Inedible Vegetable Oils Research Articles

Experimental investigation of machine vibration rate and machine sound level in MQL turning of AISI 1525 steel employing mango oil as lubricant

AbstractThe detrimental effects of mineral oil on the environment and machine shops have led to a surge in the usage of vegetable oil as cutting fluid. The most popular vegetable oil lubricants are edible, and they have a lot of potential to rival human consumption eventually. The study examined using mango oil, an inedible vegetable oil, as a lubricant during AISI 1525 steel turning with tungsten inserts. The best machining parameters were ultimately found using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) after the experimental studies were analyzed using the Taguchi process. Surface and contour plots were employed to investigate how different cutting settings affected the rate of vibration and sound level of the machine. Mango kernel seed oil outperformed its mineral oil counterparts by 2.3% and 57.7%, respectively, in terms of machine vibration rate and machine sound level. Moreover, feed rate (0.10 mm/rev), depth of cut (0.75 mm), and spindle speed (350 rev/min) are the ideal cutting settings to reduce machine vibrations and sound intensity. Mango oil holds significant potential as a substitute for cutting fluid derived from petroleum. The significance of this research is to formulate lubricants for industrial use that are more ecologically friendly and sustainable.

Green diesel-like hydrocarbon production by H2-free catalytic deoxygenation of oleic acid via Ni/MgO-Al2O3 catalysts: Effect of the metal loading amount

To develop an efficient and feasible catalyst for converting inedible vegetable oil to green biodiesel via a one-step decarboxylation process, a series of Ni-based MgO-Al2O3 catalysts with different active Ni species were fabricated by adjusting the various Ni loading amounts (2.5–20%) and applied to the catalytic deoxygenation of OA to generate green biodiesel. Additionally, the structure-property relationship, deactivation mechanism and regeneration performance were also evaluated via various characterization technologies (XRD, BET, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR, XPS, SEM-EDX, HRTEM, TGA, Raman as well as GC/MS and UV-fluorescence spectra). The experimental results indicated that Ni introduction obviously enhanced the conversion ratio. Ni (10%)/MgO-Al2O3 catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic performance with the highest HCs (95.12%), olefin content (57.37%) and green biodiesel content (75.90%) due to mild Brønsted-rich acidity sites, lower reduction temperature, higher active metallic Ni species content, suitable oxygen vacancy content and favorable texture properties via the decarbonylation reaction pathway. Furthermore, lower Ni loading was beneficial to gasoline and bioaviation fuel generation due to higher Brønsted-rich acidity sites and total acid amount, which boosted C-C scission by cracking reaction, and higher Ni content facilitated biodiesel formation. Additionally, Ni (10%)/MgO-Al2O3 catalysts showed excellent reusability and regeneration due to Ni active species, but these advantages were slightly decreased (HCs: from 95.12% to 61.63%; biodiesel: from 75.90% to 57.52%) due to coke deposition and metal active species leaching and oxidation.

Green chemical production based on thermal cracking of inedible vegetable oil

This work evaluated the process for heptaldehyde, undecylenic acid, and methyl undecenoate production from castor oil, methyl ester of castor oil, and ricinoleic acid. Experiments were performed in a continuous pilot-plant scale pyrolysis reactor. Those are very important green chemical products that the thermal cracking of castor oil might produce. Transesterification of castor oil produces methyl ricinoleate, and its thermal cracking generates methyl undecenoate and heptaldehyde. The pyrolysis temperatures tested were 530?C, 545?C, 560?C, and 575?C, with residence time from 17 s to 32 s and mass flow at 400 g/h of the mixture of materials with 25% distilled water. It was observed that the temperature influenced the bio-oil yield in different degree for each material. The bio-oil was characterized by iodine index, acid number, and mass, and the contents of its compounds were obtained by GC-FID chromatography. The best result for the undecylenic acid mass yield of the desired compounds occurred at 530?C, achieving 17.8% from ricinoleic acid and 16.5% from castor oil. For the heptaldehyde, the highest production was also obtained at 530?C, with a value of 20.7% from methyl ester and 15.2% from ricinoleic acid.

