Industrial Horticulture Research Articles

Intraspecific, interspecific and intergeneric hybridization of stone fruit plants

Aim. The aim to identify valuable source material from the number of intraspecific, interspecific and intergeneric hybrids of stone fruit plants to improve and expand the varietal composition of peach that meets the needs of industrial and amateur gardening. Methods. Program and methods of varietal study of fruit, berry and nut crops / Ed. G. A. Lobanov. Michurinsk, 1973. 492 p. Program and methods of selection of fruit, berry and nut crops / Ed. G. A. Lobanov. Michurinsk, 1980. 529 p. Program and methods of selection of fruit, berry and nut crops / Ed. Sedova and T. P. Ogoltsova. Orel: VNIISPK, 1999. 608 p. Results. New genotypes of peach, which are sources of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), were selected; large-fruited peach I4 970-89 was isolated, as a pollinator for genotypes with male sterility; in the population of hybrid seedlings F2 (peach of the world x David peach) we identified new genotypes of plants with absent characters in their original species; with resistance to powdery mildew and leaf curl, dwarf plant growth, forms with decorative double flowers, white, pink and purple-red color of the petals of the corolla, bell-shaped and rosy flower types, male sterility, pollen fertility and honey taste of the fruit inherited from his wild ancestor - David peach. Summary. Selected maternal genotypes of the original parental forms of apricot, with a character of CMS - 189-88, 249-81, 498-86. They are of breeding value for the development of new peach cultivars. Peach I4 970-89 of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens’ breeding is a pollinator for hybrids of peach with common almond, characterized by male sterility. Valuable characters of David peach could be transferred to common peach and its cultivars as a result of natural hybridization due to their joint growth in the primary Chinese-Japanese genetic center. From wild ancestor, David peach common peach cultivars inherited such valuable characteristics as resistance to powdery mildew and leaf curl, dwarf growth of plants, shapes with decorative double flowers, white, pink and purple-red petals of the corolla campanulate and rose-like types of flower, male sterility, pollen fertility and the honey taste of the fruit.

Промислове садівництво Півдня України в рамках абезпечення продовольчої безпеки

Промислове садівництво Півдня України в рамках абезпечення продовольчої безпеки

Determination of developmental and ripening stages of whole tomato fruit using portable infrared spectroscopy and Chemometrics

BackgroundDevelopment and ripening of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit are important processes for the study of crop biology related to industrial horticulture. Versatile uses of tomato fruit lead to its harvest at various points of development from early maturity through to red ripe, traditionally indicated by parameters such as size, weight, colour, and internal composition, according to defined visual ‘grading’ schemes. Visual grading schemes however are subjective and thus objective classification of tomato fruit development and ripening are needed for ‘high-tech’ horticulture. To characterize the development and ripening processes in whole tomato fruit (cv. Moneymaker), a biospectroscopy approach is employed using compact portable ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics.ResultsThe developmental and ripening processes showed unique spectral profiles, which were acquired from the cuticle-cell wall complex of tomato fruit epidermis in vivo. Various components of the cuticle including Cutin, waxes, and phenolic compounds, among others, as well as from the underlying cell wall such as celluloses, pectin and lignin like compounds among others. Epidermal surface structures including cuticle and cell wall were significantly altered during the developmental process from immature green to mature green, as well as during the ripening process. Changes in the spectral fingerprint region (1800–900 cm− 1) were sufficient to identify nine developmental and six ripening stages with high accuracy using support vector machine (SVM) chemometrics.ConclusionsThe non-destructive spectroscopic approach may therefore be especially useful for investigating in vivo biochemical changes occurring in fruit epidermis related to grades of tomato during development and ripening, for autonomous food production/supply chain applications.

