50.2% and 43.6% for depression and anxiety disorders, respectively. In Northeastern Uganda, a prevalence of 26.6% and 8.6% for anxiety and depressive disorders respectively were reported among children. School-going adolescents are at higher risk of developing these mental health challenges and this could be worsened by natural disasters like landslides. We aimed to determine the prevalence and factors contributing to mental health challenges (having at least one of following; depression, anxiety, anger, disruptive behaviour and social concept) among school adolescents in the Manafwa Watershed area.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study in 3 districts of the Manafwa watershed area (Bududa, Manafwa, and Butaleja). We selected school-going adolescents aged 13-18 years because of the nature of study tools. Mental health challenges (anxiety, depression, anger, disruptive behaviour and self-concept) were assessed using the Beck Youth Inventory-II. Descriptive statistics and inferential analysis were performed to determine factors associated with mental health challenges.ResultsA total of 762 adolescents participated, with a median age of 17 years (interquartile range =16–17 years). More than half of the students were females. The prevalence of mental health challenges was 65% with a (confidence interval) = 54.0% — 75.0%; the majority 44% of the participants had anxiety, and 31% had disruptive behaviour. Families with more than five children [adjusted odds ratio = 1.18, 95% confidence interval= 1.08—1.29, p value = <0.001] and substance abuse [adjusted odds ratio = 1.20, 95% confidence interval= 1.15—1.24, p value <0.001] were significantly associated with mental health challenges.ConclusionThe prevalence of mental health challenges among students was high with majority having anxiety and disruptive behaviour. Adolescents from families with more than five children and those with substance abuse were more likely to have mental health challenges. We therefore recommend that various stakeholders such as the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of Education, design a curriculum that caters to the mental health needs of children. Family planning awareness, awareness on Government laws prohibiting alcohol and substance use, and parenting skills should be raised by the local leaders.

Adverse Drug Reactions and Predictors of Medication Adherence in Patients with Prostate Cancer.

Adherence to therapy with prostate cancer medicines is critical for delaying the progression of disease and enhancing health outcomes. To determine patients' medication adherence, the predictors of adherence, and the frequency and types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in persons with prostate cancer. A serial entry-point cross-sectional study of patients with prostate cancer was conducted in 3 cancer hospitals in Nigeria over a 12-month period (January 7, 2022, to January 3, 2023). Data on medication adherence were self-reported by patients, and data on ADRs were obtained from hospital records. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed, and p less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of the 133 study participants, most 112 (84.2%) reported high medication adherence. The cost of drugs was the most frequently reported potential barrier to adherence (n = 63, 47.4%). Adherence was significantly dependent on family history of cancer (df = 3, F = 4.557, p = 0.005) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) (ß = 0.275, T = 2.170, p = 0.032) but not illness perception (ß = 0.046, T = 0.360, p = 0.72). Adverse events were observed in 36 participants (27.1%) and were deemed to be "possible ADRs" (n = 19, 53%) or "probable ADRs" (n = 17, 47%); all were nonpreventable and expected (100%), and most (n = 31, 86%) were within the level 1 category of severity. Loss of erection and low libido was the most frequently reported ADR (n = 14, 39%). In this study, medication adherence was high, with cost being a potential barrier to adherence. Family history of cancer and HRQOL significantly predicted medication adherence. The medications were well tolerated, and observed ADRs had minor severity. Policies targeting the reduction of cost-related factors for prostate cancer medications are essential.

Developing modelling competencies in pre-service mathematics teachers through reflective thinking skills

Background: Ghana’s commitment to quality education has been reflected in its goal of providing equal access to high-quality education, leading to the reforms of the New Common Core Mathematics Curriculum for Basic Schools. The study explored the integration of mathematical modelling using reflective thinking skills, which are not currently core competencies in Ghanaian basic school curriculum.Aim: The study examined the modelling proficiency of pre-service mathematics teachers by assessing their reflective thinking abilities in a modelling laboratory context.Setting: The study focussed on pre-service mathematics teachers from two education colleges in Ghana.Methods: Using purposive sampling to select participants, a quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-test interventions was employed. Data were analysed through content and inferential analysis, supplemented by interviews.Findings: The findings indicated that the comparison group lacked prior knowledge of modelling problems and struggled with comprehension tasks. In contrast, the experimental group successfully translated real-world problems into mathematical models.Conclusion: Providing pre-service mathematics teachers access to a modelling laboratory and modelling-eliciting activities was essential for developing future modellers. This approach would enhance their effectiveness in teaching foundational mathematics in Ghanaian education.Contribution: This study advocated for re-orienting the mathematics curriculum at both Basic schools and Colleges of Education in Ghana to include mathematical modelling and reflective thinking skills as core components.

Infant Motor Milestones: Analysis of Content and Variability Among Popular Sources for Parents.