Investigation of the Performance and Emissions of an Engine Operated with CEO2 Nano Additive Doped Biodiesel

The production of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide causes global warming and many other environmental problems. Diesel engines are widely used due to their higher output torque value, better thermal efficiency and durability compared to gaso-line engines. Because of rapid consumption and mitigation of diesel as a fossil fuel, bio-diesel has recently received significant attention as a renewable energy source. There are several sources in order to produce biodiesel. Animal fats, inedible vegetable oils, waste oils and other low-value bioenergy raw materials are suitable sources for biodiesel pro-duction as they are renewable and have no impact on food safety. In this study, CeO2 nano additives at concentrations of 50 ppm and 75 ppm were added to cottonseed based biodiesel. The experiments were conducted at 4 different load conditions on a 3-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine. According to the test results, it was observed that with increasing nano additive concentration, thermal efficiency was increased and spe-cific fuel consumption was reduced. As well as, the results indicated that CO and soot emissions were reduced, while NOx emissions were increased due to the improvement of the combustion performance caused by CeO2 nanoparticles.

Magnetic COFs as satisfactory support for lipase immobilization and recovery to effectively achieve the production of biodiesel by maintenance of enzyme activity

BackgroundProduction of biodiesel from renewable sources such as inedible vegetable oils by enzymatic catalysis has been a hotspot but remains a challenge on the efficient use of an enzyme. COFs (Covalent Organic Frameworks) with large surface area and porosity can be applied as ideal support to avoid aggregation of lipase and methanol. However, the naturally low density limits its application. In this work, we reported a facile synthesis of core–shell magnetic COF composite (Fe3O4@COF-OMe) to immobilize RML (Rhizomucor miehei lipase), to achieve its utilization in biodiesel production.ResultThis strategy gives extrinsic magnetic property, and the magnetic COFs is much heavier and could disperse in water medium well, facilitating the attachment with the enzyme. The resultant biocomposite exhibited an excellent capacity of RML due to its high surface area and fast response to the external magnetic field, as well as good chemical stability. The core–shell magnetic COF-OMe structure not only achieved highly efficient immobilization and recovery processes but also maintained the activity of lipase to a great extent. RML@Fe3O4@COF-OMe performed well in practical applications, while free lipase did not. The biocomposite successfully achieved the production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas Oil with a yield of about 70% in the optimized conditions.ConclusionMagnetic COFs (Fe3O4@COF-OMe) for RML immobilization greatly improved catalytic performance in template reaction and biodiesel preparation. The magneticity makes it easily recovered and separated from the system. This first successful attempt of COFs-based immobilized enzyme broadened the prospect of biodiesel production by COFs with some inspiration.

Síntesis de arcilla pilareada con titanio (Ti-PILC) y transesterificación de aceite de ricino

En el presente estudio se espera difundir a la comunidad científica los resultados obtenidos, tanto en la síntesis de arcillas pilareadas de titanio (Ti-PILC) como en la transesterificación de aceite de ricino. Ambos procedimientos forman parte de los avances de investigación en la tesis doctoral denominada “Síntesis de materiales como catalizadores para la epoxidación de ésteres metílicos de ácidos grasos (FAME’s) obtenidos de aceites vegetales no comestibles”. Debido al escaso tiempo, solo se expondrán algunos resultados de la síntesis del catalizador heterogéneo (Ti-PILC), como así también la transesterificación del aceite de ricino para obtener la mezcla de FAME’s, materia prima necesaria para la epoxidación propuesta en el tema de tesis original. Los FAME’s obtenidos a partir del aceite de ricino se caracterizaron por Espectroscopia Infrarroja con Transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Las arcillas se caracterizaron por isotermas de adsorción-desorción de N2. El material pilareado presentó área específica superior respecto a la arcilla original (Na-mont). 
 Como próximo objetivo se evaluará el material catalítico en las reacciones de epoxidación. Además, se procederá a identificar los productos de reacción por diferentes técnicas analíticas, tales como: Cromatografía gaseosa (GC), Espectrometría de masa acoplada a cromatografía gaseosa (MS-GC), FTIR y Resonancia magnética nuclear de protones (1HRMN). Por último, se buscará correlacionar las propiedades fisicoquímicas de los materiales con su actividad catalítica, a fin de rediseñar, si es necesario, los catalizadores que hagan posible optimizar la obtención de los productos buscados (epóxidos).

