Export-oriented Research Articles

Potential Domestic Energy System Vulnerabilities from Major Exports of Green Hydrogen: A Case Study of Australia

Australia has clear aspirations to become a major global exporter of hydrogen as a replacement for fossil fuels and as part of the drive to reduce CO2 emissions, as set out in the National Hydrogen Strategy released in 2019 jointly by the federal and state governments. In 2021, the Australian Energy Market Operator specified a grid forecast scenario for the first time entitled “hydrogen superpower”. Not only does Australia hope to capitalise on the emerging demand for zero-carbon hydrogen in places like Japan and South Korea by establishing a new export industry, but it also needs to mitigate the built-in carbon risk of its export revenue from coal and LNG as major customers, such as Japan and South Korea, move to decarbonise their energy systems. This places hydrogen at the nexus of energy, climate change mitigation and economic growth, with implications for energy security. Much of the published literature on this topic concentrates on the details of what being a major hydrogen exporter will look like and what steps will need to be taken to achieve it. However, there appears to be a gap in the study of the implications for Australia’s domestic energy system in terms of energy security and export economic vulnerability. The objective of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework for the implications of becoming a major hydrogen exporter on Australia’s energy system. Various green hydrogen export scenarios for Australia were compared, and the most recent and comprehensive was selected as the basis for further examination for domestic energy system impacts. In this scenario, 248.5 GW of new renewable electricity generation capacity was estimated to be required by 2050 to produce the additional 867 TWh required for an electrolyser output of 2088 PJ of green hydrogen for export, which will comprise 55.9% of Australia’s total electricity demand at that time. The characteristics of comparative export-oriented resources and their interactions with the domestic economy and energy system are then examined through the lens of the resource curse hypothesis, and the LNG and aluminium industries. These existing resource export frameworks are reviewed for applicability of specific factors to export-oriented green hydrogen production, with applicable factors then compiled into a novel conceptual framework for exporter domestic implications from large-scale exports of green hydrogen. The green hydrogen export superpower (2050) scenario is then quantitatively assessed using the established indicators for energy exporter vulnerability and domestic energy security, comparing it to Australia’s 2019 energy exports profile. This assessment finds that in almost all factors, exporter vulnerability is reduced, and domestic energy security is enhanced by the transition from fossil fuel exports to green hydrogen, with the exception of an increase in exposure of the domestic energy system to international market forces.

Обеспечение продовольственной безопасности Российской Федерации на основе развития производства и экспорта сои

The article presents the results of a study of the issues of ensuring food security of the Russian Federation based on the development of production and export of soybeans. Data on soybean sown areas in the regions of the Russian Federation in 2020 are presented. Data on soybean imports to the Russian Federation are analyzed.

Export Potential and Competitiveness of Processed Food Products from India

The liberalization of trade and India's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) have brought about significant changes in India's agricultural trade and food processing industry. This study aims to evaluate the export competitiveness of processed food products from India by analyzing their comparative advantage and export potential over a specified time period.
 The study utilizes secondary data from sources such as the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and International Trade Centre (ITC) for the analysis. The selection of processed food products is based on the major processed food products exported by food processing industries in Gujarat. Analytical tools employed are compound annual growth rate (CAGR), revealed comparative advantage (RCA), and nominal protection coefficient (NPC). These tools help assess growth rates, comparative advantage, and competitiveness of the selected commodities with the data on export potential Provided by ITC.
 The study highlights the export potential and unrealized potential of processed foods which is more than 7.9 billion dollars and 4.5 billion dollars respectively. Among the selected commodities the food preparations with HS code 210690 are observed to have the highest potential. The analysis identifies the largest unrealized potential was in countries such as the United States, Saudi Arabia, China, and UAE for many of the selected processed food products. It was also observed in the export performance of selected processed foods for the last 10 years, with notable growth rates observed in miscellaneous preparations and bread, pastry, and other baked foods. This study concludes by highlighting the Potential of selected food products and also shows the presence of competitive advantage of selected foods in the USA, UAE, UK, Australia, and Saudi Arabia. It highlights the opportunities for manufacturers to expand their exports, capitalize on untapped market potential, and enhance their business growth.

How does the communication infrastructure quality of the countries along the “Belt and Road” effect the equipment export of China?

