Inductance Capacitance Research Articles

Research on Parameter Design and Control Method for Current Source Inverter–Fed IM Drive Systems

In the current source inverter (CSI)-fed inductor motor (IM) drive system, DC-bus inductance and AC-filter capacitance have a direct impact on the dynamic response speed, power quality and power density. In addition, due to the addition of filter capacitors, the mathematical model formed by the IM and capacitor is a third-order system, which increases the difficulty of parameter tuning for the control loop. To solve the above problems in the CSI, a DC-bus inductance design method based on current response speed and the ripple of the DC-link current and an AC-filter capacitance design method based on current utilization and filtering characteristics are presented. Then, the analytical expressions between the open-loop cut-off frequency, phase margin and the PI controller parameters of the current loop and speed loop are derived. Finally, an experimental platform is established to validate the proposed method.

A Unified Common Inductor and Common Capacitor Current Sharing Method for Multiphase LLC Converter

The common inductor and common capacitor current sharing technologies with excellent current sharing capabilities and low-cost have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. However, these methods have certain limitations. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a unified common inductor common capacitor scheme. Firstly, the existing common inductor and common capacitor methods are reviewed. Based on the first harmonic approximation (FHA) analysis method, the limitations of these schemes are analyzed, and we find that the current sharing performance is not well when the multi-resonant parameters are mismatched, which will cause the one-phase to bear more power, even over-powered and damaged. To realize a better current sharing of multi-phase LLC modules, a unified common inductor common capacitor method is proposed in this article, where the series resonant inductors and resonant capacitors in each LLC converter are connected in parallel. The current sharing performance of the proposed method is analyzed by the FHA analysis method, and the proof-of-concept prototype with a 480W 24V two-phase LLC converter was built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Simulation and experimental results show that the current sharing error of the proposed method is 2.1% under half load and 0.9% under full load.

Wireless and Battery-Free Biosensor Based on Parallel Resonators for Monitoring a Wide Range of Biosignals

This paper proposes a novel wireless, battery-free, and label-free biosensor for minimally invasive and non-invasive permittivity sensing for applications such as detecting glucose levels in the interstitial dermal fluid. The miniaturized, fully passive sensor is based on two symmetric parallel 0.8 mm$^3$ LC (inductor-capacitor) resonators. Each inductor is integrated with a conductive plate at one of its terminals. The passive sensor's main field is dominant outside the resonators, creating an effective capacitance outside the sensor, unlike reported in previous studies where the effective capacitance was limited to between the resonator lines. The proposed sensor was further analyzed under two different scenarios to change the region of effective capacitance and test its suitability for pressure monitoring, such as wound monitoring; first, by repositioning one of the two resonators, and second, by replacing one of the resonators with a conductive plate. The experimental results confirmed the proposed passive sensor's performance in detecting the glucose concentration in an aqueous solution with a sensitivity of 500 and 46 kHz/(mg/dL) for minimal invasive and non-invasive monitoring, respectively, within the glucose range of 0-500 mg/dL with volume sample requirements as low as 60 $\mu$L. Further, by repositioning one of the resonators, the effective capacitance lies inside the passive sensor, making it suitable for wound monitoring. The results indicated that the resonance shift can be made fairly linear with respect to the variation in the separation between the resonators with a sensitivity of 2.5$\times 10^3$ MHz/mm within the separation range of 0.2-0.5 mm, considering separation as the main factor to sense the pressure or healing of the wound.

Learning to Track Monofrequency Multiaxis 3-D Passive Magnetic Markers

Magnetic tracking is useful in many motion tracking applications and free from the line-of-sight (occlusion) limitations that is the drawback of many popular optical tracking systems. Previously, multiaxis magnetic markers relied on time multiplex or frequency multiplex methods to separately sense inductor–capacitor (LC) coils in different axes, which introduce bandwidth or speed limitations. In this article, we propose a novel data-driven magnetic tracking approach whose markers are based on multiple LC coils in the same resonance frequency. Our approach utilizes deep learning to determine the complex flux distribution of monofrequency multiaxis magnetic markers where simulation results are the training data. Classic numerical methods struggle to achieve the same process. With this approach, we build a new magnetic tracking system that pursues multiaxis passive markers and overcomes the original tracking principle’s dead-angle limitation. With the flexibility of deep learning, we can design markers with more than three axes. Our experimental result also shows that compared to classic three-axis markers, more LC coils in different axes actually improve the tracking accuracy. Our approach not only helps build a new tracking system based on a wireless magnetic tracking principle, but can also be applied in any multiaxis magnetic tracking system.

