Indonesian Family Life Survey Research Articles

Factors influencing stroke in Indonesia based on the Indonesia Family Life Survey 5

Background. Stroke is a fatal and crippling disease that affects more than 15 million individuals globally each year. Stroke can strike anyone, especially people who are exposed to high-risk factors that cause stroke itself. A restriction in blood flow can cause a stroke, a disorder that affects the brain. Objective. This study’s objective is to examine the associations between individual characteristics (age and sex), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and smoking with the prevalence of stroke patients. Materials and Methods. This study has a cross-sectional design and is an analytical observational study. Secondary data from the IFLS 5 survey database was used. Stroke was the dependent variable. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, age, gender, and smoking were the independent variables. Stata 13’s multiple logistic regression was used to examine the data. Results. The incidence of stroke increased with the age of the subject more than the average age of the overall sample (age ≥39 years old) (OR=0.13; 95% CI=0.08 to 0.20 P<0.001), male gender (OR=1.48; 95% CI= 1.07 to 2.03 P=0.017), hypertension (OR=10.53; 95% CI=8.09 to 13.69 P<0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR=1.94; 95% CI=1.37 to 2.74 P<0.001), coronary heart disease (OR =2.81; 95% CI=1.93 to 4.08 P<0.001). Conclusions. Age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and coronary artery disease are all associated with an increased risk of stroke in Indonesia.

THE UTILISATION OF OUTPATIENT SERVICES BY HYPERTENSIVE ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS IN INDONESIA

Demographic transition presents a significant challenge to the world. People experience longer life because the aging population is increasing rapidly. Organizations of integrated care for older people confirmed that the elderly were more prone to being victims of chronic diseases and serious issues. Factors related to the utilization of outpatient services generally have been explored, but there are limited studies on the elderly with hypertension. This study aims to analyze the elderly population using outpatient services for hypertension, in Indonesia. The cross-sectional study is used as the study. We obtained data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2014. There were 2,308 elderly. Bivariate analysis was using chi-square, and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression. It was found that 24.1% of the elderly with hypertension used outpatient services. Variables significantly associated with the utilization of outpatient services were gender, insurance status, health status, economic status, the number of chronic diseases, marital status, self-limited activity, and region. The main predictor of the utilization of outpatient services is the number of chronic diseases. In conclusion, the number of chronic diseases was significantly influenced among the elderly with hypertension by using outpatient services. More effort by the government is needed to expand the policy of promotion and prevention in chronic diseases.

The misconceptions on MSE research in an emerging market economy: The role of household interference in Indonesia

This study examines the effect of household interference on business returns and household economic welfare of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs). This study employs a quantile regression method involving 7,020 households as the sample. The data are taken from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) in two waves (2007 and 2014) to show the returns on microbusinesses. Variables such as unpaid workers, direct consumption of business revenue, and home-based businesses affect profits and household expenditures per capita. This study shows an overlap between MSEs and household business activities in emerging economies. This is contrary to most previous studies on MSEs that have separated businesses and households, thus MSEs’ performance could not be properly defined and analyzed. Besides, most Indonesian government policies and efforts only address business activities driven by opportunity, and few accommodate business activities driven by necessity. This research can provide clear evidence to policymakers who tend to adopt a “one size fits all” approach that returns to microbusinesses should be based on household welfare effects as well. This is because microbusinesses provide a livelihood and a means to address economic vulnerabilities, not simply taking advantage of an opportunity.

Employment Formalization in Indonesia: Role of Parents’ Employment Mobility Toward Children’s Employment Mobility

This study aims to analyze the impact of parents’ employment status mobility on the children’s employment status mobility. In doing so, we applied a two-stage multinomial logistic regression model. In this research, employment status mobility refers to a mobility status from informal to formal jobs and vice versa. Using data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) for the period 2007 and 2014, the profile of the Indonesian workforce was dominated by stayers. The estimation results of multinomial logistic regression indicate that only fathers’ employment status mobility has a significant effect on the children’s employment status mobility, where fathers who are stayers and experiencing upward mobility will provide greater opportunities for their children to be stayers and fewer opportunities to experience downward mobility. Moreover, the employment status mobility of mothers does not have a significant impact on their children’s employment mobility. Our study points out the pivotal role of fathers in influencing employment formalization in Indonesia. Our findings could be valuable inputs for policy-making regarding employment formalization in Indonesia.

Household Flood Severity and Migration Extent in Central Java: Analysis of the Indonesian Family Life Survey.

