Induced Hind Paw Edema Research Articles

The Comparative Effect of Medicinal Herb Feverfew with that of a Synthetic Parthenolide to Assess the Expression of Inducible Cyclo-oxygenase and Anti-inflammatory Activity

Aims: This paper describes the expression of inducible cyclooxygenase and anti-inflammatory of medicinal herb feverfew with a synthetic parthenolide. Study Design: In vivo model to study the expression of inducible cyclooxygenase and anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract of T. parthenium and synthetic compound parthenolide. Place and Duration of Study: Central Research Laboratory, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Derlakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India between August 2015 and November 2015. Methodology: The inhibitory effect of COX-1 and COX -2 were assessed in the serum of mice with the treated groups of aqueous and ethanolic extract of T. parthenium (100 mg/kg) and synthetic compound parthenoilde (4 mg/kg) using Cayman’s COX activity assay kit. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by Ethyl phenylpropiolate induced ear edema and carrageenan induced hind paw edema. Results: The ability of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of T. parthenium (100 mg/kg) and synthetic compound parthenoilde (4 mg/kg) to inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) was significant when compared to control. T. parthenium leaf extracts and synthetic compound reduced the Ethyl phenylpropiolate induced ear edema and carrageenan induced hind paw edema respectively. Conclusion: The result indicates that the inhibitory effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of T. parthenium and synthetic compound parthenoilde anti-inflammatory activity by Carrageenan induced paw edema and Ethyl phenylpropiolate induced ear edema reduced the inflammation demonstrated through the reduction of vascular permeability may be due to the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase leading to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Hence the study suggests that selected plants can be considered as a resource for searching novel anti-inflammatory agents possessing COX-2 inhibition.

In vivo and In vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Indazole and Its Derivatives.

The inflammatory response is closely intertwined with the process of repair. However in some diseases the inflammatory response may be exaggerated and sustained without apparent benefit and even with severe adverse complications. For decades, we have been primarily relying upon Nonsteroidal (NSAID) and Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory agents for management of various inflammatory conditions. However, adverse effects of these drugs are severe which often leads to patient's non-compliance with inadequate relief. Therefore, there has been a constant pursuit to develop newer anti - inflammatory treatment with fewer side effects. The study was designed to investigate the possible anti- inflammatory activity of indazole, its derivatives and to further investigate the possible cellular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effect. Carrageenan induced hind paw oedema in rats was employed to study the acute anti-inflammatory activity of indazole and its derivatives. Further, the role of cyclooxygenase - 2, pro-inflammatory cytokines like Tumour Necrosis Factor - α, Interleukin - 1β and free radical scavenging activity (LPO, DPPH and NO) in the action of indazole and its derivatives was investigated using in vitro assays. SPSS version 16.0 software was used for analyse the anti-inflamatory data. The IC50 values of indazole and its derivatives obtained in in vitro experiments were calculated by linear regression analysis. Indazole and its derivatives significantly, dose dependently and time dependently inhibited carrageenan induced hind paw oedema. In addition, the test compounds inhibited cyclooxygenase-2, pro-inflammatory cytokines and free radicals in a concentration dependent manner. The results of the present study revealed the potential anti-inflammatory action of investigated indazoles. The inhibition of cyclooxygenase -2, cytokines and free radicals may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect of the test compounds.

Effect of Carnosine in Experimental Arthritis and on Primary Culture Chondrocytes.

Carnosine's (CARN) anti-inflammatory potential in autoimmune diseases has been but scarcely investigated as yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of CARN in rat adjuvant arthritis, in the model of carrageenan induced hind paw edema (CARA), and also in primary culture of chondrocytes under H2O2 injury. The experiments were done on healthy animals, arthritic animals, and arthritic animals with oral administration of CARN in a daily dose of 150 mg/kg b.w. during 28 days as well as animals with CARA treated by a single administration of CARN in the same dose. CARN beneficially affected hind paw volume and changes in body weight on day 14 and reduced hind paw swelling in CARA. Markers of oxidative stress in plasma and brain (malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, protein carbonyls, and lag time of lipid peroxidation) and also activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase were significantly corrected by CARN. CARN also reduced IL-1alpha in plasma. Suppression of intracellular oxidant levels was also observed in chondrocytes pretreated with CARN. Our results obtained on two animal models showed that CARN has systemic anti-inflammatory activity and protected rat brain and chondrocytes from oxidative stress. This finding suggests that CARN might be beneficial for treatment of arthritic diseases.

