Indonesian Family Life Survey Research Articles

Comparison of the Associations between Self-Reported Sleep Quality and Sleep Duration Concerning the Risk of Depression: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Indonesia.

There is substantial evidence that a lack of sleep quality and duration can increase the risk of depression in adults. Still, few studies have compared sleep quality and duration to the risk of depression in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the prevalence and risk of depression associated with both sleep quality and duration and identified those factors associated with sleep quality with sleep duration. This study was a cross-sectional study, and the data were obtained from the 2014 Indonesian Family Life Survey, with a total sample comprised of 19,675 respondents aged older than 15 years old. A self-reported questionnaire was used to assess sleep quality and duration. Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD-10) questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to examine the risk of depression, and multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the risk of poor sleep quality with consideration to sleep duration. The prevalence of depression was the highest in the poor sleep quality and long sleep duration groups (48.5%). After all variables associated with depression were adjusted, poor sleep quality was identified as a factor leading to a higher risk of depression (OR = 4.2; 95% CI: 3.7-4.6; p < 0.001) than long sleep duration (OR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2-1.6; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the interaction between poor sleep quality and long sleep duration gave the highest risk of depression (OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 3.6-5.3); p < 0.001). Multinomial logistic regression revealed that the factors leading to a significant increase in the risk of poor sleep quality, with consideration to sleep duration, in the population were age, gender, marital status, education, wealth index, physical activity, chronic illness, season, and urban area (p < 0.05). Sleep quality was found to be associated with a higher risk of depression than sleep duration. The findings of this study may be beneficial to healthcare professionals who develop health promotion strategies for reducing the incidence of depression in communities.

Unpaid productive activities and loneliness in later life: Results from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (2000–2014)

IntroductionContributing to society constitutes an essential part of healthy ageing. To date, however, it remains unclear how valuable contributions such as caregiving and volunteering, also described as unpaid productive activities, are related to older adults’ loneliness. The present longitudinal study addresses this question in a lower-middle-income country, in Indonesia. MethodsUsing data from two waves of the nationally representative Indonesian Family Life Survey (2000–2014), logistic regression models were applied with caregiving (to non-resident children, siblings, and parents) and volunteering (1–99 h, >100 h per year) as predictors and loneliness as outcome. Participants who were <50 years old and felt lonely at baseline were excluded. Results are reported as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). ResultsOf the 3,572 participants (52.8% women; Mean age: 60 years), 538 (15.1%) developed loneliness. In the unadjusted model, volunteering 1–99 h per year and caregiving to parents were each associated with a lower likelihood of feeling lonely later in life. For moderate volunteering (1–99 h), participating in the volunteer decision-making process was beneficial for loneliness. After adjusting for covariates, only the association between caregiving to parents and loneliness remained significant (OR=0.48, 95%CI: 0.27–0.81, p = 0.01). Specifically, providing care to parents who did not need help with daily activities was associated with lower loneliness. ConclusionThis longitudinal study addresses important research gaps in the literature on global healthy ageing, as it relates to the protective role of older adults’ unpaid productive activities on loneliness in Indonesia.

Walking down the street: how does the built environment promote physical activity? A case study of Indonesian cities

ABSTRACT This research merges individual self-reported physical-activity data from the fifth wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) with data on Indonesian cities’ and municipalities’ built environments and employs cross-sectional multilevel regression to disentangle the relevant factors that affect individual incentives to engage in physical activity. The results suggest that high-density settings and land-use diversity in Indonesian urban settings adversely affect the incentive to engage in physical activity. Our finding reflects the common case of developing countries where the main problem arises from insufficient urban planning, which further results in other issues such as conventional land use and low-level safety and security. Thus, the result implies the urgency to improve built-environment planning in Indonesia to create a more supportive living environment that encourages residents to be more physically active, hence creating a healthier society.

The longitudinal effects of education on depression: Finding from the Indonesian national survey.