Central Java, Indonesia, is prone to river and coastal flooding due to climate changes and geological factors. Migration is one possible adaptation to flooding, but research is limited due to lack of longitudinal spatially granular datasets on migration and metrics to identify flood-affected households. The available literature indicates social and economic barriers may limit mobility from flood prone areas. The Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) provides self-reported data on household experiences with natural disasters among 1501 Central Java households followed over two waves (2007 and 2014). We examined how the severity of flooding, defined by household-level impacts captured by the IFLS (death, injury, financial loss, or relocation of a household member), influenced the extent of household movement in Central Java using a generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds model. Households severely impacted by floods had 75% lower odds of moving farther away compared to those that did not experience floods. The most severely impacted households may be staying within flood-affected areas in Central Java. Public health, nutrition, and economic surveys should include modules focused on household experiences, impacts, and adaptations to facilitate the study of how climate changes are impacting these outcomes.

The Impact of School Attendance on Child Working: Case from Indonesian School Operational Assistance

Educational subsidies are increasing school attendance, but the impact on the child’s working participation is vague. After running for five years, the government of Indonesia changed the regulation of Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (the BOS program or school operational assistance) to eliminate school fees for all elementary and junior secondary schools in 2009. This study intends to estimate the impact of hours of school attendance on children working using the 2009 regulation BOS program as an instrument. The estimation uses data from the fourth and fifth Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) with Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design (FRDD) as methodology. The result presents that the children who benefited from the 2009 regulation BOS program spent more hours attending school than non-beneficiaries. However, the increase in school attendance is increasing the time allocation for income-generating and household work, supporting the idea that working and schooling are not perfectly substitutable.

Analysis of the Impact of the Raskin Program on Food Security for Poor Households in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the impact of assistance from the rice program for people experiencing poverty on food security for poor households. The data in this paper are sourced from the fourth (2007) and fifth (2014) Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). A total of 1346 household samples were used in this study. The sample consisted of 401 treatment groups and 945 control groups. The treatment group is poor households that receive Raskin assistance, and the control group is poor households that do not receive Raskin assistance. The analysis used is Propensity Score Matching (PSM) with Difference in Difference (DiD). The study's results prove that the Rice for the Poor program has no significant impact on the proportion of household food expenditure. The interaction between the variables year (after) and treatment (Raskin) has no significant effect on the proportion of household food. The provision of the Raskin program in a longitudinal period has no impact on household per capita food expenditure.

Why does female voters prefer vote buying in local head elections?

This study aims to analyze the determinants of vote buying preferences among female voters in local head elections. We identify eight independent variables (education, income, welfare, happiness, risk-taking attitude, place of residence, age, and marital status) as a predictor of Y. This research used the 5th Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) data, which was collected by Rand Corporation, Ltd., during 2014 – 2015 in 13 (thirteen) provinces in Indonesia. The data were analyzed by logistic regression technique using STATA 15. The results showed that only four independent variables had a statistically significant relationship with Y: education level, risk-taking attitude, income level, and marital status. These four independent variables can explain Y by 2.48% significantly, X2 (4) = 357.23, p < 0.01. At the variable level, all variables have a negative relationship with Y, except for marital status (142%) which has the largest contribution to explain Y. The effect of income, risk-taking attituted, and education on Y respectively is 90.62%, 80.90%, 31.11%. The final model of logistic regression produces the characteristics of female voters who tend to choose candidates local head election due to money politics: education below senior high school/equivalent, married, poor, and not willing to take risks. The author recommends all governments at all levels continue the modernization process in all aspects of the social life of Indonesian citizens.

Household Economic Welfare During the Rise of Mobile Phone Expansion in Indonesia

The proliferation of mobile phones in developing countries has significant implications for those countries. Although numerous studies have examined the various advantages of mobile phone use, the relationship between mobile phone access and the economic welfare of households has received comparatively little attention. This paper examines the effects of mobile phone on household expenditures in 2007 and 2014 utilising the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) combined with Potential Village Survey (PODES). Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Endogenous Treatment Regression (ETR), quantile regression, and two-way fixed effect estimations are used to identify the homogeneous and heterogeneous effects of mobile phone use. According to the estimated results, mobile phone access and signal quality significantly increases household expenditure. According to the results of quantile regression, mobile phone access has the greatest effect on the upper expenditure distributions. It is highlighting the importance of promoting a policy that increases mobile phone and the supporting infrastructure on the lower expenditure distributions.