Anti-nociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Effects of the Methanol Extract of Annona senegalensis Root Bark

Objective : To investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of Annona senegalensis in mice and rats. Materials and Methods : The analgesic effects of the methanolic extract were studied using acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test and formalin test, while the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using the egg-albumin induced hind paw oedema in rats. Results : The methanolic extract exhibited antinociceptive activity against the acetic acid writhing test, hot plate test and the late phase of formaline induced nociception and significant anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion : The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of the methanolic extract might be through peripheral mechanisms and thus justifying its folkloric use in the treatement of rheumatic pain.

Evaluation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of the rhizomes of Rumex abyssinicus J. (Polygonaceae) in mice.

BackgroundRumex abyssinicus Jacq (Polygonaceae) is widely used in Ethiopia for treatment of wound and other diseases. Although reports are available in the literature on some of the claimed activities, nothing has so far been reported about the wound healing activity of R. abyssinicus. Thus, this work was initiated to investigate the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of 80 % methanol extract of the rhizomes of R. abyssinicus in mice.MethodsFollowing extraction of the rhizomes of the plant with 80 % methanol, the extract was formulated as ointment (5 % & 10 % w/w) with simple ointment base B.P. The ointment was then evaluated for wound healing activity using excision and incision wound models. Parameters, including wound contraction, epithelization time and hydroxyproline content were determined using the excision model, whereas tensile strength was measured from the incision model. In parallel, anti-inflammatory activity of the rhizome was evaluated with carrageenan induced hind paw edema model by dissolving the 80 % methanol extract in 1 % carboxyl methyl cellulose and administering orally in various doses (250, 500 and 750 mg/kg).ResultsWound treated with 5 % and 10 % (w/w) hydroalcoholic extract ointment exhibited significant wound healing activity in both models, as evidenced by increased wound contraction, shorter epithelization time, higher tissue breaking strength and increased hydroxyproline content. The hydroalcoholic extract also produced dose-related significant reduction (p < 0.05–0.001) of inflammation.ConclusionsThe results of this study demonstrated that the hydroalcoholic extract of the rhizomes of R. abyssinicus facilitated wound healing at least in part via its anti-inflammatory activity, supporting its traditional claim as a wound healing agent.

Anti-inflammatory effect of certain dimethoxy flavones.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of four dimethoxy flavone derivatives; 7,2'-dimethoxy flavone, 7,3'-dimethoxy flavone, 7,4'-dimethoxy flavone and 7,8,-dimethoxy flavone and to investigate the possible cellular mechanisms involved. The acute anti-inflammatory effect of dimethoxy flavones was investigated by carrageenan induced hind paw oedema in rats. Further, the effect of dimethoxy flavones on certain mediators of pain and inflammation like cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and free radical scavenging activity (NO and LPO) were investigated by using in vitro tests. The investigated dimethoxy flavones produced a significant, dose and time dependent reduction of carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats with a maximum inhibition of 52.4% observed for 7,4'-dimethoxy flavone. Although, the test compounds inhibited both the isoforms of cyclooxygenase, a higher degree of inhibition on COX-2 was evident. A concentration dependent inhibition of other inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β was identified in the present study. 7,4'-dimethoxy flavone was found to be maximally effective in inhibiting nitrite ion free radical generation and 7,8-dimethoxy flavone was more active in inhibiting lipid peroxidation than the other compounds. The results of the present study reveal the anti-inflammatory action of the investigated dimethoxy flavones. Inhibition of cyclooxygenases, cytokines and reactive oxygen species, observed in subsequent experiments may be suggested as possible mechanisms involved in the action of these compounds.