Síntesis de Materiales como Catalizadores en la Epoxidación de FAME’s Obtenidos de Aceite de Ricino

En el presente estudio se espera difundir a la comunidad científica el estado actual de la investigación basada en el plan de tesis denominado “Síntesis de materiales como catalizadores para la epoxidación de ésteres metílicos de ácidos grasos (FAME’s) obtenidos de aceites vegetales no comestibles”. Debido al escaso tiempo que lleva dicha investigación, solo se expondrán algunos resultados de la síntesis del catalizador heterogéneo (arcilla pilareada o PILC), como así también la transesterificación del aceite de ricino para obtener la mezcla de FAME’s, materia prima necesaria para la epoxidación propuesta en el tema de tesis original. Los FAME’s obtenidos a partir del aceite de ricino se caracterizaron por Espectroscopia Infrarroja con Transformada de Fourier (FTIR).Como próximo objetivo se caracterizará el material catalítico obtenido, para estudiar su estabilidad estructural, sus propiedades superficiales, coordinación, localización y naturaleza de las especies metálicas incorporadas y así evaluarlo en las reacciones de epoxidación. Además, se procederá a identificar los productos de reacción por diferentes técnicas analíticas, tales como: Cromatografía gaseosa (GC), Espectrometría de masa acoplada a cromatografía gaseosa (MS-GC), FTIR y Resonancia magnética nuclear de protones (1 HRMN). Por último, se buscará correlacionar las propiedades fisicoquímicas de los materiales con su actividad catalítica, a fin de rediseñar, si es necesario, los catalizadores que hagan posible optimizar la obtención de los productos buscados (epóxidos).

Castor oil: a suitable green source of capping agent for nanoparticle syntheses and facile surface functionalization.

Castor oil (CO) is an inedible vegetable oil (VO) that has been employed extensively as a bioresource material for the synthesis of biodegradable polymers, cosmetics, lubricants, biofuels, coatings and adhesives. It is used in medicine, pharmaceuticals and biorefineries, due to its versatile chemistry. However, there has been less focus on CO as an alternative to toxic and expensive solvents, and capping/stabilizing agents routinely used in nanoparticle syntheses. It provides a richer chemistry than edible VOs as a solvent for green syntheses of nanoparticles. CO, being the only rich source of ricinoleic acid (RA), has been used as a solvent, co-solvent, stabilizing agent and polyol for the formation of polymer–nanoparticle composites. RA is a suitable alternative to oleic acid used as a capping and/or stabilizing agent. Unlike oleic acid, it provides a facile route to the functionalization of surfaces of nanoparticles and the coating of nanoparticles with polymers. For applications requiring more polar organic solvents, RA is more preferred than oleic acid. In this review, we discuss the production, chemical and physical properties, triglyceride and fatty acid (FA) compositions and applications of CO, focusing on the use of CO and RA as well as other VOs and FAs in syntheses of nanoparticles and surface functionalization.

Zn-Mo/HZSM-5 Catalyst for Gasoil Range Hydrocarbon Production by Catalytic Hydrocracking of Ceiba pentandra oil

Biofuel from vegetable oil becomes one of the most suitable and logical alternatives to replace fossil fuel. The research focused on various metal ratio Zinc/Molybdenum/HZSM-5 (Zn-Mo/HZSM-5) catalyst to produce liquid hydrocarbon via catalytic hydrocracking of Ceiba penandra oil. The catalytic hydrocracking process has been applied in this study to crack Ceiba pentandra oil into a gasoil range hydrocarbon using Zn-Mo/HZSM-5 as a catalyst. The effect of various reaction temperature on the catalytic hydrocracking of Ceiba pentandra oil were studied. The Zn-Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst with metal ratio was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method. This process used slurry pressure batch reactor with a mechanical stirrer. A series of experiments were carried out in the temperature range from 300-400 oC for 2 h at pressure between 10-15 bar. The conversion and selectivity were estimated. The liquid hydrocarbon product were identified to gasoline, kerosene, and gas oil. The results show that the use of Zn-Mo/HZSM-5 can produce gas oil as the most component in the product. Overall, the highest conversion and selectivity of gas oil range hydrocarbon was obtained when the ZnMo/HZSM-5 metal ratio was Zn(2.86 wt.%)-Mo(5.32 wt.%)/HZSM-5 and the name is Zn-Mo/HZSM-5_102. The highest conversion was obtained at 63.31 % and n-paraffin (gas oil range) selectivity was obtained at 90.75 % at a temperature of 400 oC. Ceiba pentandra oil can be recommended as the source of inedible vegetable oil to produce gasoil as an environmentally friendly transportation fuel.