A role of breeding in improvement of apple assortment in Russia

A role of breeding in the improvement of apple assortment in Russia and the efficiency of apple breeding in nine research institutions of the country are shown in this paper. New apple cultivars included in the state register of breeding achievements approved for use in 2018 are indicated for each institution. The main authors of each cultivar are also indicated. From 18 to 49 years are required to release a cultivar. It is shown that on the reduction of time for the variety creation affect original forms, rootstocks with reduced vigour, the combination of stages of the selection process (most notably, primary and state trials). Greater period is spent from the inclusion of cultivars in the state register to the widespread introduction of them into production. So, from 27 to 30 years were spent for the widespread introduction of Sinap Orlovsky, Orlik and Orlovskoye Polosatoye, which are now popular and occupy large areas of orchards. In this regard, it is proposed to start the production test of the best new apple varieties in the breeding institutions of their cultivation and industrial gardens already in the transfer of a variety to the state test. It is noted that national breeding has given scab immune cultivars to the production. 23 scab immune apple cultivars have been developed and released in VNIISPK. Domestic columnar apple cultivars, introduced into production, allow creating super-intensive gardens. First in Russia and round the world, triploid apple cultivars have been created at VNIISPK as a result of crosses of diploids and tetraploids. Triploid cultivars give regular yields of more marketable fruit and have higher self fertility. Breeders have developed more productive apple cultivars in all 12 regions of Russia.

Collection of the daffodils (Narcissus × Hybridus Hort.) of the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and methodological aspects of the evaluation of its cultivars

The collection of the daffodils of Central Botanical Garden of the NAS of Belarus unites 413 varieties representing 10 garden groups. In order to select daffodils for industrial gardening, a method for comparative assessment of cultivars has been developed, which is presented in this article.The system is based on the evaluation of cultivars of flower-ornamental plants. Cultivars of daffodils are evaluated in stages. In the period of mass flowering, a 5-points scale is used to assess the decorativeness of cultivars and their adaptability to local conditions. For further study, prospective varieties are distinguished, estimated at no lower than 4 points. They are grouped by garden groups, by color and size of flowers, flowering time, height of peduncles and practical use (group planting, cutting, forcing). In the selected groups and subgroups, a comparative assessment of promising varieties is made by of decorative and economic-biological qualities.The decorativeness of the cultivars is proposed to be assessed on a 100-point scale in total by 8 features: color, flower size, heat resistance of the flower, the quality of the perianth stems, the quality of the peduncle, the duration of flowering, abundance of flowering, originality. Each attribute is evaluated on a 5-point scale and multiplied by the coefficient of its significance, respectively, the maximum score of the attributes ranges from 10 to 15 points.The assessment of the economic and biological qualities of cultivars is carried out in total within a 50-point scale in 7 indicators: winter hardiness, spring frost damage, resistance to disease, resistance to pests, resistance to viral infection, reproductive capacity, plant condition. Coefficient of significance of all signs 1–2.Assessment of cultivars of daffodils in total for decorative and economic-biological characteristics is a key moment in the formation of the assortment of daffodils for industrial use. It allows selection of the most decorative, stable and well-breeding varieties in local conditions, estimated at not less than 130 points.

Modern breeding and cultivation of unpopular fruits and berries in Ukraine

Modern breeding and cultivation of unpopular fruits and berries in Ukraine

Natural resource potential of the industrial gardening sector in the south of Ukraine

Natural resource potential of the industrial gardening sector in the south of Ukraine