Topical Anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extract ointment of Ageratum conyzoïdes L. in wistar rat

Leaves of Ageratum Conyzoides commomly known as medicinal and is reported as antiinflammatory in traditional literature. So, the present research work has been entrepis with the ointment of aqueous extract of this plant for phytochemical screening and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect. The carrageenan induced Hind paw edema method has been used by plethysmometer. Indometacin used as reference drug and control group receive by local application valiselin. In the Carrageenan test, the ointment inhibited the first phase (200 mg/kg) and the second phase (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg). Also, the result of cotton pellet test shown that ointment of aqueous extract of Ageratum Conyzoides present a significantly (P<0.05) potent anti–inflammatory activity by inhibitory effect on mean increase on granuloma. Phytochemical screenings of leaves extract revealed the presence of: tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and acids amines. In acute oral toxicity study, it was observed no mortality at dosesup to 5000mg/kg. The antiedematogenic effect, reduction on the exudate volume and leukocyte mobilization was observed at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The results indicated that A. Conyzoides possessed the anti-inflammatory activity; it’s confirmed this using by population.

Evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant and anti-coagulant properties of Lactuca sativa (CV. Grand Rapids) plant tissues and cell suspension in rats.

BackgroundLactuca sativa (lettuce) has been traditionally used for relieving pain, inflammation, stomach problems including indigestion and lack of appetite. Moreover, the therapeutic significance of L. sativa includes its anticonvulsant, sedative-hypnotic and antioxidant properties.MethodsIn the present study, the MC (methanol and chloroform; 1:1) and aqueous extracts of seed and leaf along with cell suspension exudate were prepared. These extracts were explored for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant and anticoagulant effects by hot plate analgesic assay; carrageenan induced hind paw edema test, forced swimming test and capillary method for blood clotting respectively in a rat model. The results were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Turkey multiple comparison test.ResultsInterestingly, the extracts and the cell suspension exudate showed dual inhibition by reducing pain and inflammation. The results indicated that the aqueous extracts of leaf exhibited highest analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities followed by leaf MC, cell suspension exudate, seed aqueous and seed MC extracts. The current findings show that aqueous and MC extracts of seed have the least immobility time in the forced swimming test, which could act as an anti-depressant on the central nervous system. The leaf extracts and cell suspension exudate also expressed moderate anti-depressant activities. In anticoagulant assay, the coagulation time of aspirin (positive control) and MC extract of leaf was comparable, suggesting strong anti-coagulant effect. Additionally, no abnormal behavior or lethality was observed in any animal tested.ConclusionTaken together, L. sativa can potentially act as a strong herbal drug due to its multiple pharmaceutical effects and is therefore of interest in drug discovery and development of formulations.

Investigations of phytochemical, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of Ixora pavetta Andrews leaf

Ixora pavetta Andrews, (var.: I. Parviflora Vahl.) is a small tree or evergreen shrub belongs to the family Rubiaceae, and is used for many ailments, especially for the treatment of to treat chronic wounds, urinary diseases, skin infection, pulmonary troubles, liver disorder, hair tonic, sedative, diuretic, diarrhoea, dysentery, leucorrhoea and veneral diseases. Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanol exract of I. pavetta leaf showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponin glycoside. In the analgesic activity, ethanol extract provoked a significant reduction of the number of writhes in acetic acid-induced writhing response, also significantly reduced the licking time in both phases of the formalin test and highest analgesia in hot-plate test (P &lt; 0.01) compared to the control group. The anti-inflammatory effects were investigated employing the both carrageenan and arachidonic acid -induced hind-paw oedema in rats and results of the study revealed the extract to have significant (P &lt; 0.05) anti-inflammatory effects at a dose of 400 and 600 mg/kg p.o., rats in both the models. The antipyretic activity was evaluated using Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats and the extract showed significant lowering of body temperature in rats at doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg p.o., and no promising results with 200 mg/kg dose level. These findings suggest that ethanol extract of I. pavetta leaves possess potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretics effects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnpa.v27i1.12146 Journal of Nepal Pharmaceutical Association 2014 Vol.XXVII: 20-27

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous leafextract of &lt;i&gt;Combretum micranthumg&lt;/i&gt;. Don (&lt;i&gt;Combretaceae&lt;/i&gt;)

