Abstract
Due to urbanization and industrialization, there has been an increase in solid waste generation and has become a global concern and leakage of leachate from landfills contaminate the soil and groundwater and hence can have a severe impact on human health. The present study aimed to determine the composition of toxic metals (Cr, Mn, Cu, As) and heavy metals (Cd, Ba, Hg, Pb) in soil and water by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). To ensure accuracy during the analysis of Cr, Mn, Cu, As, Cd, Ba, Hg, and Pb in real samples, certified reference material (CRM, SRM 2709a) of San Joaquin soil and water (SRM 1640a) were analyzed and results were presented in terms of % recovery studies. The mean concentration of all the metals in soil and water did not exceed the limit set by the European Community (EU), WHO, and US EPA except Cu where the permissible limit defined by the EU is 50–140 mg/kg in soil. The soil is uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with respect to all metals except the Cu and Pb. Among the average daily dose (ADD) of soil, ADDing and ADDinh for children had the maximum dose for all metals than adults while ADDderm was higher in adults. Hazard quotient (HQ) trend in both adults and children was found in order HQing > HQderm > HQinh of soil for all metals except Ba which followed HQing > HQinh > HQderm. Hazard index (HI) values of soil for Cr and Pb in children were 7 and 7.5 times higher than adults respectively. Lifetime cancer risk (LCR) value for Cr by different exposure pathways of soil was 5.361 × 10−4 for children which are at the lower borderline of risk for cancer.
Highlights
Due to urbanization and industrialization, there has been an increase in solid waste generation and has become a global concern and leakage of leachate from landfills contaminate the soil and groundwater and can have a severe impact on human health
The mean concentration of Cd in both soil and water samples was found under the standard limit set by regulatory agencies like EU46, US EPA53 and WHO (0.005 mg L−1) but this soil is not suitable for gardening and agriculture because Cd concentration exceeds the limit set by US EPA (0.48 mg kg−1) and WHO (0.003 mg kg−1) respectively[54]
Toxic and heavy metals concentration in soil was found in following sequence Mn > Cr > Cu > As and Ba > Pb > Cd > Hg respectively whereas their concentration in water was found in following order Cu > Mn > As > Cr and Ba > Pb > Hg > Cd respectively
Summary
Due to urbanization and industrialization, there has been an increase in solid waste generation and has become a global concern and leakage of leachate from landfills contaminate the soil and groundwater and can have a severe impact on human health. The leakage of leachate from landfills contaminates the groundwater, soil, surface water, and natural ecosystems especially when the leachate is released uncontrolled, and can have a severe impact on environmental and human health[4,5]. The presence of several pollutants including suspended particles (organic and inorganic), toxic (TMs), and heavy metals (HMs) in landfill leachate is a matter of concern and it can pose a serious threat to public health as well as ecotoxicological impacts on terrestrial and aquatic e cosystems[1,8,9]. Excessive concentration of Pb in the blood can cause hypertension, damage the skeletal, immune system, endocrine, reduces intelligence potential in kids and among adults it affects the functioning of kidney and h eart[26,27,28]
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