Automated Unit for Magnetic-Pulse Processing of Plants in Horticulture

Introduction. The current level of agricultural production, including horticulture, is determined by intelligent machine technologies and new generation technical means with modern information and instrument support. The implementation of digital intelligent agricultural technologies in industrial gardening requires a fundamental change in the paradigm of technical support, based on the development and application of new automatic and unmanned machines, equipment and software for managing work processes of machines, navigating technical means, controlling the implementation of technological operations, monitoring the yield of agricultural crops, analyzing diseases and pests on plants and other technological functions. Materials and Methods. 3D model is visualized in the computer-aided design “KOMPAS-3D” through using the methods of mathematical modeling, theoretical mechanics and optimal design. A prototype of an automated unit for magnetic pulse processing of plants is made. The program code for calculating the required movement of the actuator rod is developed in the Sublime Text editor. C++programming language was used. The functionality of the computer program is related to the capabilities of controllers STM32, Arduino Mega/ Uno/Nano. Nextion 2.4 (the TFT screen 320x240) for the graphical output and interaction was used. Results. An automated unit with the algorithm of the drive control system of working bodies were developed during the technological operation of magnetic pulse processing of plants, taking into account the agro-technological parameters of garden plantations. A computer program with both automat and remote control was designed for driving the working bodies. Conclusions. The unit allows introducing a new environmentally safe technological method of stimulating vital and growth processes of fruit crops. This device provides the most efficient operation through automatic adjustment to various agro-technological parameters of plantings, providing the required value of magnetic induction in the working area on plant objects in the field. Keywords: magnetic pulse processing, control system, automated unit, irradiation of plants, gardening, low-frequency magnetic field For citation: Smirnov I. G., Khort D. O., Filippov R. A., Kutyrev A. I., Artiushin A. A. Automated Unit for Magnetic-Pulse Processing of Plants in Horticulture. Vestnik Mordovskogo universiteta = Mordovia University Bulletin. 2018; 28(4):624–642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15507/0236-2910.028.201804.624-642

A Socio-economic Study of the Food Sector: The Supply Side

The aim of the study was to elaborate theoretical principles and practical recommendations for solving the problem of providing the Russian population with fruits. The authors have used the following methods: statistical-economic, monographic, economic-mathematical, computational and constructive ones. The analysis of providing the population of the country and its regions with fruits, their economic and physical availability, the state and trends of horticulture development, the level of commodity production in various categories of farms and their role in the formation of commodity resources are given. The parameters for the production of fruit and berry products in the Russian Federation have been calculated to meet the needs of the country's population taking into account rational nutrition standards. The main directions of increasing the output of fruits and berries are substantiated: the improvement of state support for horticulture and its increase, concentration in special farms, the reappearance of industrial horticulture, the intensification of the industry, the development of cooperation and agro-industrial integration. The way of regulation of production and economic relations between the participants of integration is proposed.

Seasonal rhythm of growth and development of new cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) introduced into the Belarusian Polesie

Based on the data of seven-year observations of the rhythms of seasonal growth and development, the features of the passage of the phases of phenological development of 15 cultivars of highbush blueberry and 1 cultivar of lowbush blueberry have been presented in the article. The rhythmic plasticity of the blueberry cultivars introduced in Belarus appeared in the ability to change phenorhythmics by the reason of different weather conditions during the years of observation. It was reflected in the variation of dates of the main phenological phases onset. At the same time, inter-branch differences in the early phases of development (vegetative) were insignificant, they became much more pronounced in terms of the passage of the phenological phases associated with the development of the generative sphere of the highbush blueberry. The investigated blueberry cultivars under the conditions of the introduction point retain their inherent order of fruit ripening, characteristic of their homeland.The climatic conditions of the Belarusian Polesie ensure the passage of a full cycle of seasonal development by the investigated highbush blueberry of the entire spectrum of ripening of the crop. At the same time, inter-branch differences in the duration of the growing season are insignificant. The obtained results testify to the prospects of the investigated blueberry cultivars of different maturation periods for homestead and industrial gardening in the Belarusian Polesie and determine the expediency of carrying out further introductory research.

Variability of the antioxidant properties of Berberis fruits depending on the plant species and conditions of habitat

