Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer Research Articles

Detection of micro-toxic heavy metals in commercial ink powder brands via short-long orthogonal dual pulse LIPs and ICP-OES spectroscopic techniques for environmental protection

ABSTRACT We successfully offer a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the micro-toxic elements that are found in various brands of commercial ink powders (CIPs) available in Saudi Arabia employing short-long orthogonal double-pulse laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (SLODP-LIPS), and an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The compositional analysis exploiting the fast detection SLODP-LIPS geometry is based on the received emission spectra of the laser-generated ink plasma flare to promote the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) compared to the single-pulse (SP) LIPS geometry. The investigated elemental composition of CIPs brands was compared with ICP-OES. The emission optical spectra of the CIPs contain spectral lines of aluminium, antimony, cadmium, calcium, carbon, chromium, copper, lead, iron, potassium, silicon, sodium, and zinc, with varying intensities. To overwhelm the struggle of inadequate SP-LIPS sensitivity or calibration-free LIPS (CF-LIPS) routine characterisation of the tested material and to accomplish a greater emitting volume, grander atomised mass, the lower detection limit, and higher plasma temperature, a double-pulse alternate for sample vaporisation were exercised in our work. The density and electron temperature of the spectral lines of the pertinent elements were deduced by stark-broadening and Boltzmann plot, with an average of about 1.23 × 1018 cm−3 and 9300 ± 200 K, respectively. It was found that both outcomes from SLODP-LIPS and ICP-OES were in greater agreement. The analysis of different commercial ink brands shows that SLODP-LIPS is a potent scheme for the analysis of the micro-toxic trace element in any solids.

Kinetic modeling of macroelement concentration of Malatya cheese produced by traditional method

In this investigation, the concentration kinetics of macroelements (Na, Ca, P, Mg, and K) for Malatya cheese due to salting in different ways (dry salted and brined) and storing at different temperatures (7 and 20°C) for 120 days, were studied. Changes in macroelement of Malatya cheese for modeling were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) at different storage times (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days). The zero-order kinetic model with R2 of 0.91–0.99 was determined to be the best model for Na, Ca, and P contents for brined and dry salted cheese samples. While Mg and K contents of the dry salted cheese fit the first-order kinetic model, the second-order model was applied to describe K content of the brined cheese samples. These models would be useful in designing the process for using different salting methods in traditional cheeses and related calculations for these samples. Practical applications The concentration kinetics of macroelements of Malatya cheese during ripening was obtained which could be used to determine the loss of macroelement. In addition, calculations of the reduction of the macroelements concentration depend on the different salting methods and storage temperatures, which led to reducing the economic losses and optimizing their storage management. Therefore, these models applied to cheese have been found to have a promising appearance in predicting quality changes in the dairy industry.

Precise Construction of Stable Bimetallic Metal–Organic Frameworks with Single-Site Ti(IV) Incorporation in Nodes for Efficient Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution

Precise Construction of Stable Bimetallic Metal–Organic Frameworks with Single-Site Ti(IV) Incorporation in Nodes for Efficient Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution

Sustainable Chromium Recovery From Wastewater Using Mango and Jackfruit Seed Kernel Bio-Adsorbents.

Wastewater is a rich source of valuable chemicals of industrial importance. However, their economic recovery is crucial for sustainability. The objective of the present work is to recover hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) as a value-added transition metal from wastewater cost-effectively; the biosorbent derived from seed kernels of mango (M) and jackfruit (JF) were applied for removing the metal from simulated wastewater. The functional groups of the biomass were analysed with the help of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, micrographs were generated using a scanning electron microscope, and crystallinity was determined by an x-ray diffractometer (XRD). The concentration of Cr VI in wastewater was analysed by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Process parameters (pH, dose, contact time, temperature, and initial concentration) were optimized for efficient Cr VI adsorption using a response surface methodology-based Box–Behnken design (BBD) employing Design-software 6.0.8. The batch experiment at room temperature at pH 4.8 and Cr VI removal ∼94% (M) and ∼92% (JF) was achieved by using a 60-mg dose and an initial Cr (VI) concentration of 2 ppm in 120 min. The equilibrium Cr binding on the biosorbent was well explained using Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.97), which indicated the indirect interactions between Cr (VI) and the biosorbent. Biosorption of Cr (VI) followed the pseudo-order and intra-particle diffusion models. The maximum adsorption capacity of the M and JF bio-adsorbent is 517.24 and 207.6 g/mg, respectively. These efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly biosorbents could be potentially applied for removing toxic Cr (VI) from polluted water.