A thorough and continuous investigation of the association between education and depression in Southeast Asia is critical, particularly in Indonesia, where depression is highly prevalent. Despite this, studies on education and depression mainly use a cross-sectional design alone, which cannot control the bidirectionality of the relationship. Therefore, this study investigated the longitudinal effects of education on depression symptoms, based on nationally representative survey data. This study used as its basis a longitudinal socioeconomic and health survey in Indonesia, the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). The survey collected data through face-to-face interviews with individual respondents and their families. The fourth and fifth waves of IFLS datasets were used in the analysis. A total number of 18,374 adult participants were included in the dataset. Depression symptoms were assessed based on a 10-item version of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression) Scale. Education level was the highest level of education attained by the participants. A cross-lagged longitudinal model was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) or analysis of covariance structure. The results showed that the model of education and depression fits the data well. The fit indices of the model, χ2 (1, N = 18,374) = 21.592, p = 0.001, RMSEA = 0.033, CFI =. 0999, fulfilled the requirements for a good fit. Meanwhile, further analysis of the cross-lagged model revealed that education predicted depression and not the other way around. The standardized regression weights showed that higher education attainment reduces the risk of depression later in life. This study asserts that educational attainment has longitudinal effects on depression. Therefore, expanding the policies surrounding educational opportunity may prevent the onset of depression. This is important, especially in the Indonesian context, where the prevalence of depression among adults is higher than the global average. Access to further education deserves continued consideration in research and policy discussions on mental health and educational system development.

Pengaruh faktor demografi dan nondemografi terhadap fertilitas di Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the effect of demographic factors (child mortality, age of first marriage, type of contraception) and non-demographic factors (economic factors represented by income; social factors consisting of mother’s education and work status; and cultural factors represented by ethnicity and religion) on fertility in Indonesia. By applying Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method, this study uses cross-sectional data from Indonesia Family Life Survey Wave 5 in 2014. OLS regression results show that demographic factors that influencing fertility in Indonesia are child mortality, age of first marriage, and type of contraception (IUD and tubectomy). Meanwhile, non-demographic factors that have an effect on fertility in Indonesia are income and mother’s education. Moreover, the significant effect of cultural factor on fertility in Indonesia is only shown partially among ethnic groups.

Socioeconomic disparities in the burden of hypertension among Indonesian adults - a multilevel analysis

ABSTRACT Background Hypertension remains a problem of public health across various socioeconomic groups, despite its high prevalence. However, few studies account for geographical variation in examining socioeconomic inequalities and hypertension in Indonesia. Objective To investigate the burden of hypertension in Indonesia based on prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among adults; and assess whether or not the burdens vary according to geographical variation and socioeconomic status Methods In Wave 5 of the Indonesian Family Life Survey in 2015, 32,034 individuals aged 15 and over participated in the study. Concentration Curves (CC) and Concentration Indexes (CI) were used to analyse socioeconomic inequality. We used multilevel logistic regression to assess biological, geographical variation, and socioeconomic factors associated with the burden of hypertension, adjusting for potential covariates. Results The prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia was 26.1%, and only 26.9% of those with hypertension were aware of their condition. Approximately 22.5% of hypertensive patients received treatment, but only 28.2% had controlled blood pressure and reached the therapeutic goal. Low socioeconomic groups were more prone to hypertension (CI = −0.047 in urban and CI = −0.075 in rural). In contrast, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension were more concentrated in higher socioeconomic groups. Conclusions The high prevalence of hypertension, low awareness of the condition, poor compliance with treatment, and poor control of the condition, as well as the existing socioeconomic inequality, make this a significant determinant of public health issue in Indonesia. There is a need for effective programs for the prevention of hypertension and better management of hypertensive patients.

Built environment as a risk factor for adult overweight and obesity: Evidence from a longitudinal geospatial analysis in Indonesia.

Indonesia has nearly doubled its urban population in the past three decades. In this period, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Indonesia has also nearly doubled. We examined 1993-2014 panel data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) to determine the extent to which the increase in one's built environment contributed to a corresponding increase in adult overweight and obesity during this period. We estimated longitudinal regression models for body mass index (BMI) and being overweight or obese using novel matched geospatial measures of built-up land area. Living in a more built-up area was associated with greater BMI and risk of being overweight or obese. The contribution of the built environment was estimated to be small but statistically significant even after accounting for individuals' initial BMI. We discuss the findings considering the evidence on nutritional and technological transitions affecting food consumption patterns and physical activity levels in urban and rural areas.