Plant fruits, leaves, stems, and other parts are of high nutritional value, and are the source of physiologically active compounds, which can contribute to the treatment of many diseases caused by oxidative stress. Enrichment of the species spectrum of the fruit plants expands the possibilities of their use in dietary nutrition and human treatment. Unfortunately, the introduction of the new fruit plant species in industrial gardens in the Steppe Dnieper is limited to a large extent by the unfavorable climate. In this regard, the assessment of the possibility of realizing the genetic potential of fruit plants from different geographical areas in the steppe climate acquires both scientific and practical significance. The study was conducted on the basis of the fruit plants collection collection of the Botanical Garden of the DNU including four introduced species and one natural species from the genus Berberis. The anomalous weather conditions during the growing season of 2017 (snowfall in April followed by a drought in June) were accompanied by an earlier stage appearance of leaves, flowering and fruit ripening of all introduced plants, especially the Asian species B. amurensis and B. koreana, compared to the native species B. vulgaris. In accordance with the results obtained, fresh weight of the ripe fruits of Berberis species decreased in the order of B. amurensis > B. vulgaris > B. canadensis > B. koreana > B. x declinata. The highest total phenolics content, determined in the isopropanolic fruit extracts by Folin – Ciocalteau assay, was found in the fresh ripe fruits of B. koreana (1362 ± 66 mg GAE/100 g WW), followed by B. x declinata and B. vulgaris fruits (91% and 77% of the B. koreana phenolics content respectively). The highest total flavonoids content determined using the aluminum chloride method was revealed in the fruits of B. koreana (210 ± 6 mg RE/100 g FW) exceeding the content in fruits of other Berberis species by 1.1–2.1 times, while the lowest value (103 ± 4 mg RE/100 g FW) was found in the fruits of B. amurensis. The total reducing power, determined by RP assay, varied in the range from 5.0 to 9.6 mg AAE/100 g DW, and the highest levels were found in the fruits of B. koreana and B. x declinata (respectively, 9.6 ± 0.6 and 8.6 ± 0.5 mg AE/100 g DW) exceeding the reducing capacity of other Berberis species by 1.7–1.9 times. In the fruits of genus Berberis species strong positive correlation was found between the total reducing power and the total content of phenols (r = 0.87), as well as between the reducing power and the total content of flavonoids (r = 0.84). High correlation coefficients confirm the significant contribution of the Berberis fruit phenolic compounds, including the flavonoids, to the antioxidant capacity. So, the study results showed that fruits of all examined Berberis species can be an easily accessible source of antioxidants, however, the antioxidant capacity of fruits decreased in order of B. koreana > B. x declinata > B. vulgaris > B. amurensis > B. canadensis.

ЭКОЛОГО-ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ АУДИТА СРЕДЫ ОБИТАНИЯ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ САДАХ

ЭКОЛОГО-ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ АУДИТА СРЕДЫ ОБИТАНИЯ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ САДАХ

Plastics and Agriculture in the Desert Frontier

Literature on the global agrifood system largely overlooks the role of reclamation of arid and semi-arid lands in the industrialization of horticulture (fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals) worldwide in the neoliberal period. Why has the development and expansion of industrial horticulture synchronized with “greening the desert” policies and narratives? Dixon's article addresses this question with the concept of desert frontier, which is developed through a case study of industrial horticulture production in Egypt's arid regions and through an analysis of the relations between nature and society. The desert frontier in Egypt demonstrates that the socioecological relations that constitute industrial horticulture have necessitated transformations in farm organization and on-farm practice toward an increasingly coercive and capital-intensive set of agritechnologies and protocols to manage the volatility of industrial agriculture (from monocultures, perpetual genetic erosion, cropping intensification, and so on). The movement of agroexport farms into arid regions has been part of these processes of biosecuritization. This analysis of the socioecological conditions of expanded commodity production within the global food system or corporate food regime problematizes reemerging “greening the desert” narratives that parade the latest greening technical feats as a solution to securing food production in a warming planet.

Comprehensive assessment of the varietal fund of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) in the conditions of Krasnodar region