Effect of the Transforming Ag into an Active Species (Silver Chloride) for the Acetylene Hydrochlorination

AbstractEffective approaches are desired to improve catalytic performances for the hydrochlorination of acetylene. Crucially, the systematic explorations of catalytic and deactivation mechanisms are prerequisites to the implementation of such approaches. Ag has been scarcely researched for acetylene hydrochlorination reaction because it is easily poisoned by Cl, which inactivates it. However, this challenge must be further verified. Here, the active species and causes of the deactivation of Ag/activated carbon (AC) were discussed in detail. The results indicated that Ag/AC exhibited excellent catalytic performance in the acetylene hydrochlorination. Specifically, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that AgCl was the main active site, which was almost transformed from Ag0 after the activation with HCl for 0.5 h. Moreover, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP‐OES) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results confirmed that the deactivation of the catalyst was justified by the loss of Ag and particle aggregation. Thus, the conversion of acetylene of the small‐sized AgCl nanoparticles were significantly enhanced, and these inhibited the agglomeration of the particles, thereby further verifying that AgCl was the active site. This perspective offered a suitable insight for the subsequent research on Ag‐based catalysts.

Differences in the chemical composition of Panax ginseng roots infected with red rust

Ethnopharmacological relevanceGinseng rusty root (GRR) is a commonly occurring disease that affects the continuous farming and economic value of mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG). Previous studies have demonstrated a generally smaller level of total ginsenoside in GRR tissue, but differences in individual ginsenosides or changes between rusty and healthy MCG with a higher age have not been investigated. Aim of the studyThis research aimed to identify differences in the chemical components in the roots of rusty compared with healthy MCG harvested at 20-years of age. Materials and methodsDifferences between rusty and healthy MCG roots in individual ginsenosides were evaluated using a non-targeted metabonomic-based ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) technique. Chemical markers and the principal constituents were then quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Furthermore, total ginsenosides, total polysaccharides, and the elemental composition were evaluated separately using spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). ResultsThere was no significant difference in the levels of total ginsenosides or total polysaccharides between the rusty and healthy groups. However, the concentrations of pivotal individual ginsenosides, including ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Ro, and ginsenoside Rd were significantly lower in the rusty group. In addition, concentrations of Fe and Al were higher in the rusty group compared with the healthy group. ConclusionsThe results suggest that GRR affects the synthesis of ginsenosides of 20-year-old MCG, which further establishes reference data and the basis for exploration of the mechanisms causing metabolic changes in ginseng resulting from GRR.

Species specific Sr/Ca-δ18O relationships for three Tridacnidae species from the northern South China Sea

Skeletal remains of marine bivalves, Tridacna spp., can provide multi-proxy records of environmental variables. Sr/Ca ratio, which has been widely used in corals as a paleo-temperature proxy, has also been explored in Tridacna spp. shells in recent decades, but some controversies remain, especially regarding the different Sr/Ca-SST relationships across Tridacnidae species. In this study, ten specimens of three different species (Tridacna gigas, Tridacna squamosa and Tridacna derasa) were collected from the northern South China Sea and the monthly resolution Sr/Ca and δ18O ratios were investigated. Almost all high-resolution Sr/Ca profiles, determined by ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer), show pronounced annual cycles and are significantly correlated with paired δ18O value. However, Sr/Ca ratios of T. gigas are positively correlated with paired δ18O values, suggesting a negative correlation between T. gigas Sr/Ca and in-situ SST, while Sr/Ca ratios of T. derasa and T. squamosa are negatively correlated with paired δ18O, suggesting a positive correlation between SST and Sr/Ca in T. derasa and T. squamosa. These interspecies differences highlight the necessity of species identification before using Tridacnidae Sr/Ca ratios in paleoclimate reconstructions. Although the Sr/Ca-δ18O relationship has obvious interspecies differences, the clear annual cycles in all these specimens indicate that the Sr/Ca ratios of Tridacna spp. may have the potential to be used in reconstructing the past climate seasonality, ENSO variability and so on.

