Indonesian Family Life Survey Research Articles

Predictors of Prediabetes and Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus Based on HbA1c Levels in Indonesia

Prediabetes and Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus (UDDM) are associated with an increased risk of diabetes complications and other cardiovascular diseases. Early detection of both health problems is expected to reduce the burden of non-communicable diseases in the future. The purpose of this study is to investigate predictors of prediabetes and UDDM based on HbA1c levels among population ≥ 15 years old in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study involved 6,065 respondents of Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS 5) who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data associated with sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle risk factors, hypertension, and obesity were obtained. Prediabetes was defined as HbA1c between 5.7-6.4%, while diabetes was defined as HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR). The results showed that predictors of prediabetes were age, gender, marital status, and obesity, while predictors of UDDM were age, hypertension, and obesity. Identification of risk factors and early detection of prediabetes and UDDM is important, so that appropriate intervention can be given immediately to prevent complications.

INPATIENT CARE UTILIZATION AMONG ELDERLY IN INDONESIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM INDONESIA FAMILY LIFE SURVEY

Introduction: The increasing number of the elderly is worrying. It is a concern in public health issues. The elderly have higher susceptibility to chronic diseases. Aims: To identify the factors affecting inpatient care utilization among the elderly population in Indonesia. Methods: Data from the 2014 Indonesian Family Life Survey were used, representing 83% of the Indonesian population. Additionally, Andersen’s theory of healthcare service utilization model was applied. This study applied a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 5,325 respondents 60 years in age or older. The chi-square test and multivariate analysis using a multiple logistic regression test were used to analyze the data. Result: This study found 222 of its respondents utilized inpatient care (4.2%). The characteristics that had a significant correlation with the utilization of inpatient care were women, middle-school education, high education, Sumatera region, urban area, health insurance ownership, low economy status, middle economy status, high economy status, very high economy status, sick perception, smoking habit and obesity. Conclusion: The most dominant predictor was the high economy status. The health-insured elderly are able to receive inpatient care without bearing the financial burden. The government should provide health insurance for the elderly in Indonesia.

The Effect of Family Welfare on Students' Cognitive Abilities

Education is a basic need that must be obtained by everyone. To measure student success, one of which can be seen through students' cognitive abilities. This study aims to determine the effect of family welfare on students' cognitive abilities using the test score approach. This study uses data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS5). The statistical method used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. This research revealed that family welfare plays a very important role in students' cognitive abilities. Diverse family welfare results in disparities between students. Therefore, a program is needed to overcome the welfare gap so students can obtain optimal quality education.

The Feminization of Migration and Mental Health of Older Parents Left Behind: Evidence from Indonesia

With female outmigration for work on the rise, it becomes pertinent to examine how the evolving gender composition of labor migrant streams influences the well-being of those left behind at origin. This study investigates whether a daughter's outmigration for work distinctly affects the mental health of older parents left behind, drawing on the case of Indonesia — one of the largest sources of male and female migrant labor in the world. It uses individual fixed effects regressions to model changing mental health outcomes for a representative panel of 2,133 older parents, ages 50 or more, from the 2007–2008 and 2014–2015 Indonesia Family Life Survey. It finds that older parents, specifically older mothers, who had a daughter migrate for work between waves saw a greater increase in depression over time compared to those who had (a) no labor migrant children in either wave, and (b) only labor migrant sons in both waves. Possible reasons for these gendered mental health implications are discussed, including loss of preferred caregivers at origin, concerns about migrant children's precarity at destination, worries about married migrant daughters’ family stability, and anxieties about unmarried migrant daughters engaging in premarital relationships at destination. This study underscores the need to consider gender-based heterogeneities in future investigations on the impact of migration on those left behind, and in social protection efforts for vulnerable elderly.

Hypertension and Cholesterol among Late Adults in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Survey

The global prevalence of hypertension is relatively high. In 2012, the death rate due to cardiovascular disease reached 17 million per year, with 45% of the contributors being hypertension. In 2015, globally, cholesterol cases accounted for 4.5% of ischemia of heart disease and 2% of strokes. Until 2017 and 2020, cholesterol disease was mainly experienced by adults aged 20 years or more, with a percentage of 10% of the population. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hypertension and cholesterol. Methodology: The design study used data from the 5th batch of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) organized by the Rand Corporation. IFLS-5 was conducted in 2014-2015, with 16,204 households and 50,148 individuals interviewed. Stratified random sampling to select respondents from the province to the place of residence. This study used a cross-sectional study design with inclusion and exclusion criteria from a total of 11,062 respondents. Results: Respondents with late-adult criteria in Indonesia were 50.17% women aged 51.98 (± 9.51), 84.04% married, 22.22% high school graduates, 70.14% Javanese, and 59.88% urban residents. The prevalence of cholesterol in late adults in Indonesia was 8.26% (95% CI: 0.08 – 0.09). The prevalence of hypertension in late adulthood in Indonesia was 20.91% (95% CI: 0.20 – 0.22). The results showed that cholesterol (OR = 4.06, 95% CI 3.53 – 4.67, p = <0.001) was statistically significant with hypertension. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension and cholesterol among late adults in Indonesia shows that hypertension and cholesterol are statistically significant and there was a relationship between people suffering from hypertension and having potential cholesterol disease.

