Indole-3-butyric Acid Research Articles

Plant biotechnology for the conservation of Argania spinosa (Skeels L): optimising propagation and sustainable valorisation

ABSTRACT Argania spinosa, an endangered species from southwestern Morocco, is studied for preservation through plant biotechnology. The research aims to optimise argan tree propagation to boost production, preserve heritage, and use residual species. In vitro seedlings are transferred to a modified Murashige and Skoog medium with various phytohormones. Six combinations of auxins and cytokinins are tested for germination. Results show that a liquid medium with activated charcoal from argan shells promotes stem elongation. Meta-topoline at 0.5 mg L−1, combined with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 0.2 mg L−1, enhances shoot growth, leaf formation, and callogenesis. Adding benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 0.1 mg L−1 and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 0.02 mg L−1 to the medium elongates stems by 4.3 cm after 21 days. A 2000 ppm IBA concentration is key for a 90% rooting rate. These findings underscore plant biotechnology’s role in preserving and propagating argan trees, improving resource management, and supporting sustainability.

Efficient Plantlet Regeneration from Branches in Mangifera indica L.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most significant tropical and subtropical fruit species, with high ecological and economic value. However, research on the in vitro culture of mangoes is relatively weak, so establishing an efficient and stable mango plant regeneration system is of great significance. In this study, a preliminary mango regeneration system was established with Mangifera indica L. cv. Keitt from young branches as the starting explants. The results showed that the optimal plant growth regulator (PGR) formula for direct adventitious shoot induction on the branches was 1 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) + 0.1 mg/L a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), with an adventitious shoot induction rate of 73.63% and an average of 6.76 adventitious shoots. The optimal basal medium for adventitious shoot induction was wood plant medium (WPM), with an adventitious shoot induction rate of 63.87% and an average of 5.21 adventitious shoots. The optimal culture medium for adventitious shoot elongation was WPM + 1 mg/L 6-BA + 0.5 mg/L NAA, with an adventitious shoot elongation rate of 89.33% and an average length of 5.17 cm. The optimal formula for the induction of mango rooting was Douglas fir cotyledon revised medium (DCR) + 3 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), with a maximum rooting rate of 66.13% and an average rooting quantity of 6.43. The genetic fidelity of the in vitro-regenerated plants was evaluated using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. There was no difference between the in vitro-regenerated plants and the parent plant. This study provides an efficient and stable propagation system for Mangifera indica L., laying the foundation for its rapid propagation and genetic improvement.

Sexual and Asexual Propagation of Wild Lime (Zanthoxylum fagara L. Sarg.), a Native Florida Plant with Ornamental and Ecological Value

Abstract A series of four propagation studies were implemented to better understand the seed biology of wild lime (Zanthoxylum fagara L. Sarg. [Rutaceae]) and its adventitious rooting response to auxin treatments. Plant origin (north central vs south Florida ecotypes) did not affect initial seed viability but significantly influenced germination response to seasonal temperatures. Fifty-five days after sowing north central Florida seeds, germination was similar among spring, summer and fall treatments (28.9 to 41.1%), but was reduced by the winter temperature (10.7%). South Florida seeds showed greatest germination under the fall temperature (71.2%), and the least germination under the summer temperature (30.2%). Additional seed treatments including applications of gibberellic acid (GA3) with kinetin nominally improved germination by 1.2 times compared to non-treated seed. Seeds tolerated cryopreservation treatments, including combinations of a plant vitrification solution, liquid nitrogen, phloroglucinol and precooling, suggesting long-term storage capability. As an alternative to seed propagation, cutting propagation was found to be a reliable means of reproducing wild lime with 91.0% rooting success when softwood cuttings were treated with 8,000 mg·kg−1 (0.13 oz·lb−1) indole-butyric acid (IBA), compared to 3,000 mg·kg−1 (0.05 oz·lb−1) IBA (86.3%) or the non-treated control (71.2%). Species used in this study: Wild lime, Zanthoxylum fagara (L. Sarg). Chemicals used in this study: 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (TZ); sodium hypochlorite solution (Clorox bleach); gibberellic acid (GA3); kinetin (kinetin), plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2); liquid nitrogen (LN); phloroglucinol (phloroglucinol); glycerol (glycerol); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); MS media (Murashige and Skoog media), sucrose (sucrose); 15N-5P-15K liquid fertilizer (Peters Excel Cal-Mag Special); indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); 14N-14P-14K slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote).

Harnessing Abiotic Defence Inducers for Effective Management of Pod Rot of Mungbean

Pod rot is a significant issue for mung bean plants, causing substantial reductions in yield and quality. In this study, several defence inducers, including salicylic acid (SA), nicotinic acid (NA), indole butyric acid (IBA), chitosan, and benzothiadiazole (BTH), were applied as foliar sprays to assess their effectiveness in enhancing resistance to pod rot in field conditions. The results indicated that benzothiadiazole -treated plants experienced a marked reduction in disease severity of 18.667% compared to untreated plants (control) with 36.177%. This indicated that benzothiadiazole has antifungal properties, decreases disease severity, and stimulates defence mechanisms in Mung bean against pod rot.