A Control Strategy for Wireless EV Charging System to Improve Weak Coupling Output Based on Variable Inductor and Capacitor

The double-sided inductor capacitor capacitor topology has been proposed in some national standards for wireless charging systems. However, misalignment between the transmitting and receiving coils usually leads to detuning and weak coupling, resulting in low output power and inefficiency. To improve power output under weak coupling, this article proposes a control method based on the variable inductor and capacitor (VLC). First, it is deduced that the zero phase angle input and full output power can be achieved by VLC regulation under certain misalignment. Second, the variable inductor using an EE-shaped core and pulsewidth modulation controlled capacitor are applied to achieve VLC regulation, and the principles and implementation of VLC are analyzed. Third, as the coupling coefficient <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> can be identified through the primary electrical parameters, a convenient and accurate coupling coefficient identification method is utilized to help VLC regulation. Finally, a prototype with a 3.3 kW output power and an 87.5% maximum system efficiency (dc–dc) is built to validate the proposed method. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis, proving that the output power is almost constant when <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> varies from 0.08 to 0.18.

An Enhanced Reactive Power Compensation Scheme Using a Synthesis Segmental Multilevel Converted for Three-Phase Grid Systems

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have gained significant attention due to their easy implementation and availability, where proper energy management should be highly concentrated for a successful PV power utilization. In the traditional works, various controlling techniques have been developed for reactive power compensation. But, it lacks with the issues of reduced system performance, increased loss, and high harmonics. Hence, this paper aims to develop a new controlling methodology, named the Synthesis Segmental Multilevel Converter (SSMC) for reactive power compensation in a three-phase grid system. Initially, it extracts the maximum amount of power from the solar PV systems by using an Enhanced Perturb and Observe (EPO) method. Then, the panel separation is performed and the three-phase power input is given to the SSMC converter, where the synchronization and switching pulse generation processes are performed. During synchronization, integrated techniques such as Proportional Integral (PI), Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), and Improved Artificial Neural Network (IANN) are utilized to maintain the voltage, magnitude and phase angle in the same level. Consequently, the Inductance Capacitance (LC) filtering technique is applied to reduce the harmonics distortion in the signal. After that, the Park transformation is used to perform the dq0 to abc transformation, which is implemented for reducing the high volume of error. Finally, the error-free signal is fed to the three-phase grid system with reduced harmonics. During experimentation, both the simulation and analytical results have been taken for analyzing the performance of the proposed technique. Moreover, it is compared to the existing algorithms for proving the betterment of the proposed methodology.

Analytical Solution for Transient Reactive Elements for DC-DC Converter Circuits

This paper develops an analytical method for modeling the inductor currents and capacitor voltages (ICCV) of a generic DC-DC converter system. The purpose of the designed methodology is to propose a new generalized modeling technique for DC-DC converter systems that accurately models the transient behavior of those systems. The modeled converter is assumed to operate over some number of circuit stages. Each circuit stage can be separately modeled as a linear time-invariant (LTI) system that is solved through the uni-lateral Laplace transform. Furthermore, the initial conditions (ICs) of these LTI systems are related through different algebraic expressions and discrete-time difference equations that originate from the continuity of the ICCV with respect to time. These discrete-time difference equations are then solved with the uni-lateral Z-transform to determine the ICs of the ICCV at each switching period. The generalized theoretical analysis is applied to the study of the transient behavior of the buck-boost converter across various different circuit parameters. This analysis justified with laboratory experimentation of the buck-boost converter, and the transient behavior of the buck-boost converter is compared for each experimental parameter set. The experimental results and the theoretical analysis provide very similar results across the different converter parameters.