The Performance of A Diesel Engine Fueled With Diesel Oil, Biodiesel and Preheated Coconut Oil

Fossil fuel crisis and depletion, environmental pollution and ever-increase in vehicle and transportation means have renewed the scientist’s interest in the world in order to look for potential alternative fuels, which are attractive such as biodiesel, bioethanol, DME and vegetable oils. Inedible vegetable oils such as coconut oil, Jatropha oil, linseed oil or animal fat are full of potential for using directly or manufacturing biodiesel. This work is carried out in order to study the four stroke diesel engine D240 performance characteristics fueled with preheated pure coconut oil (PCO), Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and compare with diesel oil (DO). The test diesel engine performance such as power (Ne), torque (Me), specific fuel consumption (ge) and thermal efficiency (ηe) is determined, calculated and evaluated while using JOME, preheated PCO and compared to DO. The results show that, power (Ne), torque (Me) and thermal efficiency (ηe) while engine is fueled with JOME and PCO are lower, otherwise specific fuel consumption (ge) is higher than those of diesel fuel, the test engine performance are gained the best for JOME and PCO100.Article History: Received Dec 9, 2016; Received in revised form January 28, 2017; Accepted February 4, 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Hoang, T.A and Le,V. V. (2017). The Performance of A Diesel Engine Fueled With Diesel Oil, Biodiesel and Preheated Coconut Oil. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 6(1), 1-7.http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.1.1-7

Torrefaction and Process Energy Budget Analysis of Powdered, De‐oiled, and In Situ Transesterified Flaxseed Cakes for Energy Generation

AbstractEdible vegetable oil seeds are used to produce oil for human consumption and inedible vegetable oil seeds are used to produce biofuels; the residue cakes from the extraction process contain significant energy that can be utilised. This study is a continuation of previous work on oil extraction from flaxseed to produce biodiesel; herein, the residue cake from flaxseed was studied. Three different types of samples (powdered seeds, de‐oiled cake, and in situ transesterified cake of flaxseed) were torrefied (through slow pyrolysis), and the sample properties were characterized. The higher heating value (HHV=36.01±0.36 MJ kg−1) and bulk density (0.33±0.01 g cm−3) of the powdered seeds are higher compared to the other two samples (i.e. de‐oiled cake and in situ transesterified cake). The torrefied biomass was light weight losing its mechanical strength on treatment, making it easier to grind. It was observed that the biomass torrefied at 300 °C had a higher fraction of particles between sieve sizes (between 2.0 and 0.063 mm) compared to the biomass torrefied at 200 °C. The sieve sizes between 0.5 and 0.063 mm showed that more particles of the torrefied biomass treated at 300 °C were collected compared to that torrefied at 200 °C. Due to the loss of hydrogen and oxygen content and the removal of water, the carbon content in the torrefied biomass increased by 25.52, 24.51, and 22.69 % for the powdered seeds, de‐oiled cake, and in situ cake samples, respectively. The powdered seeds had a higher carbon and hydrogen content compared to the de‐oiled and in situ transesterified flaxseed cakes because the powdered seeds contained fatty acids. The powdered seeds had a higher concentration of CO2 gas liberated during treatment compared to the de‐oiled and in situ transesterified cakes. This was attributed to the powdered seeds having a higher concentration of volatile hydrocarbons and a lower ash content. It was observed that the energy ratios were reduced with respect to increasing temperature whereas the highest energy ratios were found for the powdered seeds.