Does Social Media Use and Adverse Life Events Related to Depression? A Population-based Study Using Negative Binomial Regression

The effect of social media use on users' mental health is a subject of debate, with conflicting evidence in this field. In addition, the prevalence of adverse life events, which is a silent global social issue, is on the rise worldwide. This study aims to examine the effect of social media use and adverse life events on individuals' depression symptoms in Indonesia. A nationally-representative data of 29,793 individuals from the Indonesian Family Life Survey Wave 5 was used. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. The negative binomial regression was employed to examine the impact of social media use and adverse life event on depression while taking into account the overdispersion nature of count data. The results show that social media use and the frequency of adverse life events experienced by individuals significantly increase the rate of depressive symptoms. The depression rate is higher in females and young age individuals rather than in males and elderlies.

Return to education by ethnicity in Indonesia

Using data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) from 2014–2015, this study seeks to analyze the ethnic differences in the return to education in Indonesia. We discovered that IV models, as opposed to OLS estimation, are more suitable to evaluate returns to education in Indonesia. Additionally, rather than treating the ethnicity variable as an instrumental variable, it is preferable to use it as a grouping variable. After segmenting our samples into six ethnic groups, this study discovered that all ethnic groups, with the exception of the Chinese group, match the IV estimation. The non-Chinese groups with the best returns on schooling are Bataknese and Minangnese. The high return on education in these ethnic groups is attributed to the intense excitement for learning that permeates Bataknese and Minangnese cultures as native cultural assets. Earnings are also influenced favorably by marital status, masculinity, employment in the public sector, and urban-rural location. These findings suggest that ethnic and cultural topics should be covered in the national curriculum as well as local curricula. Since these characteristics have a direct impact on salaries, the government should also pay attention to gender segregation, career opportunities, and urban-rural growth.JEL Classification C26; I26; J15

Association of Maternal Education With Nutritional Outcomes of Poor Children With Stunting in Indonesia.

The consequences of poverty and food insecurity can indirectly contribute to obesity. Long-term effect of stunting children may be the risk factor for overweight and obesity in the poor in Indonesia. The role of parental education is also associated with overweight and obesity in children. This study wanted to see the risk of stunted children becoming overweight and obese based on maternal education among poor people in Indonesia. This study involved three cohorts design. Cohort 1 is a 14-year cohort, and two 7-year cohorts for cohorts 2 and 3. We used secondary longitudinal data from Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 3 (2000), IFLS 4 (2007), and IFLS 5 (2014). After stratification by high maternal education and economic status of the family, there is an increased risk of stunting children becoming overweight and obese, with a risk ratio of 2 in cohort 1 and 1.69 in cohort 2. These results show that stunted children with high-education mothers and stay lived in the low-income family have a 1.69 to 2 times higher risk of becoming overweight and obese. This result shows the importance of primary education and health education for women to increase children's health in the future.

Household Transfer to Family in Indonesia: The Parental Role Model

In this paper, we study the impact of parental transfer on the behavior of their next generation’s transfer using corrected data from Indonesian Family Life Surveys (household size), and an inter generations pairing method based on the demonstration effect theory. Our findings support the existence of parental role models, particularly transfers given to family members living outside households (parents, siblings or children). Specifically, the transfer decision of adults living independently from their origin household is positively affected by their membership in the origin household. This parental role model exists after controlling endogeneity problems contained in the role model estimation framework. This finding empirically confirms the vital role of parents in preserving altruism in society.

The Nexus of Risk-Preferences and Poverty in Indonesia

This research aims to identify the relationship between poverty and risk preference in Indonesia empirically. This research employs the Indonesia Family Life Survey 2014 (IFLS5) using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and quantile regression approach, one of the most extended longitudinal data, to support this research design. The result reveals that poor households are more risk-averse than others across income levels. Moreover, poor people are poorly educated and mostly come from rural and disaster-prone areas. This evidence suggests that poor people from rural communities and disaster-prone regions should be prioritized and empowered to move from poverty zones due to their relatively high vulnerability.