394 Young Scholar Award Talk: Evaluation of new Markers to Predict Sperm Longevity and Bull Fertility

Abstract Bull fertility is currently evaluated through a breeding soundness exam (BSE) that can detect infertile/sterile bulls with high accuracy; however, subfertile bulls are often classified as satisfactory breeders. In the first study, Angus bulls (n=5) were used to evaluate the effect of different insemination doses (10, 20 and 40 million sperm/dose) on pregnancy/fixed-time AI (P/FTAI; cows n=4,866). The interaction between insemination dose and bull was not significant (P=0.53), and there was no effect of insemination dose on P/FTAI (P=0.31); however, there was an effect of bull on P/FTAI (P &amp;lt;0.01). Two bulls had high, one bull had average, and two bulls had low fertility. Post-thaw sperm analysis was performed by computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and flow cytometry; however, analysis performed could not explain field fertility differences. In a second study, Angus and Angus crosses bulls were used to investigate differences in sperm longevity between epididymal and ejaculated sperm. Epididymal and ejaculated semen was incubated at pH 5.8, 6.8, or 7.3. Proteins in epididymal fluid, seminal plasma, and proteins loosely attached to epididymal and ejaculated sperm were also investigated. It was identified that epididymal sperm maintained viability longer compared to ejaculated sperm regardless of media pH (P &amp;lt;0.05). Ejaculated sperm had increased longevity (total motility &amp;gt;20%) at pH 6.8 compared to pH 5.8 or 7.3. There were 458 unique proteins between all samples; 311 and 178 in epididymal fluid and seminal plasma, respectively, and 334 and 298 on epididymal and ejaculated sperm, respectively. Based on comparative proteomics, epididymal sperm energy metabolism is more glycolytic compared to ejaculated sperm. In addition, there were greater numbers of antioxidants available for epididymal sperm likely to maintain reactive oxygen species (ROS) at low concentrations to inhibit premature sperm activation. From this dataset, three proteins that are associated with cell-to-cell interaction were studied [plasma serine protease inhibitor (SERPINA5), dystroglycan (DAG1), and CD9]. Among dairy bulls, SERPINA5 and DAG1 were not associated with field fertility; thus, they are not potential fertility markers. The protein CD9 was evaluated to determine whether induction of sperm capacitation (in vitro) could be used to estimate/predict bulls fertility differences. Semen samples from first study were evaluated for total motility (CASA), and functional sperm analysis (flow cytometry) at pre-wash, post-wash, h 0, 3, 6, and 24 of incubation. Sperm analysis were not able to estimate fertility differences between high and average fertility bulls; however, low fertility bulls had decreased (P &amp;lt;0.05) viability, zinc signature 2, and zinc signature1 + 2, and had increased (P &amp;lt;0.05) dead CD9+ sperm. In summary, the use of an insemination dose of 10-40 million sperm can generate acceptable P/FTAI, and evaluation of CD9, viability and zinc signatures may increase the industry’s ability to estimate fertility of bulls that pass a BSE.

Multispectral plasmonic biosensors based on a Penta-supercell metamaterial for detection of prostate-specific antigen: Ultrasensitive in LC resonance mode

Here, the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was done using a refractive index sensor based on a plasmonic Penta-supercells metamaterial array. The proposed Penta-supercells metamaterial array consists of four split ring-shaped supercells and a multiplication-shaped supercell in the middle. The results were validated using the three-dimensional Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical method. The detection of low-concentration biomolecules is a typical drawback of conventional plasmonic biosensors. Our designed Penta-supercells shape biosensor benefits from an ultra-sensitivity. In our designed biosensor, simultaneous excitations of three main plasmon (inductance–capacitance (LC), quadrupole, and dipole) modes can occur, and the LC mode shows a superior sensitivity. The structure was designed optimally, and three different types of metals (Au, Ag, and Al) were examined. LC mode appeiers in Ag and Au and this mode is not seen in Al. Also, the results of this study show the superiority of Ag to Au and Al. Based on the results of this study, the proposed structure achieves a record high sensitivity of 2256 nm/RIU in LC mode and high sensitivity of 1022 nm/RIU in quadrupole mode, and 494 nm/RIU in dipole mode. As another result, the proposed structure is insensitive to orthogonal polarization. The full utilization of these three resonance plasmon modes shows bright prospects for multi-spectral application. In the case of biosensor application, the designed Penta-supercells-based biosensor and its ultra-high sensitivity of 2256 nm/RIU (4.5 times larger than the sensitivity of conventional plasmonic structures) can help the medical to detect low concentrations.