Under the influence of COVID-19 in the past few years, the world has been facing tremendous changes. The world economy is also facing strong headwinds on its path toward recovery, and global development has suffered major setbacks. Under this background, China's equipment export has also been greatly affected. In order to maintain a stable export of equipment manufacturing to the “Belt and Road” countries, this article constructs an extended gravity model with communication infrastructure variables using the statistical data of China's equipment manufacturing exports from 2010 to 2020 and discusses the impact of “Belt and Road” countries' communication infrastructure quality on China's equipment manufacturing exports by product and country heterogeneity analysis. The results indicate significant differences in the quality of communication infrastructure among countries along the “Belt and Road”. Overall, the improvement of “Belt and Road” countries' communication infrastructure quality can promote the export of China's equipment manufacturing industry. Except for the electrical machinery and office instrument, the quality improvement of “Belt and Road” countries' communication infrastructure has a positive effect on other subdivision products of China's equipment manufacturing industry, but the intensity of the effect is heterogeneous. The improvement of transition economies' communication infrastructure quality significantly promotes the export of China's equipment manufacturing industry, but the developed and developing economies' promotion effect is not significant.

Developing a model of technological innovation for export development in developing countries

It is crucial for companies to develop a competitive advantage in today's competitive business environment. Technological innovation is one of the most effective ways for companies to achieve this advantage and enhance their competitiveness. Therefore, identifying the most important dimensions of technological innovation is key for managers and decision-makers in order to achieve organizational goals, which in fact, reveals its high importance. In this paper, we develop a model of how technological innovation impacts export development in developing countries. At present, the process of globalization, especially the development of exports, has a special place. In this paper, based on the rigorous literature review, eleven main dimensions of technological innovation were obtained. The relationships between system elements were determined using the Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) technique, and the final model with four levels was extracted. The factors in the last level are the most effective, and the factors in the first level are the most influential. These factors are considered the basis of the model. According to research findings, knowledge management has the most impact, and manufacturing capability, service Innovation, marketing, and learning process are the most impressionable. Finally, based on the Mick Mac technique, the factors are classified based on the degree of dependence and influence. Since this method is under the opinions of experts, the opinions of 28 industry experts and university professors have been used. We have contributed to the understanding of the complex relationships among different factors and variables through our research by providing a structured and systematic approach. Policymakers and other stakeholders can use our model to propose ways to promote economic growth and development through technological innovation and exports. We believe that our findings have important implications for the field of innovation and international business research.

Либерализация валютного регулирования в России в условиях санкций

The purpose of the work is to analyze the transformation of the regime of monetary and financial regulation in Russia in the context of international sanctions in 2022. The course towards the liberalization of foreign exchange regulation in Russia has been temporarily changed in order to reduce capital outflow, protect the interests of Russian companies, and maintain the stability of the monetary and financial systems. The main measure was a temporary return to the requirements for the repatriation of foreign exchange earnings by exporters. After the measures took effect, the process of gradual abandonment of the imposed restrictions began. It is concluded that with the abolition of the requirement for the repatriation of foreign exchange earnings, the previously taken course towards the liberalization of foreign exchange regulation has generally recovered and is being maintained despite an unfavorable change in foreign economic and foreign policy conditions. Since the decisions on the introduction of currency restrictions and subsequent decisions on their abolition were taken as temporary measures, they need to be legislated. An analysis of some possible ways of further developing the liberalization of foreign exchange regulation in Russia is presented. It can be aimed at reducing the overall regulatory burden on businesses, promoting the development of non-commodity exports, de-dollarizing trade and investment, reorienting to the most promising foreign economic partners, and expanding international cooperation within the Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement on Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information.

DO ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITMENT AND INNOVATION INFLUENCE EXPORT INTENSITY? FIRM-LEVEL EVIDENCE FROM TUNISIA

This study examines the influence of environmental commitment (EC) on Tunisian firms’ export intensity and utilising the resource-based view (RBV) framework. Using firm-level data from the 2020 World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), it explores the direct and indirect effects of EC on export intensity through product and process innovation. The findings highlight that EC plays a crucial role in fostering both product and process innovation, underscoring its strategic significance in driving overall innovation within firms. Additionally, EC and product innovation are identified as key factors positively contributing to exports, emphasising the importance of a strong EC orientation and a focus on product innovation for enhancing export activities. Notably, the presence of quality certification influences the relationship between EC and process innovation, weakening the impact of EC in that context. This finding underscores the nuanced dynamics between EC, process innovation, and quality certification. Overall, this study highlights EC as a strategic approach for enhancing firm innovation and promoting export orientation, providing empirical evidence and insights derived from the specific context of Tunisia. Embracing EC and aligning it with innovation and export strategies enables firms and policymakers to foster sustainable growth, enhance competitiveness, and contribute to a greener and more inclusive future.