Identification of childbirth selections in Indonesia: Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS-2014)

Background: The low coverage of deliveries by health personnel is one of the causes of high maternal mortality cases. Globally every year there are 250,000 women die due to pregnancy and 30 million women due to failed preparation for childbirth, while in Indonesia the number of maternal deaths is increasing every year. In 2021 it shows that there were 7,389 maternal deaths, an increase from 4,627 deaths in 2020. This study aims to describe the selection of places and birth attendants in Indonesia.. Method: The research design used in this study is descriptive. This data uses secondary longitudinal data from the fifth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) conducted in 2014. Result: Based on the choice of place of delivery, the majority of pregnant women gave birth in health facilities as many as 610 respondents (95.76%) distributed in government hospitals 20.39%, maternity hospitals 3.63%, polindes 6.05%, private midwives 21 .6%, health center 24.92%, private hospital 3.99%, private practice doctor 3.27%. Meanwhile, 27 (4.24%) gave birth in non-health facilities either at their own homes or at the dukun's house. Based on the selection of delivery attendants, the majority of pregnant women chose health professionals as birth attendants as many as 633 respondents (99.37%) which were distributed by doctors 45.53%, midwives 33.91%, village midwives 19.94%, no one helped 0.31%, posyandu cadres and others each 0.16%. Conclusion: In Indonesia, most deliveries are carried out in health facilities and assisted by health personnel, so a strategy is needed to increase the coverage of deliveries by health personnel through traditional birth attendants and health workers partners, health promotion and policies that are oriented towards increasing access to health services

Associations of Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Factors with Headache Symptom Among Indonesian Adolescents Based on the 5th Wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5).

Headaches are common among children and adolescents, with more than half of adolescents reporting headache symptom worldwide. The number of migraine sufferers among adolescents has increased dramatically in the past decade. Headache has negatively influenced children and has been linked with emotional and behavioral problems. A cross-sectional study. This study was conducted using secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) to evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic and psychosocial factors in Indonesian adolescents and headaches. We used data from the fifth wave of IFLS, which was conducted between September 2014 and April 2015. The figures represent roughly 83% of the Indonesian population. We investigated the possible relationship between sociodemographic and psychosocial factors in adolescents with headaches. A total of 3605 participants (1875 females and 1730 males) aged 15 to 19 years with headache symptom were included in the study. Headache was associated with sleep disturbances (OR 1.99; 95% CI: 1.72, 2.30), depression (OR 1.94; 95% CI: 1.65, 2.28), and female gender (OR 1.72; 95% CI: 1.50, 1.98). Other factors contributing to headaches include poor/moderate sleep quality (OR 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.45) and low income (OR 1.22; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.48). In Indonesian adolescents aged 15 to 19 with headaches, sleep disturbances were the dominant factor associated with headache occurrence. Other factors such as depression, female gender, low socioeconomic status (SES), and poor/moderate sleep quality showed a positive association with headaches but further large population-based studies with more refined variables are needed to elucidate this association.

Does Maternal Social Capital Affect Children's Physical Health in the Future?

Social capital is one of the capitals needed by mothers in caring for children. This study aimed to analyze the impact of maternal social capital on children’s physical health in the future. Using pooled data in Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 1997 and 2014, this study could capture the long-term effect of maternal social capital in children’s early life via the mother’s participation in community-based associations. The methodology of this study is an instrumental variable to overcome the endogeneity of a mother’s social capital. The ethnic similarity is applied as an instrumental variable that correlates with maternal social capital but is uncorrelated with children’s physical health in the future. The result showed that maternal social capital could decrease their children’s physical health disorder as young adults. The more intense the mother participates in her association; the fewer children’s physical health disorders occur.

Does access to water, sanitation, and hygiene improve children's health? An empirical analysis in Indonesia

AbstractMotivationMuch of the world's population still lacks access to safe drinking water and sanitation, particularly people living in poverty and in rural areas. The literature suggests that lack of access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) contributes to poor development of young children. That further leads to inadequate cognitive stimulation, stunting, iodine and iron deficiency, and lower productivity.PurposeWe aim to study the status of early childhood health in Indonesia by measuring an Early Childhood Health Index and to examine the role of access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene in improving children's health using the national representative data of Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) waves 4 (in 2007) and 5 (in 2014).Methods and approachOur methodological approach consisted of two steps. First, we developed WASH Index and Early Childhood Health Index using polychoric Principal Component Analysis (PCA), then assessed the association between the two indices using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression.FindingsOverall, we found significant associations between the WASH Index and children's health status and nutritional status. The results also show that several important indicators of WASH (in particular, quality of drinking water, washing and bathing water, and sanitation) improved between 2007 and 2014. Children's access to health care and several children's health indicators also got better. Nevertheless, we still observed stable conditions or even worsening conditions in other components, namely an increase in stunting and children's morbidity.Policy implicationsThis study provides evidence that access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene is essential to improve children's health status. In accordance with Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia number 185 from 2014, the government at the national, provincial, and district levels must accelerate the development of public infrastructure to ensure access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene for the entire population as this investment is essential to improve young children's health and reduce the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia.