Measuring inorganics in biomass fast pyrolysis oils

Measurement of inorganics present in biomass fast pyrolysis liquids has been scarcely investigated in the literature. In this work several analytical methods based on different sample preparations were investigated and applied on a set of nine biomass fast pyrolysis liquids covering a wide range of inorganics contents that have been measured using an ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer) analyser. Several required mineralisation first steps were studied to completely dissolve the samples. Our results show that the ISO 16967 method, initially developed for solid biomasses and adapted here for bio-oils, was the most interesting one to quantify three major inorganics (i.e. potassium, magnesium and sodium), measurement of calcium contents remaining a challenge when applied to bio-oils, while good results were obtained for reference materials.

Contamination and health risk assessment of instant noodles by heavy metals from commercial outlets in Windhoek, Namibia

With growing international trade, food safety has emerged as an important global human health issue. One of the pathways by which extraneous contaminants such as toxic heavy metals access the human system is through food ingestion. At above permissible levels, these metals pose serious danger to human health. Cultivated farm produce on contaminated soil has the propensity to uptake and accumulate such contaminants. In this study, the prevalence and possible human health risks of toxic heavy metals such as Zinc, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Arsenic (Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb and As) in selected Instant Noodle Brands (INBs) from commercial outlets in Windhoek, Namibia was carried out. Different brands of instant noodle samples were purchased from four different commercial outlets for four periods with one-month interval. A total of 48 samples were collected and analysed for the level of heavy metals using mineral acid digestion method. Quantification of analysed metals in digested samples was done using Inductive Coupled Plasma -Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The mean concentration of heavy metals in the digested instant noodle samples across the sampling periods ranged from 13.1 – 17.9 mg/kg with overall mean concentration of 14.6mg/kg; 0.05 – 0.5mg/kg with overall mean level of 0.15 mg/kg; 1.5 – 2.4 mg/kg with overall mean concentration of 1.9 mg/kg; ND – 1.3 mg/kg with overall mean level of 0.4 mg/kg and 2.3 – 3.8 mg/kg with overall mean concentration of 1.4 mg/kg for Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb and As, respectively. A strong correlation (r = 0.99) was obtained between Zn and Cd levels but average correlation (r = 0.56) between Cd and Cu as well as between Cu and As (r= 0.55). Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values greater than 1 (one) was obtained for Pb (1.7) and As (7.3). In addition, Carcinogenic Risk Index (CRI) values of 0.71 and 0.02 were also obtained for Pb and As, respectively. Of great concerns are the potential development of non-carcinogenic health effects and carcinogenic health risks with respect to these two toxic metals. Both metals are of no physiological benefits to the human system and very toxic at low levels. Hence, proper quality assurance protocol and monitoring of the level of toxic heavy metals in instant noodles products is recommended.

Optimization of indium recovery from waste crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells by acid leaching