More Enhanced Swing Colpitts Oscillators: A Circuit Analysis

In this paper, we show that an additional inductor–capacitor–inductor filter can increase the oscillation amplitude of the enhanced swing Colpitts oscillator (ESCO), and call this topology the more enhanced swing Colpitts oscillator (mESCO). When it is connected with a rectifier, the DC–DC boost conversion ratio can be increased, especially for low-voltage sensor ICs or energy harvesting. This paper focuses on the electrical characteristics of mESCO. The oscillation frequency was modeled as a function of the circuit parameters of mESCO. The common gate voltage gain (ACG), defined by the ratio of the drain voltage amplitude to the source voltage amplitude of the switching MOSFET of mESCO, was also modeled under the assumption that all the circuit elements are ideal. The model was validated with a SPICE simulation. For ACG &lt; 1.5, the model was in good agreement with the SPICE results within 10%. In addition, the drain voltage amplitude vda was modeled by assuming that the average transconductance of the MOSFET in a half cycle is null when the long-channel Shockley model is used. vda needs to be sufficiently high to have a large DC–DC boost conversion ratio. The model can predict the tendency that vda increases as ACG approaches unity. We found that the voltage difference of the drain voltage amplitude to the source voltage amplitude is a constant even when the circuit parameters, and thereby ACG are varied.

Performance analysis of Cu/CNT-based TSV: impact on crosstalk and power

This paper presents a new approach to implement a compact resistance–inductance–capacitance–conductance (RLCG) model for carbon nanotube (CNT) and Cu-based differently shaped through-silicon vias (TSVs) in 3-D ICs. The model primarily comprises the effect of bump, inter-metal dielectric, and eddy currents. Using the proposed model, a mathematical formulation for the coaxial-, cylindrical-, and tapered-based via parasitics is derived using the concept of partial inductance, sectioning the via laterally into infinitesimally thin slices and triangular inter-tube assemblage, respectively. The analytical model is validated against fabrication-based experimental results and subsequently employed for crosstalk-induced delay, peak noise, and power losses analysis. Additionally, for the further validation, the S parameter for the Pi-based model is derived, and compared with an electromagnetic simulator to benchmark the proposed model. The consistency between the analytical and EM simulation-based results further confirms the validity of the proposed model. A significant improvement in the power losses, crosstalk, and peak noise can be observed using the CNT-based tapered TSV compared to the Cu-based via structures. Additionally, it is shown that, irrespective of via height, the average crosstalk-induced delay, peak noise, signal transmission, and reflection loss of the TSV with tapered-shaped 15-shell CNT bundle are reduced by 22.82, 27.80, 47.63 and 33.71%, respectively, compared to the Cu.

Wave Active Low Pass Filter Employing Modern Active Block VDDIBA

This paper presents a second and third-order wave active low pass filter (WALPF) using modern active block Voltage Differencing Differential Input Buffered Amplifier (VDDIBA) with a lower supply voltage of 1V. The wave-active approach is chosen for the filter designing to get a higher order, lower sensitivity, modular and stable filter structure. The design procedure of WALPF involves the implementation of wave-active equivalent for series inductor and shunt capacitor. And it needs to realize the subtractor block physically, and the lossy subtractor integrator block using VDDIBA gives a flavor of differencing voltage property. So, the physical implementation of the subtractor block and the lossy subtractor integrator block goes very smoothly using this block. It is considered a possible reason for reducing active blocks and passive components. Theoretical justification of the proposed WALPF is achieved by using the wave-equivalent concept of the wave-active approach. This method of WAF design consists of only one resistor and capacitor, making the filter structure less complex easy to use with a cut-off frequency of 10MHz. Finally, the workability test is examined with the PSPICE simulation that results in the WALPF frequency response using 180 nm TSMC CMOS technology parameter for VDDIBA.