Introduction to industrial horticulture varieties of quince, characterized by winter hardiness, high productivity and good product qualities and valuable chemical composition, is one of the priorities in breeding. The article presents a selection of parental pairs, taking into account their biologically and economically valuable traits: Ispolinskaya (yield of large fruits); Cаunchi 8 (fruit quality); Zolotistaya and Muskatnaya (yield, high winter hardiness and drought resistance); and Kubanskaya (tree growth restraint). Varieties with horizontal resistance to monilia are Muskatnaya, Novogodnyaya, Urozaijnaya kubanskaya and Sophia. The timing of flowering was determined for early-flowering Dyuna and Nivushka and late-flowering Aurora, Novogodnyaya and Rumo. Aurora, Zoloto skifov, Podarochnaya, Urozaijnaya kubanskaya and Sophia were identified as high-yield varieties, with maximum environmental adaptation to adverse environmental factors. Based on hybridological analysis, the inherited traits that characterize their commercial quality (apple-shaped fruits and fruit size) have been identified; the varieties with the most stable technical performance (the coefficient of variation V = 8.5–10.0 %) are Novogodnyaya, Nivushka and Podarochnaya. Varietal dif­ferences in the content of vitamins and polyphenols have been identified between new varieties and cultivars taken for crossing: Zolotistaya (28.4 mg/100 g), Novogodnyaya (33.3 mg/100 g) and Podarochnaya (32.3 mg/100 g) are high in vitamin C; Kubanochka (225.0 mg/100 g), Novogodnyaya (222.2 mg/100 g) and Podarochnaya (196.8 mg/100 g) are high in P-active catechins, which allows you to replenish your assortment of quince for the South of Russia with valuable genotypes of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) competitive varieties of selection by the North-Caucasus Zonal Scientific-Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture.

Economic Development and Sultan Zainul Abidin in Kashmir

Among all nations and races that have come into contact with Kashmir none of them has left everlasting impact on culture of the Valley as Central Asia. Contacts with Central Asia were developed long before the political domination of Muslims. The foundation of Shah Miri opened the floodgates for the infiltration of Persian and Central Asian people in Valley of Kashmir especially during the reign of Sultan Zainul Abidin. When he ascended the throne in (823.A.H./1420.A.D) the whole administrative machinery had collapsed due to the narrow policy of Sultan Sikandar and Sultan Ali Shah but he reconstructed it successfully. His assiduous work turned Valley of Kashmir into industrial garden. Many new arts and crafts were introduced in the Valley of Kashmir. By this way whole Valley was engulfed by peace and prosperity.

Industrial Complexes, Foreign Expertise and the Imagining of a New Levant

Abstract In the 1980s, Israeli industrialist Stef Wertheimer proposed transforming the eastern Mediterranean into a transnational economic bloc that would overcome territorial conflicts through shared prosperity. This vision grew out of his extensive correspondence during the 1970s with local and international experts. In a grand scheme he called the ‘New Levant’, multiple ‘industrial gardens’ – industrial enclaves for entrepreneurial development – would accommodate technological incubators in a sachlich (matter-of-fact) architectural environment. Several examples of the industrial garden model have been built in and around Israel. This article argues that the ‘New Levant’ scheme on the one hand echoed a contemporary geopolitical divide between oil and non-oil producing countries, and, on the other, a moment of proto-globalization of national economies in the region. The article further aligns this vision of a Levantine network with scholarly depictions of the historic Levant – a territory in which extraterritorial capitulation, pragmatism and foreign expertise facilitated transnational economic exchange. Furthermore, it is suggested that the architecture of the industrial gardens spatially articulates economic processes. The economy-driven architecture and planning of the ‘New Levant’ thus became an efficient vehicle for negotiating national and cultural boundaries. As such, it allows for a critical reading of the region’s globalization and emerging identities.

Glyphosate: Surfactant herbicide poisoning - Is it mild?

Glyphosate Surfactant is a nonselective widely used herbicide in agriculture, forestry, industrial weed control, lawn, garden and aquatic environments. They have favorable toxicity with occupational and accidental exposures. The toxicity in humans is mucosal and gastrointestinal irritation, hypotension, metabolic acidosis, pulmonary insufficiency, and oliguria. Patient may appear asymptomatic for many hours before slowly lapse into a hypotensive, apparently nonhypovolaemic shock that can often ends fatally. We hereby report a case of a 25-year-old male patient who was admitted to our tertiary care hospital following suicidal consumption of around 250-300 ml of herbicide containing glyphosate (glypho ; ). Initially, gastric lavage done and the patient was managed with intubation and mechanical ventilation. He also developed acute renal failure, and renal function reverted to normal after four sittings of hemodialysis. Patient was successfully treated and discharged home. This case report emphasizes on timely systemic supportive measure as the sole method of treatment since this poison has no specific antidote.