Recovery of rare metal indium from waste crystalline silicon heterojunction (HJT) solar cells is important with the large-scale development of photovoltaic industry, is becoming economically and environmentally justified. Thus, the objective of this work is to study hydrometallurgical recovery of indium and valuable materials from HJT solar cells. In addition, to study some parameters used in this process. In this study, three key processes including pretreatment, acid leaching and optimization design on singer-factor to minimize waste of resources were proposed and implemented. Firstly, the samples were characterized by Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) showed indium concentrations of 2950 mg/kg. Then, reacting with NaOH 10% at 90 °C for 8 min can separate the silver electrodes on the surface of the cells, which realize the primary recovery of the silver electrode. After this, the influence of acid type, acid concentration, retention time and temperature on indium leaching was analyzed. Subsequently, the BBD method under response surface methodology was used to optimize the leaching rate. Optimum operating conditions include a leaching step for 148 min at 93.2 °C in the presence of H 2 SO 4 6 mol/L with extraction rate of 95.2% and validate the feasibility with determination coefficient (99.55%) of the RSM model. • A novel experimental method is proposed for recovering indium from waste crystalline silicon heterojunction (HJT) solar cells. • A process to recovery of valuable materials in the HJT cells is designed. • Optimization of indium recovery by using Response Surface Model (RSM).

Application and Practice of Virtual Simulation in ICP-OES Comprehensive Design Experiment

The virtual simulation and comprehensive experimental mode were introduced into the instrument analysis experiment course, the content of trace elements in food was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), and the instrument structure, experimental operation and data analysis were trained by virtual simulation software. The teachers reform the experimental content, teaching methods, and evaluation under the “combination of virtuality and reality + flipped classroom” mode, and instruct the students to design experimental programs independently. The aim is to shift students’ learning status, stimulate students’ desire to explore, arouse students’ initiative and enthusiasm, and tap students’ innovation potential.

Comparison of Serum, Plasma, and Liver Zinc Measurements by AAS, ICP-OES, and ICP-MS in Diverse Laboratory Settings

Progress improving zinc nutrition globally is slowed by limited understanding of population zinc status. This challenge is compounded when small differences in measurement can bias the determination of zinc deficiency rates. Our objective was to evaluate zinc analytical accuracy and precision among different instrument types and sample matrices using a standardized method. Participating laboratories analyzed zinc content of plasma, serum, liver samples, and controls, using a standardized method based on current practice. Instrument calibration and drift were evaluated using a zinc standard. Accuracy was evaluated by percent error vs. reference, and precision by coefficient of variation (CV). Seven laboratories in 4 countries running 9 instruments completed the exercise: 4 atomic absorbance spectrometers (AAS), 1 inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), and 4 ICP mass spectrometers (ICP-MS). Calibration differed between individual instruments up to 18.9% (p < 0.001). Geometric mean (95% CI) percent error was 3.5% (2.3%, 5.2%) and CV was 2.1% (1.7%, 2.5%) overall. There were no significant differences in percent error or CV among instrument types (p = 0.91, p = 0.15, respectively). Among sample matrices, serum and plasma zinc measures had the highest CV: 4.8% (3.0%, 7.7%) and 3.9% (2.9%, 5.4%), respectively (p < 0.05). When using standardized materials and methods, similar zinc concentration values, accuracy, and precision were achieved using AAS, ICP-OES, or ICP-MS. However, method development is needed for improvement in serum and plasma zinc measurement precision. Differences in calibration among instruments demonstrate a need for harmonization among laboratories.

Toxic and heavy metals contamination assessment in soil and water to evaluate human health risk

Due to urbanization and industrialization, there has been an increase in solid waste generation and has become a global concern and leakage of leachate from landfills contaminate the soil and groundwater and hence can have a severe impact on human health. The present study aimed to determine the composition of toxic metals (Cr, Mn, Cu, As) and heavy metals (Cd, Ba, Hg, Pb) in soil and water by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). To ensure accuracy during the analysis of Cr, Mn, Cu, As, Cd, Ba, Hg, and Pb in real samples, certified reference material (CRM, SRM 2709a) of San Joaquin soil and water (SRM 1640a) were analyzed and results were presented in terms of % recovery studies. The mean concentration of all the metals in soil and water did not exceed the limit set by the European Community (EU), WHO, and US EPA except Cu where the permissible limit defined by the EU is 50–140 mg/kg in soil. The soil is uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with respect to all metals except the Cu and Pb. Among the average daily dose (ADD) of soil, ADDing and ADDinh for children had the maximum dose for all metals than adults while ADDderm was higher in adults. Hazard quotient (HQ) trend in both adults and children was found in order HQing > HQderm > HQinh of soil for all metals except Ba which followed HQing > HQinh > HQderm. Hazard index (HI) values of soil for Cr and Pb in children were 7 and 7.5 times higher than adults respectively. Lifetime cancer risk (LCR) value for Cr by different exposure pathways of soil was 5.361 × 10−4 for children which are at the lower borderline of risk for cancer.