Evaluate the content and variability of infant motor milestone education provided to parents in popular sources. Sources were screened for inclusion, and their motor milestone content was coded. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. Content from 241 websites, applications, and books was evaluated; 6984 motor milestones were extracted, representing 146 unique milestone codes across 14 categories. Books and applications had more milestone content than websites. There was variability in the milestones mentioned and their associated ages across the sources and relative to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) content. Several frequently mentioned milestones were behaviors that facilitate early learning. There is variability among sources in the motor milestones they provide to parents of infants. The AAP and CDC content likely has some influence on the broader content available, but there is substantial deviation from the information they provide.

Enhancing English Speaking Skills through PowerPoint Presentation Techniques: A Study of EFL Learners

The researcher did a study to investigate the impact of presentation techniques in elevating English-speaking skills among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. This study applied a quantitative approach and employed a structured questionnaire using Likert-Scale items to assess students' perceptions of how the presentation methods impact their speaking abilities. A sample of university EFL learners especially the students in General English class of Elementary and Pre-Intermediate I participated in the study, providing insights into their experiences with presentation-based learning activities. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between using presentation techniques and the perceived improvement in speaking proficiency. The findings reveal that students perceive presentation techniques as significantly beneficial for enhancing their speaking skills and fostering greater engagement and confidence during oral communication tasks. This research highlights the importance of integrating effective presentation methods in EFL instruction to promote learners’ speaking development. It provides recommendations for educators seeking to enhance language acquisition in the classroom.

The Influence of the Principal's Leadership Style on BOS Fund Fraud with Accountability as an Intervening

Therefore, this research aims to determine the influence of the Principal's leadership style on fraud in School Operational Costs (BOS) funds in Indonesia with accountability as an intervening variable. Methodology/approach – The research uses descriptive statistical analysis techniques and inferential statistical analysis to analyze sample data and the results are applied to the population, with the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with a Partial Least Square (PLS) approach based on the results of theoretical studies and hypotheses to be tested as well as this approach quantitative. Findings - The results obtained from this research are that there is a significant influence of the principal's leadership style on BOS fund fraud, there is a significant influence of the principal's leadership style on accountability, there is a significant influence of accountability on BOS fund fraud, and there is a significant influence of the principal's leadership style on fraud BOS funds with accountability as an intervening variable. So far previous research has been carried out to analyze the transparency and accountability of the use of BOS funds, but no one has specifically examined the influence of the school principal's leadership style on BOS fund fraud. Therefore, in this study, we want to examine the influence of the school principal's leadership style on BOS fund fraud by including accountability, which has been the subject of previous research, as an intervening variable.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Project Based Learning (PjBL) Terhadap Aktivitas Belajar Peserta Didik Materi Sistem Reproduksi Kelas XI SMAN 9 Gowa

This study aims to test the significant influence of learning activities of students who are taught using the Project Based Learning learning model of the reproductive system material of class XI SMAN 9 Gowa. This study is a quasi-experimental design with a research design in the form of a Non-equivalent Control Group Design. The population of this study involved all students of class XI MIA SMAN 9 Gowa totaling 210 people. The sample of this study is class XI MIA 3 which totals 35 students as the control class and class XI MIA 4 which totals 35 students as the experimental class. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The data collection tool in this study uses observation sheets of student learning activities and documentation. The data analysis techniques used are descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis with independent sample t-test. The results of the analysis showed that the sign value was less than 0.05, so the hypothesis in this study H1 was accepted and H0 was rejected, because 0.000 &lt; of 0.05. This means that there is a significant influence on the learning activities of students who gain learning by applying the PjBL learning model to the reproductive system material of class XI SMAN 9 Gowa

Influence of Health Insurance Financing on Economic Growth In Kenya

Economic growth positively impacts population health, providing access to quality healthcare, environmental protection, clean water, and better preventative behavior. However, Kenya's declining growth rate affects health financing, causing many citizens to struggle with access to care due to rising medical costs. This study sought to analyse the influence of health insurance financing on economic growth in kenya. The study was guided by the Solow-Swan Exogenous Growth Model. The study was conducted in Kenya. Data used in study was longitudinal data for twenty two years. The study period was from 2000 to 2022. A descriptive and inferential analysis performed where Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model was used. Analyzed data were presented in the form of tables and discussions. The health insurance financing indicated a positive and statistically significant (b=0.2935; p = 0.0280.05), implying that one unit increase in health insurance financing could result in 0.2935 units in economic growth in Kenya. The study showed that adjusted R-squared was 0.9271, implying that the model explains approximately 92.71% of the variation in the economic growth in Kenya. The study concluded that, health insurance financing, is positively related to economic growth in the long run in Kenya. The study recommends that there is need for enhancing health insurance financing sources and gradually shifting towards sustainable domestic financing sources.