Risks of Daily Living Activities on Related Disability

Indonesian lost 6 days productive time in average because the disability of daily activities, that must be dealt with seriously because the effect of this problem is the declining quality of life of a person and will also cause a burden for country. This research is expected to be the key to understand and overcome the problems of disability in daily activities. The research used cross sectional design with a secondary data based of Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 5. The analysis in this study was logistic regression with samples aged &gt;40 years who participated in data collection conducted by RAND with a total of 8185 respondents. Almost all variables examined in this study were statistically significant with disabilities, there were age (p = 0.000, OR = 2.996, 95%CI = 2.726 – 3.294), gender (p = 0.000, OR = 1.858, 95%CI = 1.693 – 2.039), marital status (p = 0.000, OR = 2.211, 95%CI = 1.997 – 2.448), employment status (p = 0.000, OR = 2.540, 95%CI = 2.321 – 2.780), arthritis status (p = 0.000, OR = 1.687, 95%CI = 1.482 – 1.919) and obesity (p = 0.000, OR = 1.345, 95%CI = 1.177 – 1.538). Only variable educational level that is not significant with disability (p=0,198). The target of disability management is prioritized at an older age by providing health education and assistance so that they can withstand the threat of daily disability and lead to an improvement in their quality of life.

Childhood socioeconomic status and adulthood dietary diversity among Indonesian adults.

Food insecurity problems still exist among people in low-to-middle income countries. The long-term disadvantages of socioeconomic status may contribute to chronic food insecurity. However, whether childhood socioeconomic status factors are related to food insecurity in adulthood remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to test the association between childhood socioeconomic status factors and one of the proxies for adulthood food security, dietary diversity. This study used the 2014 RAND Indonesia Family Life Survey dataset with 22,559 adult participants as study samples. The childhood socioeconomic status factors consisted of 16 questions about the participants’ conditions when they were 12 years old. Adult dietary diversity was assessed using the United Nations World Food Programme’s food consumption score. A linear regression model was used to analyze the association between variables. This study found that the number of owned books (β coef.: 3.713–7.846, p < 0.001), the use of safe drinking-water sources (β coef.: 0.707–5.447, p < 0.001–0.009) and standard toilets (β coef.: 1.263–4.955, p < 0.001–0.002), parents with the habit of alcohol consumption (β coef.: 2.983, p = 0.044) or the combination with smoking habits (β coef.: 1.878, p < 0.001), self-employed with the permanent worker (β coef.: 2.904, p = 0.001), still married biological parents (β coef.: 1.379, p < 0.001), the number of rooms (β coef.: 0.968, p < 0.001), people (β coef.: 0.231, p < 0.001), and younger siblings (β coef.: 0.209–0.368, p < 0.001–0.039) in the same house were positively and significantly associated with the outcome variable. Furthermore, in the order of childhood socioeconomic status factors, self-employment without permanent workers and casual work types (β coef.: –9.661 to –2.094, p < 0.001–0.001), houses with electricity facilities (β coef.: –4.007, p < 0.001), and parents with smoking habits (β coef.: –0.578, p = 0.006) were negatively and significantly associated with the food security proxy. In conclusion, childhood and early socioeconomic disadvantage is related to adult food security status and may lead to poor health.

The relative impact of underweight, overweight, smoking, and physical inactivity on health and associated costs in Indonesia: propensity score matching of a national sample

BackgroundIndonesia is in the middle of a rapid epidemiological transition with an ageing population and increasing exposure to risk factors for chronic conditions. This study examines the relative impacts of obesity, tobacco consumption, and physical inactivity, on non-communicable diseases multimorbidity, health service use, catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), and loss in employment productivity in Indonesia.MethodsSecondary analyses were conducted of cross-sectional data from adults aged ≥ 40 years (n = 12,081) in the Indonesian Family Life Survey 2014/2015. We used propensity score matching to assess the associations between behavioural risk factors and health service use, CHE, employment productivity, and multimorbidity.ResultsBeing obese, overweight and a former tobacco user was associated with a higher number of chronic conditions and multimorbidity (p < 0.05). Being a former tobacco user contributed to a higher number of outpatient and inpatient visits as well as CHE incidences and work absenteeism. Physical inactivity relatively increased the number of outpatient visits (30% increase, p < 0.05) and work absenteeism (21% increase, P < 0.06). Although being underweight was associated with an increased outpatient care utilisation (23% increase, p < 0.05), being overweight was negatively associated with CHE incidences (50% decrease, p < 0.05).ConclusionCombined together, obesity, overweight, physical inactivity and tobacco use contributed to an increased number of NCDs as well as medical costs and productivity loss in Indonesia. Interventions addressing physical and behavioural risk factors are likely to have substantial benefits for individuals and the wider society in Indonesia.

Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk for Coronary Heart Disease in Indonesia: A Longitudinal Study 2007-2014

Introduction: Indonesia has a serious burden of cardiovascular disease, especially coronary heart disease (CHD). The prevalence of CHD has not in fact increased; however, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of CHD risk factors. Several of these occurring together could cause metabolic syndrome, whose prevalence is relatively high in Indonesia, and consequently increase the risk of CHD. This study aims to obtain the risk of CHD in patients with metabolic syndrome in Indonesia. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study with a median followed up of 6.8 years, secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) waves 4 and 5 (2007-2014), and a study population of 6,571 respondents aged 40-69 years. The Joint Interim Statement criteria were used to define metabolic syndrome, with the omission of one component. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 20%; the highest component was low HDL at 69.1%, followed by hypertension at 59.7%, and central obesity at 39.7%. The incidence of CHD was 2.72%, with an incidence rate 34per 100,000 person-years. Multivariate analysis found that the relative risk (RR) hazard ratio (HR) was 2.16 (95% CI 1.564-2.985). Conclusion: Subjects with metabolic syndrome had a two times higher risk of developing CHD, as adjusted by sex, age, smoking status, and physical activity.

Are Empowered Women Healthier in Their Later Life? Empirical Analysis Using Indonesian Longitudinal Data

Although empowering women provides advantages for women and their children and family, the long-term advantage is yet to be deeply studied. By utilizing 14 years of longitudinal information, this study investigated the link between empowerment and later life well-being among women. Data from two later rounds of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS3 [2000] &amp; IFLS5 [2014/2015]) were analyzed using logistic regression with robust standard error. Results showed that unempowered women were more likely to have trouble in activities of daily living (ADL) in older age. When the analysis was specified based on living locations, empowerment among women living on the island of Java had no statistical association with later life well-being. In contrast, empowerment among women living off the island of Java was highly significant in affecting ADL problems with double strength in magnitude as that of the general sample. This finding provided insight into the vital role that empowerment plays in older adults’ well-being, especially those living off the island of Java. Moreover, having a chronic disease is associated with having a higher likelihood of difficulties with ADL. Older adults who were involved in paid activities are found to perform better in ADL than older persons not working. Furthermore, having more family members impacts the likelihood of difficulties with women’s ADL.

Risk Factors of Central Obesity in Indonesian Men: A Cross-Sectional Data Study of The Indonesia Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS 5)

Highlights: Low levels o physical activity are the major risk factor of central obesity among Indonesian men. There was a relationship between smoking status, smoker type, cigarette type, physical activity, and meat consumption frequency and the incidence of central obesity. Abstract: Obesity is one of the leading health problems in both developed and developing countries. Central obesity can be defined as a condition where excess fat has accumulated in the abdominal area. There are several risk factors that may cause central obesity in men such as smoking habits, physical activity, and dietary habits. This study aimed to analyse the risk factors of central obesity in Indonesian men. This was an analytical observational study using a cross-sectional design. It used secondary data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS 5) with a sample size of 4,648 respondents. The variables studied here were smoking status, type of smoker, type of cigarette, physical activity, and meat consumption frequency. Logistic regression analysis was used. The results of this study showed that the mean age of the respondents was 51 years old. There was a relationship between smoking status (p=0.000), type of smoker (p=0.002), type of cigarette (p=0.000), physical activity (p=0.000), and meat consumption frequency (p=0.024) and the incidence of central obesity. The conclusion of the study was that there was a relationship between smoking status, type of smoker, type of cigarette, physical activity, meat consumption frequency, and the incidence of central obesity, all of which were risk factors of central obesity in Indonesian men. A low level of physical activity was the most prominent risk factor associated with central obesity among Indonesian men. From this study, we suggested controlling the risk factors of central obesity by providing education on the dangers of smoking and the importance of physical activity and a balanced nutritional diet.