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Combretum micranthum were studied in mice and rats. The extract was screened for analgesic activity; using acetic acid induced writhing in mice and formalin induced paw licking test in rats. Anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using formalin induced hind paw oedema in rats. Results showed that, at a dose of 200 mg/kg the extract significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced the number of abdominal constrictions in mice and at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, the extract significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced the licking time in rats in the formalin induced paw licking test. The extract at doses of 50,100 and 200 mg/kg significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced hind paw oedema in rats from the first hour of formalin administration. The intraperitoneal LD50 value of the extract was found to be 2,154.1mg/kgin mice and 2,852.l mg/kg in rats. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant extract may probably be due to the presence of phytochemical contents.Keywords: Combrentum micranthum, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Mice, Rats.

Scientific Assessment Of The Anti-Inflammatory And Wound Healing Potential Of Campanula Lyrata Subsp. Lyrata, A Turkish Folk Remedy

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of the extracts prepared from the aerial parts of Campanula lyrata Lam. subsp. lyrata (Campanulaceae) by using in vivo methods in order to confirm the traditional utilization. n-Hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), methanol (MeOH) and aqueous extracts were separately prepared from the air-dried and powdered plant materials. Carrageenan-, and serotonin- induced hind paw edema, 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema and acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability models were employed in mice for the anti-inflammatory activity assessment. Wound-healing activity was investigated by using incision and excision wound models along with hydroxyproline determination and histopathological analyses. MeOH extract displayed significant antiinflammatory effect in the carrageenan- and serotonin- induced hind paw edema model and in acetic acidinduced increase in capillary permeability model with the values of 25.3, 27.8 and 31.8%, respectively. MeOH extract was also found to have significant wound healing potential in the incision and excision wound models with the values of 26.9 and 39.6%, respectively. MeOH extract ointment treated group tissues also showed enhaced hydroxyproline content. The present study confirms the anti-inflammatory

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Selected Dihydroxyflavones.

The mechanism of inflammation is attributed, to release of reactive oxygen species from activated neutrophils and macrophages. Over production of reactive oxygen species may result in tissue injury by damaging macromolecules. Flavones are the polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant property. This antioxidant property of flavones may have beneficial effect against inflammation. To study the anti-inflammatory effect of selected dihydroxyflavones (DHF) in albino rats. The prime objective of the present study is to identify safe and effective agents to treat inflammation from among the selected DHF group of compounds. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of four selected dihydroxyflavone derivatives; 2',3'- dihydroxyflavone and 2', 4' -dihydroxyflavones, 5, 3'- dihydroxyflavone and 7, 3' dihydroxyflavone. The anti-inflammatory activity of selected DHF was studied in rats by carrageenan induced hind paw oedema method. All the selected dihydroxyflavone derivatives showed dose and time dependent inhibition of carrageenan induced paw oedema.

Investigation of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of Stahlianthus involucratus rhizome ethanol extract

Ethnopharmacological relevanceStahlianthus involucratus (Zingiberaceae) has long been used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation, pain, and fever. However, no pharmacological study of this plant has been reported to confirm these activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of Stahlianthus involucratus rhizome ethanol extract (SiE) in animal models. Materials and methodsAnti-inflammatory activity of SiE was investigated in rats using ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP)-induced ear edema, carrageenan- and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced hind paw edema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation models. Acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice and tail-flick test in rats as well as yeast-induced hyperthermia in rats were used to investigate the antinociceptive and antipyretic activities, respectively. ResultsSiE significantly inhibited EPP-induced ear edema, carrageenan- and AA-induced hind paw edema. Its inhibitory effect in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema seemed to be in a dose-dependent manner. In cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, SiE showed suppressive effects on granuloma formation but not on body weight gain and dry thymus weight. It could normalize serum alkaline phosphatase activity to nearly normal level. SiE also possessed a significant inhibitory effect, which seemed to be dose-dependent, on acetic acid-induced writhing response, whereas only at the highest dose of SiE could significantly increase test reaction time at all time-points in tail-flick test. However, no antipyretic activity was observed. ConclusionsThese results suggest that SiE possesses anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive, but not antipyretic, activities. This study therefore rationalizes the traditional use of SiE for the treatment of inflammation and pain.