Early Marriage and Child Cognition: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia

As a country with the fourth largest population in the world, the high number of child marriages remains a major concern in Indonesia. The country is positioned in the top 10 highest child marriage rates in the world and the second highest in Southeast Asia. The high rate of early marriage in Indonesia aligns with the low educational achievement among children. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of early marriage on children’s educational achievement as measured by their cognitive abilities. Using the fifth round of the Indonesia Family Life Survey dataset in 2014, this study employs ordinary least squares with clustered standard errors at the household level in multiple regression analysis. The dependent variable is child cognition as measured by the percentage of correct answers achieved by a sample of 4542 children aged 7 to 14 years on the Raven test, while the main independent variables are the parents’ age of marriage. The result suggests that the age of marriage of mothers had a positive and significant effect on their children’s educational achievement. This finding implies that children born to mothers who married earlier tend to have lower cognitive abilities. However, this result is statistically detectable for daughters only.

Factors associated with depressive symptoms among adolescents in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study of results from the Indonesia Family Life Survey.

Depression is one of the mental illnesses that affect adolescents worldwide. This study analysed the factors associated with depressive symptoms among adolescents in Indonesia. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 2014. The sample included 3,603 adolescents aged 10-19 years. Data were analysed using logistic regression statistical tests. Of the adolescents, 29.1% had depressive symptoms. The bivariate analysis showed that sex, region, economic status, chronic illness history, sleep quality, smoking habit, and personality type were associated with a higher probability of depressive symptoms among the adolescents. A history of chronic diseases contributes the most to the occurrence of depressive symptoms among adolescents. To reduce the prevalence of chronic diseases associated with depression, the Indonesian government must make preventive efforts through early detection among young people.

DETERMINAN PENGANGGURAN DI INDONESIA: STUDI KASUS DATA IFLS


 
 
 Unemployment is one of the problems faced by both developed and developing countries. The increasing number of the workforce is not accompanied by an increase in the number of jobs, causing unemployment problems. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence unemployment in Indonesia on a micro basis. These factors include education, gender, and place of residence that affect unemployment in Indonesia. The data used in this study is the 2015 Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) data. The results show that education and residence have a negative and significant effect on unemployment, while gender has a positive and significant impact on unemployment. The education variable shows that individuals who do not attend school are most at risk for unemployment, while individuals with higher education are at least at risk for unemployment. The gender variable shows that male individuals are more at risk for unemployment than women, and individuals who live in rural areas are more at risk of unemployment than those who live in urban areas. From these results, the government must improve the community's education to have the skills to work or create jobs. In addition, the government must equalize educational facilities, not only centered in urban areas but in rural areas necessary to provide adequate educational facilities.
 
 

Social determinants and diagnosed non-communicable disease in the adult indonesian population: Longitudinal study from indonesia family life survey 2007 and 2014

Social determinants and diagnosed non-communicable disease in the adult indonesian population: Longitudinal study from indonesia family life survey 2007 and 2014

Cash Assistance Program and Consumption Pattern Among Indonesians

Poverty and households’ economic fragility have been a concern among Indonesian, and the government has addressed this issue by granting a cash assistance program. There will be some effects related to the program. Therefore, this study identifies the effect of cash assistance program on consumption changes among Indonesian as the measurement for public welfare. This paper can be a reference to determine the nexus between transfers and attempting to improve public welfare. This study used Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) as longitudinal datal, and controlled the respondent’s characteristics and adopted the fixed effect at the village level as an estimation technique. The results reveal that, generally, there was a decline in food expenditure that is followed by changing consumption behavior among Indonesian, and the cash assistance program has contributed remarkably to this change. The finding also notes that the objectives of the cash assistance program have not been appropriately achieved as predicted.
 JEL Classification: H24, I38, O21

Fish-To Eat or Not to Eat? A Mixed-Methods Investigation of the Conundrum of Fish Consumption in the Context of Marine Pollution in Indonesia.