Depression among Older Adults in Indonesia: Prevalence, Role of Chronic Conditions and Other Associated Factors.

Depression is one of the most common illnesses worldwide, with a prevalence of 5.7% among older adults aged over 60. Depression is a severe health condition that can significantly affect the quality of life. The objective of this study is to investigate the determinant factors of depression among older adults in Indonesia. Data of 4236 adults of 60 years old and over were taken from the fifth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5). Sociodemographic and multiple health-related variables collected through interviews and measurements were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate depression and its associated factors. The prevalence of depression assessed using ten questions from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D 10) was 16.3%. Significant associated factors for depression were moderate and low subjective economic status, living in Java or other regions outside Sumatra and Java, no life satisfaction, self-perceived as having poor health, having dependency (IADL scores), and experienced falls and insomnia. Among chronic conditions, stroke, arthritis, and hearing impairment were also more common in depressed older adults. Predictors of depression identified in this study may be used to help prevent and improve depression in Indonesian older adults, especially those who live on Java. Improvement in healthcare, especially in the prevention and rehabilitation of stroke, arthritis, possible frailty (falls and dependency), hearing impairment, and insomnia, concurrent with early detection of depression in these chronic conditions, may help create a better quality of life among Indonesian older adults.

Participation in community-based healthcare interventions and non-communicable diseases early detection of general population in Indonesia

BackgroundCommunity-based Healthcare Interventions (CBHIs) are regarded as a critical component of healthcare task-sharing in LMICs and have the potential to address LMICs’ health system weaknesses to improve NCDs prevention care. This study aims to investigate the relationship between participation in CBHIs and NCDs early detection at medical facilities among Indonesians. MethodsData come from the fifth Indonesian Family Life Survey (2014–2015), a total of 27,692 individuals (14,820 female and 12,872 male individuals age 15 and older). Multiple ordered logistics and logistics regression was used to assess the association between individual participation in CBHI and early detection of NCDs at medical facilities. FindingsParticipation in CBHIs are associated with higher odds of having regular blood pressure test (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.67–3.58), cholesterol test (adjusted OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.60–2.22), blood glucose test (adjusted OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.58–2.23), electrocardiogram (adjusted OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.06–1.76) and basic dental examination (adjusted OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.09–1.60) at medical facilities. The odds of having pap smears (adjusted OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.62–2.98) and breast self-examination (adjusted OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.37–2.19) among females who participated in CBHIs are substantially larger than those who did not participate in CBHIs. No significant association is shown for the basic vision examination (adjusted OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.95–1.37), while the association of participation in CBHIs on prostate cancer checkup (adjusted OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04–0.76) was negative and significant. The results were controlled with a wide range of predisposing, enabling and need factors for NCDs early detection. Conclusionand recommendation: CBHIs may benefit NCDs early detection for the general population in Indonesia. Policymakers and health practitioners need to design CBHIs programs that are attractive to the population, especially men and younger people.

Hormonal contraceptive use related to breast cancer among women in Indonesia: a nationwide study

Breast cancer remains a global problem, including Indonesia. However, research findings regarding the influence of hormonal contraceptive use on breast cancer have not been conclusive. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether there was any association between hormonal contraception use and breast cancer among women in Indonesia. We assessed 3,517 participants who participated in this study conducted through the Indonesian Family Life Survey wave five during 2014-2015. A logistic regression model was performed to analyse data. The precentage of breast cancer cases in this study was 0.34%, with a total of 1,574 respondents (44.75%) having used hormonal contraceptive for more than five years. After controlling for confounders, the hormonal contraceptive use had significantly lower to have breast cancer incidence (OR&lt;sub&gt;adj&lt;/sub&gt;=0.10; 95% CI=0.03-0.40; p&amp;lt;0.05) compared to women using non-hormonal contraceptive, while the long-term hormonal contraception use (more than five years) did not affect breast cancer incidence. Hormonal contraceptive use was associated with breast cancer; however, the evidence from our findings indicated that the magnitude of the risk was small.