Global connections from the second-tier: The trade performance of smaller southern US cities

After years of relative neglect, renewed attention has been paid to smaller, “ordinary” cities. The distinctiveness of these cities is often found in their economic development paths, which, can encompass their roles in international trade. Many locations have included exports as part of their economic growth strategies, yet the effectiveness of export strategies varies by location. This is in addition to varying components of exports for these cities, including the destination geographies and reliance on particular markets. In order to contribute to the growing literature on ordinary cities, this paper examines the export performance of smaller metropolitan areas across the southern United States. In recent decades, the South has been a region marked by robust economic performance, both overall and in terms of exporting; the region’s smaller cities are an especially notable case in terms of export performance and structure. While goods-related exports from the smaller cities across this region have tended to trend upward, export performance has been spatially uneven, with export markets and key export industries varying widely. The article concludes with an exploration and discussion of possible export trajectories for these urban areas in the post-pandemic and potentially, post-globalization, environments, particularly in terms of development-related outcomes.

Evaluating the Economic Potential for Geological Hydrogen Storage in Australia

Australia has ambitions to become a major global hydrogen producer by 2030. The establishment of Australia’s and the world’s hydrogen economy, however, will depend upon the availability of affordable and reliable hydrogen storage. Geological hydrogen storage is a practical solution for large scale storage requirements ensuring hydrogen supply can always meet demand, and excess renewable electricity can be stored for later use, improving electricity network reliability. Hosting thick, underground halite (salt) deposits and an abundance of onshore depleted gas fields, Australia is well placed to take advantage of geological hydrogen storage options to support its ambition of building a global hydrogen hub export industry. Using the Bluecap modelling software, we identify regions in Australia that are potentially profitable for large scale hydrogen production and storage. We use the results of this work to suggest high-potential regions for hydrogen development, supporting policymaker and investor decisions on the locations of new infrastructure and hydrogen projects in Australia.

ГЛОБАЛЬНЕ ПОЗИЦІОНУВАННЯ КИТАЙСЬКОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ: БЕЗПЕКОВИЙ АСПЕКТ

Досліджені зміни в глобальному позиціонуванні китайської економіки стали результатом визначних і тривалих успіхів країни в забезпеченні високої динаміки розвитку економіки, досягнення кардинальних структурних змін і високого рівня міжнародної конкурентоспроможності, який дає можливість Китаю кинути прямий виклик позиціям провідних центрів світової економіки, представленим США і ЄС, і претендувати на роль альтернативного центру формування глобального порядку. Це зумовлює істотне загострення конкурентної боротьби і суперечностей між Китаєм і Заходом, створює підґрунтя для загальної глобальної дестабілізації. Загострення глобальної конкуренції між Китаєм і провідними центрами Заходу веде до поширення обмежувальних торговельних та інвестиційних заходів у низці важливих сфер економіки, підвищує рівень комерційних та інвестиційних ризиків, зумовлює руйнування глобальних ланцюгів створення вартості й посилює прагнення багатонаціональних компаній до релокації своїх виробництв за межі Китаю. У свою чергу, це стимулює процес переорієнтації китайської політики економічного розвитку на якісні параметри і перехід від надмірної орієнтації на експорт до більш збалансованого розвитку економіки. Водночас це заохочує його до просування альтернативної моделі глобалізації на основі концепції «єдиної долі людства» в поєднанні із задіянням потужного механізму інвестиційного і фінансового проникнення в різні регіони світу, формування своєї зони економічного і політичного впливу. Подальші глобальні перспективи Китаю багато в чому залежатимуть від його здатності стати реальним світовим технологічним лідером в умовах швидкого поширення новітніх інформаційних, біо- і нанотехнологій. Суттєве загострення конфліктів Китаю із Заходом створюватиме несприятливе середовище для розвитку світової економіки, вирішення ключових глобальних проблем людства, породжуватиме низку глобальних безпекових ризиків. До того ж, це потребуватиме активізації зусиль щодо знаходження нових інституційних форматів для забезпечення балансу інтересів серед ключових учасників світового господарства.