Background: The Indonesian government faces a dilemma of promoting fish consumption for its health benefits and to ease food insecurity, while at the same time seeking effective approaches to reduce the high levels of marine pollution. However, the factors associated with fish consumption in the face of persistent high levels of marine pollution are not well elucidated in the literature. Objectives: This was an explorative study to investigate the sociodemographic factors related to fish consumption and to understand the perspectives of expert informants on marine pollution and its impact on fish quality and availability in Indonesia. Methods: We characterized fish consumption among respondents aged 15 years and older in the fifth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (n = 31,032), based on their sociodemographic profiles, and developed multinomial regression models to assess the relationship between respondents' sociodemographic profiles and quintiles of fish consumption. We also conducted in-depth interviews on fish consumption and marine pollution with key informants from Indonesia (n = 27). We then used a convergent mixed-methods design to synthesize the results of both datasets. Results: Fish was the most frequently consumed animal-source food reported by survey respondents: 2.8 (±2.6) days/week. More younger respondents (15-19 years) reported relatively lower consumption of fish (9.3% in Q1 versus 5.9% in Q5) compared to respondents 50 years and older (37% in Q1 versus 39.9% in Q5; p < 0.01). When classified by region, more respondents from the Java region reported lower consumption of fish (86.5% in Q1 versus 53% in Q5; p < 0.01). Key-informants' perspectives corroborated the survey results by indicating that the younger generation tends not to want to consume fish; informants expanded the survey results by suggesting that fish is scarce in the Java region due to high levels of marine pollution. Informants further implied that there is low awareness about the impact of marine pollution on fish quality among most of the Indonesian population. Conclusion: Evidence from both data sources converge on differential preference for fish consumption by age group. Informants' perspectives also link marine pollution to fish scarcity, which poses a threat to food security among low-income Indonesians and to human health globally. More studies are needed to corroborate our findings and inform policy guidelines to reduce marine pollution while promoting fish consumption in Indonesia.

Traditional medicine users in a treated chronic disease population: a cross-sectional study in Indonesia

BackgroundTraditional medicine (TM) is commonly used as a treatment in Indonesia. This raises the need for an analysis of its potential development and irrational use. Therefore, we analyze the proportion of TM users among chronic disease patients and its associated characteristics to optimize the use of TM in Indonesia.MethodsA cross-sectional study of treated adult chronic disease patients was conducted using the fifth Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) database. Descriptive analysis was used to identify the proportion of TM users, while a multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze their characteristics.ResultsThis study included 4901 subjects and identified 27.1% as TM users. The highest TM use was in subjects with cancer (43.9%), liver issues (38.3%), cholesterol issues (34.3%), diabetes (33.6%), and stroke (31.7%). Characteristics associated with TM users were a perception of one's current health as unhealthy (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.76–3.81), low medication adherence (OR 2.49, 95% CI 2.17–2.85), age above 65 years (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.63–2.90), having higher education (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.17–2.29), and residence outside of Java (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.11–1.45).ConclusionsLow medication adherence among TM users highlights the potentially irrational use of treatment in chronic diseases. Nevertheless, the longstanding use of TM users indicates the potential for its development. Further studies and interventions are needed to optimize TM use in Indonesia.

The benefits and burden of health financing in Indonesia: analyses of nationally representative cross-sectional data

Indonesia has committed to deliver universal health coverage by 2024. Reforming the country's health-financing system is key to achieving this commitment. We aimed to evaluate how the benefits and burden of health financing are distributed across income groups and the extent to which Indonesia has achieved equity in the funding and delivery of health care after financing reforms. We conducted benefit incidence analyses (BIA) and financing incidence analyses (FIA) using cross-sectional nationally representative data from several datasets. Two waves (Feb 1 to April 30, 2018, and Aug 1 to Oct 31, 2019) of the Equity and Health Care Financing in Indonesia (ENHANCE) study household survey involving 7500 households from ten of the 34 provinces in Indonesia were used to obtain health and socioeconomic status data for the BIA. Two waves (2018 and 2019) of the National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS), the most recent wave (2014) of the Indonesian Family Life Survey, and the 2017 and 2018 National Health Accounts were used to obtain data for the FIA. In the BIA, we calculated a concentration index to assess the distribution of health-care benefits (-1·0 [pro-poor] to 1·0 [pro-rich]), considering potential differences in health-care need. In the FIA, we evaluated the equity of health-financing contributions by socioeconomic quintiles by calculating the Kakwani index to assess the relative progressivity of each financing source. Both the BIA and FIA compared results from early 2018 (baseline) with results from late 2019. There were 31 864 participants in the ENHANCE survey in 2018 compared with 31 215 in 2019. Women constituted 50·5% and men constituted 49·5% of the total participants for each year. SUSENAS had 1 131 825 participants in 2018 compared with 1 204 466 in 2019. Women constituted 49·9% of the participants for each year, whereas men constituted 51·1%. The distribution of health-care benefits in the public sector was marginally pro-poor; people with low income received a greater proportion of benefits from health services than people with high income between 2018 (concentration index -0·008, 95% CI -0·075 to 0·059) and 2019 (-0·060, -0·139 to 0·019). The benefit incidence in the private health sector was significantly pro-rich in 2018 (0·134, 0·065 to 0·203, p=0·0010) and 2019 (0·190, -0·192 to 0·572, p=0·0070). Health-financing incidence changed from being moderately progressive in 2018 (Kakwani index 0·034, 95% CI 0·030 to 0·038) to mildly regressive in 2019 (-0·030, -0·034 to -0·025). Although Indonesia has made substantial progress in expanding health-care coverage, a lot remains to be done to improve equity in financing and spending. Improving comprehensiveness of benefits will reduce out-of-pocket spending and allocating more funding to primary care would improve access to health-care services for people with low income. UK Health Systems Research Initiative, UK Department of International Development, UK Economic and Social Research Council, UK Medical Research Council, and Wellcome Trust.