Interprovincial Wealth Inequality by Factor Components in Indonesia

This paper investigates three issues related to interprovincial inequality in household net wealth in Indonesia. First, it assesses whether inequality is dominated by inequality within or between provinces. Second, it identifies the determinants of inequality. Third, it looks at the clubs of regions formed owing to convergence or divergence in household net wealth growth in Indonesia. Using data from five waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey, we found declining inequality in household net wealth in Indonesia, dominated by inequality within provinces. Education is the biggest equalising variable for inequality in household net wealth in Indonesia. Using a club convergence approach, we also found that growth in household net wealth converged within one club and that two clubs converged over time.

Secondary vocational education and decent work in Indonesia: differences between urban and rural areas

ABSTRACT Indonesia has prioritized upper secondary vocational education since 2006. This study examines the labour market outcomes of upper secondary vocational education in terms of decent work (DW), using Indonesian Family Life Survey data and a research framework that links DW into the broader labour economics of the school to work transition. We compare urban and rural workers with upper secondary vocational education to those with general education, using both simple regressions and propensity score matching. Workers with upper secondary vocational education do not earn higher wages or have better employment conditions than workers with general education. An exception is for workplace-provided training and pensions, where vocational graduates did better than general ones in 2014–15, a change from 2007; this effect was also much stronger in urban than in rural areas. Our findings raise questions about Indonesia’s policy of expanding upper secondary vocational education without also focusing on its quality.

Quality of life of liver patients in Indonesia with the Indonesia family life survey

Quality of life of liver patients in Indonesia with the Indonesia family life survey

Household Size and Household Wealth in Indonesia with the Influence of Spatial Aspects

Investigating household wealth should also include spatial analysis to capture the influence of location on the households’ net wealth and to avoid underestimation of the effect of the change of variables due to estimation that ignores spatial aspects. This paper examines factors influencing household net wealth in Indonesia with the influence of spatial lag using data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) for 1993–2014. The article relies on the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to analyze the data. Results show that household net wealth in Indonesia is spatially related to each other, and the spillover effect makes the change of household net wealth in Indonesia dominated by the change of variables in neighbouring regions. Furthermore, considering the time component, there is a positive effect of households’ size on households’ net wealth due to the time component concerning the spatial lag of the dependent and independent variables.

INDONESIAN HEALTH IN CRISIS: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND DEPRESSION

Background: Depression differs from common mood swings and short-lived emotions. It has been extensively reported that cognitive impairment is associated with depression. Depression affects all aspects of life and interferes with productivity. Purpose: This study examined the association between cognitive function and depression in an Indonesian working age group. Methods: We used data from longitudinal socioeconomic and health surveys based on the fifth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) from October 2014 to April 2015. Household members aged 15-64 were included in the analysis. Depression was assessed using the Short Center for Epidemiological Research Depression Scale (CESD). Cognitive function was measured using the Cognitive Status Telephone Interview (TICS). Simple linear regression analysis was performed to examine the association between cognitive function and depression. Results: A total of 10,628 households were included. Most respondents had good cognitive function (61.84%) and no depression (82.19%). A simple linear regression analysis showed that household members with good cognitive functioning had a significantly lower risk of developing depression compared to household members with cognitive decline, he was significantly 1.28 lower. Conclusion: This study found a significant association between cognitive function and depression in the productive-age group. Further research exploring variables related to depression other than cognitive function is recommended. Health care providers should provide education, counselling, and training sessions related to healthy lifestyles and positive mindsets to prevent depression.

Family economic trajectories and body mass index in Indonesia: Evidence from the Indonesian Family Life Surveys 2 to 5

Indonesia faces the double burdens of childhood obesity and malnutrition. A family's socioeconomic status has been suggested to be one of the most influential factors contributing to childhood nutritional problems. This study aimed to: 1) identify the distinct trajectories of family economics; and 2) assess whether a family's economic trajectory influences children’s body mass index (BMI). We analyzed trajectory patterns of family economic levels from 1997 to 2015 among 846 children aged under 3 years in 1997 using data from Indonesian Family Life Surveys. Trajectory patterns were identified with Group-Based Trajectory Modeling using the traj plug-in in STATA software. The BMI was classified according to 2007 World Health Organization growth standards. Adjusted relative risk ratios (aRRRs) of family economic level trajectories and children’s BMI were calculated using multinomial logistic regressions. We identified three distinct trajectories of family economic level: stable poorest, stable middle, and increasing richest. In the total sample, there were no significant relationships between a family's income trajectory and children’s BMI in the adjusted models. A significant relationship existed for male children, but not for female children, of compared to the poorest family trajectory group, male children in the increasing richest trajectory group were more likely to be overweight/obese (aRRR 6.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.22–30.62) after adjusting for age and BMI. The present results highlight the importance of early interventions to minimize the potential adverse impacts of excessive BMI later in adulthood.