Structural Transformation and Export Performance in Georgia: Is There a Need for the New Industrial Policy?

Structural transformation is a widely debated research issue because of its ties with productivity, labor distribution, incomes and other facets of economic development. It is well explored in developing country settings. There are also studies that give thorough analysis of the issues in developed economies. As for the transitional countries the focus of economic policy-making and research has mainly been on the economic and institutional reforms that aim at transition to functioning market economy. Studies that would give a clear understanding of how these reforms have contributed to productivity growth across sectors, their upgrading and shift from low to high value added activities are scarce. These countries also are missing from industrial policy debates. To fill the gap the present paper analyzes Georgia’s economic transformation through the lenses of export performance and discusses the need for new industrial policy. Georgia has been following a trade-centric approach to development (marked with reforms targeted at export-led growth, trade liberalization, trade facilitation and trade agreements as key policies). The potential to diversify exports and increase sustainable employment will be evaluated through the lenses of the new industrial policy. The data on sectoral value-added, sectoral employment shares, sectoral expenditure shares and sectoral net export shares of total GDP will be applied.

The impact of heterogeneity of service trade policy restrictions on manufacturing exports of China: focus on free trade agreements

PurposeBased on the research of free trade agreements on alleviating service trade policy heterogeneity and its impact on manufacturing exports, this article aims to not only provide a basis for China's strategy of promoting regional economic integration, but also provide a policy reference for the manufacturing industry to expand the export market space.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the two principles of “answering” and “scoring” to quantify the indicators of service trade policy heterogeneity to test the relationship between heterogeneity of service trade policy, free trade agreement and manufacturing export.FindingsAccording to empirical study, the export of Chinese manufacturing firms is severely hampered by the variety of service trade regulations, and the bigger the enterprise, the more hampered it is. In comparison to communications, transport and commerce, the financial industry's policy heterogeneity has a greater negative impact on certain industries. The major methods used to reduce the impact of service trade policy heterogeneity on manufacturing exports are product price increases and product quantity reductions. Also, by reducing the heterogeneity of service trade regulations and fostering industrial exports, the free trade agreement that China has signed can be quite successful. The open commitment in the area of national treatment, however, can reduce policy heterogeneity and advance manufacturing.Originality/valueIn the area of market access, the effect of export is superior to the open promise. Thus, in order to effectively support the stabilization of international trade, China should actively encourage the negotiation and signing of higher-quality and mutually beneficial free trade agreements.

Cyclical component impact on high-technology export dynamics in Poland

Introduction. This article is part of a general study of the numerical assessment of the country’s scientific and technical development impact on its economic growth. It is included in its first part, which considers the analysis of the production and the export of high-tech products dynamics in different world countries. This will give Ukraine the opportunity to use certain positive experiences and take into account negative trends in the process of restoring its own economy in the post-war period.Purpose. The purpose is to determine the degree of cyclical component impact on the export of high-tech products dynamics in Poland.Methods. As a tool of state regulation in the field of innovation and scientific and technical development, the author’s methodology for analyzing the structure of the high- tech products export dynamics was proposed. The methodology reveals the economic meaning and allows to distinguish the following components in the structure of the high- tech products export dynamics: uniform growth; accelerated growth; cyclical growth. And it also allows us to consider how the share of the cyclical component impact changes, if high-tech exports are considered as a share of all industrial exports and as a share of GDP, and also compared with the structure of the country’s GDP dynamics as a whole.Conclusions. The research showed that the Poland high-tech export dynamics has a cyclical nature of development. Economic cycles with periods of 9.3 and 9.6 years were determined and the level of influence of the cyclical component on the general trend was calculated, which is 1.5 and 2 times slower relative to the similar dynamics of countries such as Austria and Germany. The determined overall weighted impact of the cyclical component on the high-tech exports dynamics is quite significant and ranges from -8.19% to 19.15%.Discussion. The obtained study results will ensure the implementation of an effective state policy for the Ukraine economy recovery in the post-war period.

Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Negara-negara Muslim Asia Tenggara Menurut Perspektif Ekonomi Islam (Studi Kasus Indonesia dan Malaysia)

This study aims to identify and analyze economic growth in Southeast Asian Muslim countries from an Islamic economic perspective (case studies of Indonesia and Malaysia). This type of research is causal associative. The population for this study is Indonesia and Malaysia. The population in this study is all data on the development of foreign investment, exports, inflation and exchange rates and GDP data in Indonesia and Malaysia in 2006-2021. so that the number of samples used is 32 sample data. Methods of data analysis using multiple linear regression. The results showed that exports and inflation had a partial effect on profit growth, while foreign investment and exchange rates had no effect on economic growth in Indonesia and Malaysia. Foreign Investment, Exports, inflation and exchange rates simultaneously influence Economic Growth in Indonesia and Malaysia from an Islamic perspective. From the analysis of the Islamic economic perspective, it can be concluded that in order to realize economic growth for the community, the objectives and facilities used must be in accordance with sharia values and principles based on the Al Quran and Sunnah. Islamic expenditure theory uses principles taken from Al-Qawaid Al-Fiqhiyyah in order to avoid potential spending inefficiencies, as well as Islamic consumption norms.

Business Intelligence Framework for Mapping Analysis of Crafts Creative Industry Products Exports in West Java, Indonesia

This paper aims to develop a framework model of a business intelligence system for mapping exports of the creative craft industry in West Java. The main problem is the lagging of the craft industry exports due to the lack of responsiveness in capturing export opportunities. In addition, the absence of a business intelligence system in the craft industry to analyze export mapping in the global market is why this study is important. The research methods used in this literature are data collection and consolidation, identification of information needs, and business intelligence framework design. The data studied in this study are primary data related to export sales of handicrafts in West Java in the form of exporter data, export commodity data (HS code), export trade transactions, export destination country data, and the total value and volume of exports. The proposed model is a BI framework for mapping the creative craft industry exports and the stages of the BI implementation process. Based on the results and discussion, the proposed BI framework design can provide a framework for implementing a business intelligence system to analyze the export mapping of handicraft products in West Java, Indonesia.
 Keywords: Business Intelligence System (BIS), decision support system, mapping analysis of craft product exports, craft business indicators

The International Market of Wheat and the Food Security

The article reveals the situation at the international market of wheat in retrospective period with a stress on the previous three years. It examines the connections between the initial indicators such as production, consumption, export, import, stocks, etc. Derivative indicators are studied in order to find export orientation and import dependency at the wheat market. The ratio between the supply and the demand is calculated and the functioning of the market mechanism is explained. The balance method is applied which is very adequate for empirical proof of the interaction between supply, demand, and prices. The fluctuations of international prices of wheat are explained on the basis of the results from the calculations. The prices can be considered as one of the best indicator for studying and forecasting of the market situation. A short-term forecast for the future development of the market and market prices is prepared. The most vulnerable up-to-date issues of the food security are discussed and recommendations are made, because the agricultural products are very important for the life of human beings and are of great concern of the policy makers. The methodology, the research methods, and the results will enrich the existing knowledge in this sphere.

The impact of population aging on economic growth in Korea: Revisiting the export-led growth hypothesis framework

This study investigated the impact of population aging on the relationship between exports and economic growth in Korea using the export-led growth hypothesis framework with an autoregressive distributed lag model and data for the period 1990–2021. We found that export positively influenced economic growth. However, the effect of export on economic growth was negative considering population aging. Furthermore, the negative effect of export increased with aging. Our results also show a positive effect of population aging on economic growth in the long run, which implies the dominance of the human capital effect over the negative productivity effect. Hence, our results indicate that developed countries seeking to achieve sustainable growth through exports should control the population aging problem. Our study suggests two possible policies for solving the population aging problem: promote births and encourage immigration growth.