ВЕГЕТАТИВНОЕ РАЗМНОЖЕНИЕ Actinidia deliciosa В УСЛОВИЯХ СУБТРОПИКОВ РОССИИ ПРИ ПРИМЕНЕНИИ СТИМУЛЯТОРОВ РОСТА

The problem in propagation of planting material is always on the forefront, if a new crop is implemented in practice of industrial horticulture. It is known that Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson (kiwifruit) refers to the crops, which are propagated with certain difficulties. Nevertheless, the demand of kiwi on the world market is not fully satisfied, the trend towards expanding area under this crop are saved. Here we show the results of the 17-years studies of the impact of growth stimulants (i.e. indolyl acetic acid and indolyl butyric acid, zircon, potassium humate and Rhizopon) on propagation by green and woody cuttings in Actinidia deliciosa. The experiments were carried out with Hayward, Hayward K-10, Bruno, Monty, Kivaldi, Ellison, Matua, and Tomuri cultivars of kiwifruit. Action of different concentrations of indolyl butyric acid (50, 70, 100 mg/l) and indolyl acetic acid (50, 100, 200 mg/l), zircon (1.0 mg/l), potassium humate (1.0 mg/l), Rhizopon (growth powder) was considered. Awakening of the buds occurred 12-15 days after planting. On 25-30th day the adventitious root formation started, and after 120 days the rooted cuttings were ready to transfer into containers. An average varietal rooting of green cuttings in control was 20 %, and the growth stimulants increased it 1.9-3.2 times. An average varietal rooting of woody cuttings in control made up 26 %, and the growth stimulants increased it 1.5-2.5 times. Shoots rooted cuttings have reached the height of 15.2-35.0 cm, had 10-16 leaves and the diameter of the trunk of 1.6-1.8 mm The best results in both cases were shown by indole-butyric acid (in concentration of 100 mg/l) and Rhizopon. The best rooting ability was observed in Monty, Bruno and Hayward cultivars propagated by both green and woody cuttings. Currently in Sochi region no pesticides are required in kiwi plantations due to no diseases and pests observed. Thus, kiwi cultivation in the resort area of Russian humid subtropics is considered appropriative and effective.

Enskillment inhibited: ‘industrial gardening’ in Britain

Horticulture – like many other traditional crafts in Britain – is said to suffer from a ‘skills problem’. A recent survey suggests that one of the reasons for this is increased outsourcing of horticultural work from public employers to private contractors. While anthropologists have generally acknowledged the politics of learning, they have had little to say about enskillment in work contexts which have been reconfigured in a way that leaves hardly any room for institutionalized methods of learning. Private gardening contractors are an example of such a work context, and in this article I scrutinize their practices to show the various ways in which enskillment is inhibited. Rather than referring to the concept of ‘deskilling’ – usually evoked in discussions of skills problems – I employ the notion of an inhibition of enskillment in order to emphasize that every feature that fosters skill also has a ‘shadow side’ to it which bears a potential to inhibit skill. Implicit in this argument is a critique of neoliberal work practices which shape enskillment as well as the natural environment.

The content of some of the essential elements in the fruit of the (Diospyros L.) persimmon of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden collection

The article mentions that the special attention is deserved by such persimmon varieties being included into the collection of Garden: Nikita Burgundy – the most famous of the hardiest varieties, widely used in industrial horticulture grade foreign breeding Hana Fuyu and a new, high-yielding variety of domestic breeding Souvenir of Autumn. Plant varieties included into the studying, grow in the same conditions at the collection site, which is located 200 meters from the coast at a height of 20-40 m above its level. Trees are 15 years old, planting scheme is 6x6 meters. The selected varieties belong to the group of constant tart on their quality whose fruits are edible only when fully ripe Varieties are characterized by high winter hardiness and disease resistance, which allows minimizing the chemicals using for plants treating and creates the conditions for organic food. The chemical composition fruits studying of three oriental persimmons varieties have performed high content of potassium, so it affords their using as a general tonic. The obtained results have revealed that according to the content of essential elements the leading fruit of variety Souvenir Autumn is considered to be, the less valuable are fruits of Nikita Burgundy, and Hana Fuyu fruits on this indicator are intermediate.