Injected power control for grid-connected converter based on particle swarm optimization

Inductance–capacitance–inductance (LCL) filters are very attractive candidates for renewable energy system applications due to their high efficiency, high harmonic reduction, small bulk, and improved harmonic distortion (THD). These papers take advantage of the capabilities of renewable energy sources and inject them into the network by using an inverter when it enters work at high loads at certain times. Therefore, it is necessary to control power with certain controllers. The proportional-integral controller (PI) is used; conventional methods for tuning the controller parameters cannot give satisfactory performance due to the high instability of the closed-loop system. This paper presents the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method for tuning the controller's parameters to achieve optimum performance associated with sufficient stability margin. The mathematical models for the LCL filter and the frequency response were investigated by using the bode-plot. The proposed approach shows effective results for both power control and harmonic reduction. The proposed PI-PSO controller gives overshoot (1.08%), settling time (0.03 sec), rise time (0.00035 sec) and improved THD from 10.29% to 1.67% with compared to using the trial and error method, which gives (1.035%), (0.015) and (0.003) and THD from 10.23% to 1.575%, respectively.

Design of a Novel Multiphase Interleaved Boost Converter with Split Inductance and Bypass Capacitance

The increasing use of renewable energy sources for energy-saving causes the heavy reliance on DC-DC converters, most prominently the boost converter. However, the standard boost converter limits the resulting voltage and introduces a high current ripple which may draw discontinuous current from the source, further worsening the switching noise that may spread to neighboring circuits. This research proposes a new method, split inductance and bypass capacitance, to suppress the input current ripple and increase voltage gain. The splitting of the two components allows improved filtering between the source and the power stage of the converter and provides a two-way noise limiter. Computer simulations were conducted to compare the performance of the standard with the proposed multiphase boost converters. Results show that the input current ripple was 2.42% for the 4-phase standard boost converter and 0.049% for the proposed multiphase interleaved boost converter. Furthermore, the voltage gain is 1.35 for the standard multiphase boost and 1.61 for the proposed multiphase interleaved boost converter.

Miniaturized VHF‐band LTCC balun using L‐C surrounded resonator

AbstractA miniaturized lumped‐element balun is proposed for the very high frequency band applications. The miniaturization is accomplished by the inductor–capacitor (L‐C) surrounded resonator, which places a vertically interdigital‐capacitor inside spiral inductor for higher integration. The L‐C surrounded resonator only takes up one element's area without increasing the number of substrate layers. The balun is built on a 10‐layer thickness low temperature co‐fired ceramic substrate and has the smallest reported size of only 0.004 × 0.003 × 0.0003λg. Moreover, the proposed balun also has a second‐order harmonic suppression of 40 dB. Furthermore, thermal boundary analysis, comparisons, and discussions are also implemented.

Interoperability study of wireless charging system with unipolar and bipolar coils based on capacitor–inductor–capacitor–capacitor–series​ topology

Wireless charging for electric vehicles (EVs) enjoys advantages such as automation, safety, and convenience. For the most popular magnetic induction wireless power transfer (WPT) technology, different coupled coils are utilized such as the unipolar coil, the bipolar coil, and the quadruple coil. Thus, the interoperability of different coil types should be solved. Particularly, the transmitter should be interoperable with different receiving coil types, able to charge different EVs This paper proposes an interoperable solution for the two most popular coil types: the unipolar coil and the bipolar coil. The unipolar and bipolar coils are adopted on the transmitter side. Based on the transmitter-side capacitor–inductor–capacitor–capacitor (CLCC) compensation and the alteration of the switching pattern, when the receiving coil is a unipolar coil, the transmitter-side unipolar coil can work as the power transmission coil and the bipolar coil can work as the compensating inductor; when the receiving coil is a bipolar coil, the transmitter-side bipolar coil can work as the power transmission coil and the unipolar coil can work as the compensating inductor. In this way, the transmitter can be interoperable with the unipolar or bipolar receiving coil. The mathematical mode is built. A simulation model and an experimental prototype is established to validate the effectiveness of the proposal. The experimental results show that the interoperability of the receiver-side unipolar or bipolar coil can be achieved.