Migrating for children’s better future: Intergenerational mobility of internal migrants’ children in Indonesia

Internal migration dominates population mobility in Indonesia; according to the 2010 census, there were almost 30 million permanent migrants, around 12.5 percent of the population. The effects of this internal migration on the second generation continue to be under-explored. This paper investigates the long-term impact of parents’ migration on their children’s intergenerational per capita expenditure when adults. We argue that parental migration affects the human capital investment on their children, which has a direct impact on the children’s outcomes when adults and on their deviation from the parents’ economic status, hence their intergenerational mobility. We pooled the five waves of data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), and we tackled the self-selection of parents’ migration using an endogenous treatment regression. Our findings show that despite the fact that parental migration increases the education level of children and their per capita expenditure, it increases intergenerational mobility of the children as adults compared with non-migrants’ children when they live in urban areas as adults, come from the poorest parents, or had migrated during childhood. The left-behind children have more intergenerational mobility only if their father migrated, while there is no significant impact on intergenerational mobility if their mother migrated. The results are consistent with the persistence of Indonesian individual inequality.

2. Hypertension, a Major Risk Factor Doubles Arthritis Odds in Indonesian Elderly Population

Background: Arthritis is a highly debilitating disease prevalent in the elderly population. Despite its comparable inflammatory pathophysiology, few studies especially in the Indonesian population have explored the links between arthritis and the ever-increasing metabolic syndrome. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between four metabolic syndrome components (obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus) and arthritis in the Indonesian elderly population. Methods: Data are gathered from the fifth wave of Indonesian Family Life Survey fielded in 2014–2015. After sampling weight adjustments, 3493 respondents aged 60+ years fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Independent variables of interest are analyzed using Pearson chi-square (CI = 95%, p &lt; 0.05) and logistic regression (CI = 95%, p &lt; 0.05). Result: The prevalence of arthritis in the sample population is 12.8%. The number of elderly with central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus is 44.1%, 28.4%, 8.2%, and 7.8% respectively. Multivariate analysis shows that baseline sample characteristics of female gender and low economic status, as well as three metabolic syndrome components obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia shows a significant association toward arthritis (p &lt; 0.05). Hypertension poses the highest risk on arthritis out of all the variables analyzed in this study (OR 2.131; 95% CI 1.723 - 2.636). Conclusion: A significant association is found between 3 out of the 4 metabolic syndrome components, namely obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia on arthritis. Thus, early and comprehensive treatment of these modifiable metabolic risk factors, especially hypertension, may help to lower arthritis rates in the elderly population in Indonesia.

9. Factors Affecting Medication Compliance in Elderly with Hypertension in 13 Provinces in Indonesia

Background: Currently we see an increase in life expectancy followed by an increase in the number of elderly with various health problems, one of them being hypertension. Moreover, not all patients can control this disease properly. The most difficult challenge is someone's adherence to taking medication. If this is not properly anticipated, it will lead to a decrease in the quality of life for the elderly in the future. Objective: To determine the affecting factors of medication compliance in elderly with hypertension. Method: This study was a cross-sectional study of 253 hypertensive elderly who had been diagnosed by a doctor and were taking antihypertensive medication using secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 2015. A person is said to be compliant with hypertension treatment if someone has taken the medicine prescribed by the doctor every week. Result: There were 32.8% of respondents were not compliant with hypertension treatment. Multivariate analysis showed several significant factors (p-value &lt;0,05) in determining medication adherence namely duration of hypertension, education about hypertension management, adherence to weight control, grade of hypertension and complications due to hypertension. The most influential independent factor was the elderly who did not receive education about hypertension management (p = 0.000; OR = 5.216). Conclusion: This study found several factors in determining medication adherence in the elderly namely having a history of hypertension &gt; 5 years, having grade 2 hypertension, receiving education on hypertension management, not controlling weight, and having complications.