Metal complexes used as anti-inflammatory agents: Synthesis, characterization and anti-inflammatory action of VO(II)-complexes

The anti-inflammatory activity of the vanadium complexes has been studied using the carrageenan induced hind paw oedema method in albino rats (Wister strain). The coordination complexes of VO (II) with the Schiff base derived from 4-aminoacetophenone, 1-acetonaphthone and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde with 2-imino 4-thiobiuret; 3-acetoxypyridine with 2-amino 4-benzathiazol and 4-chloro aniline with salicylaldehyde have been synthesized and characterized by micro analytical data, FT-IR, electronic spectra and FAB-mass spectral studies. The Schiff base ligands behave as bidentated. The stoichiometry of the complexes is in 1:2 and 1:1 (M:L) ratio. The oxovanadium complexes in general show maximum inhibition percentage at about 1h. After 1h it goes on reducing and reaches a minimum at about 5h. Complex-3 (91.17%) and Complex-5 (85.30%) are most potent in in vivo experiment and exhibited promising anti-inflammatory activity in 0.5h.

Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and nephritic effects of the aerial parts of Pulicaria arabica (Family: Compositae) on rats.

To explore the analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hepatic and nephritic effects of Pulicaria arabica (P. arabica) in several experimental models. For analgesic effect hot plate and writhing method were used, while for antipyretic and anti-inflammatory rectal temperature and carrageenan induced hind paw edema were used respectively. CCl4 intoxication method was used for hepatic and nephritic protective activity. The results of the present studies revealed that P. arabica has potent analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory with the significant hepatic and nephritic protecting actions. The CCl4 intoxication changed the normal malondialdehyde and nonprotein sulfhydryls levels in both liver and kidney. These changes were normalized with P. arabica indicating the antioxidant nature of this plant. The results of present study indicated that P. arabica can be used in analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory conditions even in hepatic and nephritic conditions. More supportive studies are required before clinical recommendation.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from aqueous leaves extracts of four Terminalia species

The environmentally friendly synthesis of nanoparticles process is a revolutionary step in the field of nanotechnology. In recent years plant mediated biological synthesis of nanoparticles has been gaining importance due to its simplicity and eco-friendliness. In this study, a simple and an efficient eco-friendly approach for the biosynthesis of stable, monodisperse silver nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of four Terminalia species, namely, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mellueri, Terminalia bentazoe and Terminalia bellerica were described. The silver nanoparticles were characterized in terms of synthesis, capping functionalities (polysaccharides, phenolics and flavonoidal compounds) and microscopic evaluation by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed a simple and feasible approach for obtaining stable aqueous monodispersive silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, biological activity of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was examined. Concerning this, dose-dependent antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles imparted by the plant phenolic and flavonoidal components was evaluated using in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and found to be comparable to standard ascorbic acid. The same holds true for the anti-inflammatory activity where Terminalia catappa and Terminalia mellueri have a high-test inhibition percentage better than that of ascorbic acid in the carrageenan induced hind paw edema. The results also revealed that the aqueous extract of Terminallia catapa and its silver nanoparticles recorded the most potent in vivo antioxidant effect.

Attenuation of inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress and toxic risk evaluation of Aporosa lindleyana Baill bark extract