Effect of cutting speed and feed in turning hardened stainless steel using coated carbide cutting tool under minimum quantity lubrication using castor oil

Minimum quantity lubrication is a technique to have the advantages that cutting fluids bring yet keeping their use at minimum. For the cutting fluids, inedible vegetable oils are potential for minimum quantity lubrication machining. Castor oil was selected in this study as the cutting fluid for turning of hardened stainless steel (hardness of 47–48 HRC). The hard turning was with minimum quantity lubrication (50 mL/h flow rate and 5 bar air pressure) at various cutting speeds (100, 135, and 170 m/min) and feeds (0.16, 0.20, and 0.24 mm/rev). The machining responses were tool life, surface roughness, and cutting forces. Design of experiments was applied to quantify the effects of cutting parameters to the machining responses. Empirical models for tool life, surface roughness, and cutting forces were developed within the range of cutting parameters selected. All machining responses are significantly influenced by the cutting speed and feed. Tool life is inversely proportional to cutting speed and feed. Surface roughness is inversely proportional to cutting speed yet is proportional to feed. Cutting forces are more influenced by feed than by cutting speed. A combination of low cutting speed and feed was the optimum cutting parameters to achieve long tool life, low surface roughness, and low cutting forces.

Biophysicochemical evaluation of wild hilly biotypes of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel production and micropropagation study of elite plant parts.

Depleting reserves of fossil fuel and increasing effects of environmental pollution from petrochemicals demands eco-friendly alternative fuel sources. Jatropha curcas oil, an inedible vegetable oil, can be a substitute feedstock for traditional food crops in the production of environment-friendly and renewable fuel. Jatropha oil is looked up in terms of availability and cost and also has several applications and enormous economic benefits. The seed oils of various jatropha biotypes from hilly regions were screened out and evaluated for their physiochemical parameters, viz, seed index(520-600 g), oil content (15-42 %), biodiesel yield (71-98 %), moisture content (2.3-6.5 %), ash content (3.2-5.6 %), acid value (4.2-26), density (0.9172-0.9317 g/cm(3)), viscosity (5-37 mm(2)/s), saponification value (195.8-204.2 mg/g), iodine value (106.6-113.6 mg/g), flash point (162-235 °C), cetane value (46.70-50.06 °C), free fatty acid value (2.5-10.2 %), and refractive index (1.4600-1.4710). Fatty acid profiling of jatropha resembles as edible oilseeds. NAA with BAP was found to be superior for callus induction (up to 87 %), as well as for shoot regeneration (up to12 shoots). Root induction (90-100 %) was successfully obtained in MS medium with or without phytoregulators. Grown plantlets were successfully transferred from lab to field with a survival rate of 80 %.

Review Study on Spray Cone Angle in Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel and its Derivatives

— There are so many articles related to the review on diesel and biodiesel such as edible and inedible vegetable oils, performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel oil and its derivatives. Spray characteristics was not considered in those reviews. In this study spray characteristics in diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel oil and its derivatives and diesel will be reviewed. Edible vegetable oils, soybean oil and rapeseed oil were mainly investigated. Inedible jatropha oil, used frying oil and palm oil was investigated in diesel engine. Spray cone angle were examined among the macroscopic spray characteristics.

Combustion Characteristics of Inedible Vegetable Oil Biodiesel Fuels

Energy crisis and environmental issues related to fossil fuel consumption have emerged as a concern for scientific societies. Biodiesel has been introduced as an acceptable source of energy to substitute fossil fuels. In general, vegetable oils and their derivatives known as biodiesel have been applied successfully in energy generation purposes. Technically, biodiesel provides some advantages in terms of pollutant formation and power generation in comparison with conventional diesel fuel. In addition to being an indigenous and renewable supply, biodiesel reduces toxic emissions, and majority of engine performance and fuel consumption are comparable with the use of conventional fuels. In this paper various aspects of inedible oil utilization in engine and energy generation is studied. Economy, combustion characteristics and pollution formation of some inedible oil namely Jatropha, Karanja, Jojoba, Cottonseed, Mahua Oil and Rice bran Oil are investigated.