Impact of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) on Epithelial Sodium Channels (ENaCs) in human sperm

Hyperpolarization is associated with decreased intracellular Na+ concentration through the closure of the epithelial Na+ channels (ENaCs) during capacitation. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved in the regulation of Na+ transport by reducing ENaC-β abundance in the plasma membrane in somatic cells. However, it is not known whether AMPK acts on ENaCs in sperm. The aim of the present study was to analyze the role of AMPK activation in the regulation of ENaC and to examine its relationship with capacitation-associated hyperpolarization of human sperm. Human sperm were treated with AICAR (AMPK activator) in non-capacitating and capacitating conditions. AMPK activity and ENaC-β concentration were evaluated by ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to measure tyrosine phosphorylation, hyperpolarization, intracellular Na+ concentration and acrosome reaction. Immunofluorescence staining was carried out to analyze the distribution of ENaC-β and CD46 in sperm. We found that induction of capacitation triggered AMPK phosphorylation. AMPK activation by AICAR increased tyrosine phosphorylation. AICAR decreased ENaC-β levels, mainly localized at the principal-piece of the flagellum, resulting in lower intracellular Na+ concentration and increased hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. Altogether, these data provide evidence that AMPK activation is involved in capacitation-associated hyperpolarization by reducing ENaC abundance in human sperm.

Fully integrated topological electronics

Topological insulators (TIs) have attracted significant attention in photonics and acoustics due to their unique physical properties and promising applications. Electronics has recently emerged as an exciting arena to study various topological phenomena because of its advantages in building complex topological structures. Here, we explore TIs on an integrated circuit (IC) platform with a standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. Based on the Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model, we design a fully integrated topological circuit chain using multiple capacitively-coupled inductor–capacitor resonators. We perform comprehensive post-layout simulations on its physical layout to observe and evaluate the salient topological features. Our results demonstrate the existence of the topological edge state and the remarkable robustness of the edge state against various defects. Our work shows the feasibility and promise of studying TIs with IC technology, paving the way for future explorations of large-scale topological electronics on the scalable IC platform.

Power Losses Reduction of T-Type Grid-Connected Converters Based on Tolerant Sequential Model Predictive Control

Three-level T-type converters (3LT <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> C) with inductance–capacitance–inductance filters have high power quality of grid current, particularly in the low-voltage system. However, the switching loss and conduction losses degrade the overall efficiency of 3LT <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> C. The generated heat due to the losses endangers the reliability of the device and shortens its service life. To relieve the power losses as well as maintain high-quality current output, a low-loss-tolerant sequential model predictive control (LL-TSMPC) is proposed. First, based on the energy loss analysis under switching transitions per commutation, the prediction models of both switching loss and conduction loss are established. Second, the total loss reduction is considered as one control objective in LL-TSMPC. Finally, because multiobjective model predictive control (MPC) requires selecting appropriate weighting factors, complicating the design to solve this problem, TSMPC-based lexicographic optimization is introduced to eliminate the tradeoff factors and simplify the MPC controller design. The proposed method is tested on the hardware platform with the rated power of a 10-kW prototype. The experimental results show that the LL-TSMPC method can effectively reduce the switching losses while maintaining the high power quality of the grid current.

A Hybrid Inductive Power Transfer System with High Misalignment Tolerance Using Double-DD Quadrature Pads

Inductive power transfer (IPT) has been widely adopted as an efficient and convenient charging manner for both static and in-motion EVs. In this paper, a new hybrid topology is presented to improve the coupling tolerance under pad misalignment. The double inductor–capacitor–capacitor (LCC-LCC) network and series hybrid network combining the LCC-LCC topology and series-series (SS) topology are connected in parallel to provide better tolerance against self- and mutual inductance changes, particularly with a large Z-axis transmission distance. A double-DD quadrature pad (DD2Q) consists of a Q pad, and double orthogonal DD pads are analyzed in detail, which are employed to decouple the cross-mutual inductance. Moreover, a parametric design method based on the misalignment characteristics of the DD2Q pads is also proposed to maintain relatively constant power output. A 650-W hybrid topology with a fixed operating frequency of 85 kHz was built to verify the system’s feasibility. The size of the DD2Q pads was 280 mm × 280 mm, and the air gap was 100 mm. The results clearly show that the proposed hybrid topology can achieve a fluctuation within 5% in the output current with load varying from 100% full load to 25% light load conditions when the Z-axis transmission distance varies from 80 mm to 150 mm, and the maximum efficiency can reach 91% when the Z-axis transmission distance is 80 mm.