Cardiovascular Disease, Comorbidities, and Late Adult in Indonesia: a Cross-Sectional Population-Based National Survey

The aging population is predominantly predisposed to heart illness. Age is an autonomous danger factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults, but this risk is exacerbated by additional factors, including comorbidities. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and the association between comorbidities and cardiovascular disease among late adults in Indonesia. This cross-sectional research utilizes the data national population survey from the Indonesia Family Life Survey wave 5 (2015). Multistage stratified random sampling was utilized to choose the respondents to respond to a structured questionnaire interview, laboratory test, and anthropometric measurements. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to determine the association. The result was respondents’ age mean was 48.31 (±5.83) years. CVD prevalence was 2.36% (95% CI: 2.07 – 2.70). The final model of a multivariable analysis using multiple logistic regression indicated that CKD (adj. OR = 3.04, 95%CI 1.76 – 5.24, p = &lt;0.001), hyper cholesterol (adj. OR = 2.77, 95%CI 1.20 – 3.90, p = &lt;0.001), stroke (adj. OR = 2.66, 95%CI 1.36 – 5.24, p = 0.004), having hypertension (adj. OR = 1.83, 95% 1.35 – 2.49, p = &lt;0.001), high blood sugar (adj. OR = 1.82, 95%CI 1.17 – 2.86, p = 0.008), were significantly associated with CVD among late adults. Other significant covariate was age (adj. OR = 1.04, 95%CI 1.01 – 1.06, p = 0.003) and sex (adj. OR = 1.43, 95%CI 1.07 – 1.92, p = 0.015). The conclusion was comorbidities, age, and sex was associated with CVD among late adults in Indonesia.

Does conditional cash transfer change educational aspirations? Evidence from Indonesia

PurposeThe paper aims to examine whether conditional cash transfer (CCT) program has effect on educational aspirations of poor parents for their children. Specifically, it investigates the effect of Indonesian CCT program, Family Hope Program, on the number of schooling years parents aspire their children to attain.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2007 and 2014 to capture periods before and after the implementation of the Family Hope Program. Propensity score matching and difference-in-differences are employed to estimate the impact of the CCT program on parental education aspirations.FindingsThis research finds that CCT program increases parents' aspiration of their children's education up to one schooling year. This impact is robust across all matching specifications.Research limitations/implicationsThere is a limited sample size of the program participants as identified in the data set which would likely reduce statistical power of the estimator. The result is also potentially sensitive to hidden bias; hence it should be cautiously interpreted.Social implicationsFrom a policy viewpoint, the program is able to change parents' desire for their children to acquire more education. Given the program's concern on human capital of the children, this is a good sign that if the transfers were ceased the education of subsequent children would be less likely to return to pre-program levels.Originality/valueSince the existing literature focuses on Latin America, no empirical evidence is found in other developing countries with different institutional setting. This paper makes important contributions by examining whether CCT program increases parents' educational aspirations in Indonesia, a lower middle-income country in Southeast Asia with salient sociodemographic status as the largest Muslim population and fourth most populous country in the world.

Forced migration and household welfare in Indonesia

Forced migration has a long-lasting impact on future generations. This study involves the application of logistic regression with marginal effect on data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) to find out the impact of forced migration on the welfare of parent and child households. The study findings show that forced migration can reduce the likelihood of a parent household becoming poor by 7.3%. For children who follow their parents migrating, the probability of becoming poor is also decreased by 9.82%. A decrease in household consumption of education and health, as well as the lack of asset ownership, can reduce human capital components. This finding shows the importance of supporting investment in human capital and physical capital for households experiencing forced migration to avoid intergenerational transmission of poverty.

Marital Status and Its Effect on Depression in Indonesia: A Case Study of the 2014 Indonesian Family Life Survey

Background: Depression is a mental health disorder that makes the sufferer unmotivated and unproductive. This is caused by some factors such as loneliness, perfectionism, and marital status. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) in 2018 shows that 6.1 percent of the population aged 15 and above in Indonesia experienced depression. Therefore, this study aims to see how marital status affects depression in Indonesia. Method: This study uses logistic regression, marginal effect, and the Rasch model using data from the Indonesian Family Life Surveys (IFLS) in 2014/2015. Result: Analyses showed that married observations have a lower prevalence of depression compared to those who are not married, divorced, or widowed. Conclusion: Therefore, an increase in divorce cases will increase the prevalence of depression in Indonesia. More effort in educating marriage to young couples is needed to reduce the number of divorces in Indonesia.