Human Risk Due to Radon and Heavy Metals in Soil.

Background:We investigated the human risk due to radon and heavy metals (HM) in soil.Methods:Samples were collected in 2017 from 10 representative geographical locations at Jazan region of southwestern Saudi Arabia and analyzed for elements (Al, Ca, Cu, Ni, Sr Fe, Mg, B, Co, Cr, V, Zn, Mn, Ba, Cd, and Pb). Elements were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Radon (Rn) was measured using solid-state nuclear detector (SSNTDs).Results:The maximum human risk was due to Al, which had the highest concentration, where the lowest human risk was due to Cd. The maximum radon concentration was obtained at El-Mazab area with value of 381.05 Bq/m3which leads to 6.55 mSv/y and 78.94 Bq/m2d annual effective doses and radon exhalant rate respectively. Average equivalent and effective dose to different organs due to radon concentration was estimated. Hazard Index due to both carcinogenic and non-cancer hazards were calculated it exceeds permissible level for child due to Nickel and Chromium hence there is a significant risk on children in the study area.Conclusion:HM concentrations were over limits in some places according to the human activities, municipal waste disposal, fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. In addition, soil is porous permit dispersion of radon to the atmosphere.

Chemically functionalized MIL-101-NH2 with cobalt(II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine: an efficient catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols and one-pot tandem conversion of alcohols to propargylamines

In this investigation, MIL-101-NH2 chemically functionalized with cobalt(II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine (CoTSPc) through a superior electrostatic interaction reaction. The configuration of the synthesized composite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). This spongy composite showed excellent catalytic activity in the aerobic oxidation reaction of primary and secondary benzylic alcohols. The generated catalyst's behavior was examined to synthesize propargylamines via tandem oxidative A3 coupling process to illustrate the maximum potential of the synthesized catalyst. Utilizing air as an oxidant, operational simplicity, easy preparation, apt yielding, non‐hazardous nature of the catalyst, and reusability are the essential advantages of this catalyst.

Evaluation and risk assessment of heavy metals in surface water collected along the Isipingo River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

ABSTRACT In this study, the pollution levels, sources, and ecological risks associated with five selected heavy metals (chromium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc)were evaluated in surface water, soil, and sediment systems along the Isipingo River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The surface water, soil and sediment samples collected along the river, were preserved, transported, and stored followed the standard procedures. Soil and sediment samples were digested for heavy metal determination using a microwave digestion system. The digested samples were quantitatively analysed using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The results demonstrate that majority of the targeted heavy metals were found below the detection limits in surface water except for iron (Fe), which was found within the concentration range of 9.54 to 46.76 µg/L. Lead was found below the detection limit in water, soil, and sediment samples, while other heavy metals were within the range not detected(ND)to 0.222 µg/kg dry weight and 0.212 µg/kg dry weight in soil and sediment respectively. The ecological risk assessment of the studied metals in soil and sediment systems from this riversignified that water from this river had less probable potential adverse effects on both animals and humans as well as benthic organisms.