Fluid Catalytic Cracking of Biomass-Derived Oils and Their Blends with Petroleum Feedstocks: A Review

To reduce the carbon footprint and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with heavy crude oil/bitumen upgrading and refining in the production of clean transportation fuels, researchers are targeting the production of fuels from renewable energy resources. These resources are mainly biomass-derived oils, which include oils produced by biomass pyrolysis (bio-oil), edible and inedible vegetable oils, and animal fats. Over the past 2 decades, research has focused on the evaluation of biomass-derived oil processing using conventional fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), a technology responsible for producing the majority of gasoline in a petroleum refinery. The present review summarizes research associated with the FCC of various biomass-derived oil feedstocks as well as studies related to the co-processing of these oils with conventional petroleum feedstocks. The objective of this review is to present a comprehensive perspective of the effects of renewable oil processing on existing FCC technology, operation, catalysts, and product quality and quantity.

Catalytic chemistry of preparation of hydrocarbon fuels from vegetable oils and fats

The problem of preparing engine fuels from renewable feedstocks via the catalytic processing of inedible vegetable oils and fats is considered. Different types of inedible feedstocks are described, including algae, inedible plants, wood processing products, and waste fats and oils. Catalytic processes are considered for preparing the second generation biodiesel through the hydrodeoxygenation and deoxygenation of triglycerides and fatty acids, and of their derivatives. Brief information on catalysts for the deoxygenation of fatty acids is given. Special attention is given to analyzing the mechanism and kinetics of the deoxygenation reaction. Based on conducted kinetic and quantum-chemical investigations and using the literature data, a deoxygenation mechanism is proposed by the authors that explains the observed dependences of decarboxylation and decarbonylation contributions on the reaction conditions (the stearic acid, water, and catalyst concentrations, the hydrogen and CO pressures, and the temperature). Examples of the application of hydrocarbon biodiesel in transport are presented.

Development of biodiesel from inedible feedstock through various production processes. Review

Fossil fuels are dwindling daily. An ever increasing demand for energy and environmental concern stimulate the search for alternative energy sources. As a renewable energy, biodiesel is one of the most attractive due to environmental advantages. However, a major hurdle in the commercialization of biodiesel from virgin oil is the raw material cost. Low-cost feedstock resources are playing a vital role in the whole biodiesel industry. This paper briefly reviews the inedible vegetable oil sources that have been explored for biodiesel production. In addition, comparisons of the advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel synthesis through homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzymatic catalysis are also discussed in this review.

How Vegetable Oils and Its Derivatives Affect Spray Characteristics in CI Engines - A Review

Even though there are many articles related to the review of biodiesel production from edible and inedible vegetable oils, the performance and exhaust emissions of compression ignition (CI) engines fueled with vegetable oils and their derivatives, and the effect of vegetable oils and their derivatives on spray characteristics were not considered in those reviews. The high viscosity of vegetable oils and their derivatives is one of the main problems in their application to CI engines as a substitute fuel. Therefore, how vegetable oils and their derivatives affect spray characteristics in CI engines is the main concern of this study. Of edible vegetable oils, soybean, rapeseed, and palm oils have primarily been investigated. Of inedible vegetable oils, jatropha, karanja, rubber seed, and used cooking oils were of the main concern on the research of spray characteristics in CI engines. Spray angle, spray penetration, and liquid phase penetration were primarily examined among the macroscopic spray characteristics and the Sauter mean diameter was only investigated among the microscopic spray characteristics. It was found that so many different definitions of spray angle have been suggested by various researchers. The evaluation of empirical correlations, which are different from the existing ones, for the calculation of spray penetration for biodiesel in the early stage of injection is required. The original vegetable oil used in the production of biodiesel affects the spray characteristics and quality of atomization.

Production of engine fuels from inedible vegetable oils and fats

The state of the art chemistry and technology of the manufacture of generation I and II engine fuels from renewable sources such as oils and fats are described. The attention is focused on the specifics of the synthesis of hydrocarbon fuels from inedible raw materials, in particular, algae. The results obtained by the authors in an experimental study of the model reaction of the preparation of n-heptadecane by the decar-boxylation of stearic acid over a palladium catalyst on an acid support are presented. The catalyst activity and the process selectivity depending on the temperature, the palladium content, the time, and the initial composition of the gas phase were studied. The mechanism of the decarboxylation reaction has been hypothesized on the basis on the obtained data.