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTraditionally, Aporosa lindleyana Baill. has been used against various ailments viz. jaundice, fever, headache, seminal loss and insanity. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Aporosa lindleyana Baill. bark and its fractions. MethodThe anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Aporosa lindleyana Baill. bark and its various fractions at doses of 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg b.w. has been carried out by a carrageenan induced hind paw edema method. To establish the probable mechanism of action, TNF-α and NO levels have been estimated by an ELISA method and the effect of active fraction on COX-2 and NF-κB expressions has been evaluated. The effect on the levels of anti-oxidative enzymes (CAT, SOD & GPX) by the ethanolic extract and its fractions has also been investigated. Furthermore, peptic ulcer and hepatotoxic risk evaluation has also been carried out at three times higher dose than that used in inflammatory in vivo model. ResultsAmong the extract and its various fractions tested for anti-inflammatory activity, the methanolic fraction at a dose of 300mg/kg showed significant inhibition in paw edema by 73% as compared to Indomethacin which showed 77% inhibition after 5h. The same dose of methanolic fraction also caused significant reduction in TNF-α (59.27%) and NO concentration (57.12%) while Indomethacin showed inhibition of 63.91% and 60.12%. The active methanolic fraction was also found to inhibit the expression of NF-κB and COX-2 induced by carrageenan. Histological studies showed that the ethanolic extract and its fractions did not cause any damage to the stomach as well as to liver. Moreover, the active fractions also decreased lipid peroxidation levels and increased the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPX). ConclusionThe results of present study demonstrated that significant anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic fraction of Aporosa lindleyana may be attributed to the modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators. Same fraction was also found to be effective against oxidative stress as it was found to elevate the levels of anti-oxidative enzymes. It can therefore be concluded that the methanolic fraction could be explored as a disease modifying agent against inflammation and oxidative stress.

Chemical constituents and biological investigations of the aerial parts of Egyptian Clerodendrum inerme

B-friedoolean-5-ene-3-β-ol (1), β-sitosterol (2), stigmasta-5,22,25-trien-3-β-ol (3), betulinic acid (4), and 5-hydroxy-6,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Clerodendrum inerme L. (Verbenaceae). Their structures were established based on analyses of physical and spectroscopic data. Compounds 1, 4, and 5 were isolated for the first time from the plant. C. inerme L. was known as a rich source of terpenes, sterols, and phenolic compounds, so the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated. The total methanolic extract (TME) and compound 5 showed scavenging activity with maximum inhibition of 61.84% for TME (100μg/mL) and 37.19% for 5 (20μM), respectively, using DPPH assay. In addition, the TME exhibited anti-inflammatory activity more than indomethacin at dose 200mg/kg using the formalin induced hind paw edema method.

In-Vitro Assessment and Pharmacodynamics of Nimesulide Incorporated Aloe vera Transemulgel

The aim of the investigation was to prepare nimesulide emulsion for incorporation in Aloe vera gel base to formulate 'nimesulide - Aloe vera transemulgel' (NAE) and to carryout in-vitro assessment and in-vivo anti-inflammatory studies of the product. Although the use of nimesulide is banned for oral administration, due to its potential for inducing hepatotoxicity and thrombocytopenia, the use of nimesulide for topical delivery is prominent in the treatment of many inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis. The drug loading capacity of transdermal gels is low for hydrophobic drugs such as nimesulide. Nimesulide can be effectively incorporated into emulgels (a combination of emulsion and gel). Aloe vera has a mild anti-inflammatory effect and in the present study Aloe vera gel was formulated and used as a gel base to prepare NAE. The emulgels thus prepared were evaluated for viscosity, pH, in-vitro permeation, stability and skin irritation test. In-vivo anti-inflammatory studies were performed using carrageenan induced hind paw edema method in Wistar rats. The results were compared with that of commercial nimesulide gel (CNG). From the in-vitro studies, effective permeation of nimesulide from NAE (53.04 %) was observed compared to CNG (44.72 %) at 30 min indicating better drug release from NAE. Topical application of the emulgel found no skin irritation. Stability studies proved the integrity of the formulation. The percentage of inhibition of edema was highest for the prepared NAE (67.4 % inhibition after 240 min) compared to CNG (59.6 %). From our results, it was concluded that the Aloe vera gel acts as an effective gel base to prepare nimesulide emulgel with high drug loading capacity (86.4 % drug content) compared to CNG (70.5 % drug content) with significant anti-inflammatory effect.

Poly herbal extraction for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the poly herbal formulation (composed of the extracts from Terminalia chebula, tinospora cordifolia, Phyllanthus emblica, Portulaca oleracea) was evaluated in Acetic Acid Induced Writhing Method, Eddy’s Hot Plate Method: (Thermal stimulus), Carrageenan induced hind paw edema. The extract at dose of 200, 400 mg/kg produced significant inhibition of oedema and pain induced by above mentioned methods. The result obtained suggesting that extract possesses significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.