Responses of Moringa oleifera to alteration in soil properties induced by calcium nanoparticles (CaNPs) on mineral absorption, physiological indices and photosynthetic indicators

BackgroundThe application of nanofertilisers in agriculture has been widely utilised due to their distinct characteristics and negative impacts of conventional chemical fertilisers. This study thus examined the influence of calcium nanoparticles (CaNPs) on soil composition vis-à-vis performance parameters in Moringa oleifera L exposed to water, 100 mg Ca(NO3)2kg−1 soil and 100, 75 and 50 mg CaNPs kg−1 soil. Soil morphology was determined with a scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX) and elemental composition in both soils and M. oleifera roots determined with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES).ResultsThe CaNP-amended soils were more crystalline, more fertile and had reduced salinity. An increase in immobilisation percentage of heavy metals, improvement in physiological parameters (percentage germination, vigour indices, relative water contents, lengths of roots and shoots) and photosynthetic efficiency in M. oleifera were recorded.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated that CaNPs could improve soil composition for better plant performance and can act as nanofertilisers mobilising essential nutrients.Graphical abstract

The Study of the Aorta Metallomics in the Context of Atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease, for which the etiology is so complex that we are currently unable to prevent it and effectively lower the statistics on mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Parallel to modern analyses in molecular biology and biochemistry, we want to carry out analyses at the level of micro- and macroelements in order to discover the interdependencies between elements during atherogenesis. In this work, we used the Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) to determine the content of calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, chromium, zinc, manganese, cadmium, lead, and zinc in the aorta sections of people who died a sudden death. We also estimated the content of metalloenzymes MMP-9, NOS-3, and SOD-2 using the immunohistochemical method. It was observed that with the age of the patient, the calcium content of the artery increased, while the content of copper and iron decreased. Very high correlations (correlation coefficient above 0.8) were observed for pairs of parameters in women: Mn–Ca, Fe–Cu, and Ca–Cd, and in men: Mn–Zn. The degree of atherosclerosis negatively correlated with magnesium and with cadmium. Chromium inhibited absorption of essential trace elements such as Cu and Fe due to its content being above the quantification threshold only if Cu and Fe were lower. Moreover, we discussed how to design research for the future in order to learn more about the pathomechanism of atherosclerosis and the effect of taking dietary supplements on the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases.

Microbial and Heavy Metal Contamination in Five Brands of Kohl Used in Sulaimani City

Kohl is a traditional eyeliner widely used among Middle East people. There is a growing concern about using Kohl due to its potential human health risks. Over the last decades, Kohl has gained a bad reputation due to its high contamination with microorganisms and the high concentration of heavy metals. This descriptive study aims to detect the microbial content and some heavy metals concentration such as lead and Antimony in kohl samples available in the local markets of Sulaimani city. Detection of microbial content was done by using six different types of culture media and gram staining techniques with some biochemical tests, and the final identification was done by the automated system VITEK 2. The analytical test for heavy metals was performed by using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The results showed that two samples were contaminated with uncommon gram-negative bacteria (Pantoea agglomerans and Dilftia acidovorans) and one with gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus mycoides) while there is no evidence for fungal contamination. The concentrations of lead in the two samples were over the limit with a remarkable concentration of 1491 and 1117 ppm. Also, an unacceptable concentration of Antimony was recorded in one sample with 10.65 ppm. According to our results, the brands of the kohl that are sold in Sulaimani city are not safe for use because it might serve as a vehicle for the transmission of potentially pathogenic organisms or loaded with heavy metal. Therefore, this cosmetic product must be thoroughly evaluated for safety before marketing.

Seasonal Examination of Heavy Metal Levels in Muscle Tissues of European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus, Walbaum 1792)

The sampling point of the research was determined as the shores of Çanakkale Strait, where fishing is dense. Seasonal sampling of European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus, Walbaum 1792) was made that caught by commercial fishing boats in Çanakkale Strait and rarely offered for consumption. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) allows analysis of trace, minor and major concentration levels of the chemical element, was used to determine the amount of heavy metals in the samples. Analysis of Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) heavy metals in samples was performed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were determined in muscle tissues of European pilchard. In the samples, Cd values were detected only in autumn, Cu level was found highest in winter, Fe and Zn levels were highest in spring and the level of Mn was observed higher in winter. Pb has not been detected in fish muscle dough in any season. Mn level has been obtained above the limit values and Cd level was found under the offered limits. As a result, it has been determined that the heavy metal accumulation in the muscle tissues of European pilchard caught from Çanakkale Strait increased seasonally in parallel with the increase of pollution.