Foreign Trade Relations Between China and the Siberian Regions Through the Prism of Complementarity, Specialization and Sustainable Development

Russian-Chinese relations are characterized by the most solid foundation in the context of more than ten years of trade wars unleashed by Western countries, the most powerful pandemic in modern history and the current geopolitical aggravation that has actually changed the existing world order. Against this background, one of the key factors in the development of foreign economic cooperation between Russia and China is mutual commitment to the principles of equality, openness and inclusiveness. It is on this basis that the countries are expanding their interaction in the field of foreign trade, investment, and large-scale infrastructure projects. Russia and China regularly hold bilateral consultations related to the development of cooperation in various areas of the economy and business. On the one hand, these plans lay the foundation for building foreign economic cooperation with China at the regional level, on the other hand, their implementation sets a number of long-term and medium-term goals and objectives for the regions. Their substantive features and, in fact, roadmaps for them should be built taking into account the situation that is developing in the current relations between the Chinese side and the regions, in particular the regions of Siberia as a strategically important economic region. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the possibilities of expanding cooperation, which involves correlating export and import profiles within the framework of the Russian-Chinese partnership. This article presents the results of a study of foreign trade interaction between the regions of the Siberian Federal District and China, including the level of complementarity, specialization, sustainability of the trend and the speed of development of trade flows. The totality of the results obtained made it possible to form a map of the development of exports and imports of Siberian regions in the context of expanding cooperation with China.

Strategi Pengembangan Ekspor Biji Kopi Sangrai Produksi UMKM di Jawa Timur

The development of exports of roasted coffee beans produced by MSMEs in East Java has declined due to the low efficiency of coffee cultivation in East Java. This study intends to identify the apprenticeship sector as a potential and limitation of roasted coffee bean exporters, identify external aspects of the sector as possibilities and risks for roasted coffee bean exporters, and interpret policies that can be implemented by MSMEs that are suitable for the conditions of the roasted coffee bean export business. This research method applies the SWOT description for policy analysis to develop exports of roasted coffee beans produced by MSMEs in East Java. The conclusions of this study state that the internal aspects that are potential for roasted coffee exports are the physical condition and quality of the roasted coffee beans, the duration of the distribution of roasted coffee beans, the ability of exporters to reach importing countries. Weaknesses in the export of roasted coffee beans are the promotion of roasted coffee beans, the amount of capital owned by exporters, suggestions for quality certificates. External aspects that allow the export of roasted coffee beans include export licensing, loyal customers who consume coffee, crop failures that occur in intermediary countries that also export roasted coffee beans, the selling price of roasted coffee beans, the level of demand for roasted coffee beans abroad, and so on. -etc. Threats to the export of roasted coffee beans are regulation of export duties, the role of the government, state competitors who are also producers of roasted coffee beans, weather changes. Policy preferences for developing exports of roasted coffee beans include maintaining customer loyalty, using licenses to facilitate exporters' access to importing countries, increasing capital by maximizing agreements from loyal customers, maximizing promotions, maximizing the quality and quantity of roasted coffee beans, and maximizing collaboration with institutions. In this regard, the government has a role in strengthening the implementation of promotional activities and capital in supporting the availability of assistance.

Capitalism and Global Mining: Latin American Perspectives 1500-1914

Objective/Context: The paper provides a comprehensive overview of Latin American mining history, exploring cross-pollination opportunities between mining historians and scholars of the emerging field of the history of capitalism. The analysis spans from the region’s integration into global markets during the 1500s to the twilight of export-led growth in the early twentieth century. Methodology: The study builds on an overview of both classic and contemporary literature, offering new insights into understanding existing data on mining history within a global context. By incorporating perspectives from geology, ecology, and economics, the article investigates the connections between specific mineral deposits and different paths of capitalistic development across Latin America. Originality: The paper sketches some of the gaps in the analysis of global and local flows of minerals and comments on notable contributions to the broader field of Latin American history. It introduces innovative approaches for the study of output cycles, geological and ecological endowments, technological spillovers, and mining economics. Conclusions: First, the existing literature has predominantly focused on precious metals, with few scholars studying non-precious metals and non-metallic minerals. Second, the narratives surrounding mining history have been primarily centered on silver, overshadowing the significance of bimetallism in understanding the emergence of global capitalism. Thirdly, examining the microeconomic dynamics of mining in the region may present fresh opportunities to explore the impact of mining on sectoral and managerial transformations. Finally, studies of the two-way interaction of capitalism and mining need to include research on the energy and environmental systems that underpinned mineral extraction and production.