An Overview of Pharmaceutical Applications and In vitro Micropropagation Techniques for Rare and Endangered Plant Species

Many rare and endangered plant species possess valuable secondary metabolites with pharmacological applications. These bioactive compounds are often integral to traditional medicine systems, highlighting the cultural significance of these plants. The health benefits of many medicinal species are not fully validated by contemporary scientific research, and some may be facing extinction due to habitat loss, overharvesting or climate change. This situation highlights the urgent need for effective conservation strategies of the species and sustainable cultivation methods. Micropropagation is a valuable technique for producing large numbers of plants from a single explant, significantly aiding in the conservation and commercial cultivation of rare species. Among the various types of explants, shoot tips and nodal segments have been identified as the most effective explants for micropropagation. These explants can be induced to generate multiple shoots in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing Benzyl aminopurine (BAP). Thidiazuron (TDZ), Kinetin (KIN), or 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) are commonly used in MS medium to promote shoot and root development in both direct and indirect organogenesis processes. Rooting of the plantlets was typically achieved using MS medium either supplemented with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or devoid of auxins, depending on the species and the specific requirements for rooting.

Influence of indole-butyric acid and substrate type on vegetative propagation of native Peruvian blueberry (Vaccinium sp.)

In the Amazon region of Peru, native blueberries are found in high Andean areas, where they are associated with small shrubs and mosses. These blueberries prefer shallow soils with a sandy-clay texture and low fertility. However, their population is threatened by their limited regenerative capacity and various anthropogenic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of indole butyric acid and substrate type on the vegetative propagation of native Peruvian blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) grown in microtunnel. The experiment was conducted under a complete randomized design with the factorial arrangement; A: substrate (sand 100%, sand + coconut fiber 1:1 v/v and coconut fiber 100%) and B: AIB concentrations (1, 2 and 3 g L-1) and control (0 g L-1), giving 12 treatments, three replicates and 36 experimental plots. In the field, apical shoots of blueberry with semi-lignified and vigorous stems were collected. In the laboratory, they were disinfected with fungicide and cut to a size of 7 cm. Subsequently, they were treated with AIB and planted in prepared substrates. After 120 days in the microtunnel, it was observed that blueberry cuttings showed higher survival in sand + coconut fiber (94.7%), rooting (73.8%), root number (6.9), and root growth (9.2). AIB concentrations at 2 and 3 g L-1 had a greater effect on rooting, with values above 60%. The use of suitable substrates and auxin concentrations significantly favors the vegetative propagation of native blueberries. This propagation technique is postulated as a promising alternative for the mass propagation of this species for the conservation and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems.

Influence of rooting media and indole butyric acid concentrations on growth and development of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus L.) cuttings

Influence of rooting media and indole butyric acid concentrations on growth and development of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus L.) cuttings

Evaluating Seed Viability and Germination Enhancement through Plant Growth Hormones in Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. exDC.) Wall. Ex Guill. & Perr.

Aims: To evaluate the seed viability and enhancing germination percentage through plant growth hormones in Anogeissus latifolia. Study Design: A randomized complete block design was used to conduct the investigation. Place & Duration of Study: Plant nursery, ICFRE- AFRI, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India; between Feb 2023 and June 2023. Methodology: The viability test was analyzed using a 1% Tetrazolium chloride solution (TZ). About 50g seeds were pre-treated with Gibberellic acid (GA3) and Indole-3-Butyric acid (IBA) and hormones of concentrations 500, 750, and 1000 ppm each. 1000 pre-treated seeds of each treatment were sowed in the mother bed of the nursery and germination was recorded for up to 15 days. Further germination indices such as germination percentage, germination speed, mean germination time, root length, shoot length, allometric coefficient, and vigor index were calculated. Results: A. latifolia contained around 33.74±6.561% viable seeds, according to a viability analysis using a 1% TZ solution. An analysis of variance in the data revealed a substantial (P≤.001) impact of PGRs and their interaction with the indices under investigation. The best treatment overall was demonstrated by GA3 750 ppm concentration followed by GA3 1000 ppm and IBA 750 ppm concentrations. IBA 1000 ppm, however, showed a decreased effect on germination studies. Conclusion: Gibberellic acid overall had a beneficial effect on germination and all the studied indices. These hormonal treatments can be used to propagate the plant species for plantation, afforestation, or conservation purposes.

Impact of Iba and Naa Concentrations on Growth Characteristics of MR2 Mulberry (Morus sinensis) Using Mini-Clonal Technology at Nursery Level

Using mini-clonal technology, an experiment was carried out to examine the effects of rooting hormone on the growth and rooting characteristics of the mulberry (Morus sinensis L.) variety 'MR2'. Cuttings from the apical shoots of the mulberry variety MR2, which is the popular variety among farmers and have good resistance towards mildew attack was taken for the study. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Sericulture, Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam. Four replications of the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment were used to arrange the data. Two hormones, such as Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Napthalene acetic acid (NAA), were used in the experiment. The hormones were replicated four times in each of the following concentration ranges: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 ppm. Different hormone concentrations were applied to apical shoot cuttings before they were planted in the appropriate rooting medium in a greenhouse. At the 90th day, measurements were taken of the following parameters like shoot length (cm), number of roots per plant (no’s), root length (cm) and number of leaves per plant (no’s). IBA and NAA at 5000 ppm out performed all other treatments in terms of mulberry mini cutting growth and root characteristics.

In vitro propagation of triploid Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. Barkl

AbstractTriploid lacquer trees have a higher yield of raw lacquer and greater stress resistance; however, it is challenging to develop efficient and rapid seedling culture techniques because of the influence of metabolites with raw lacquer. In this study, the stem segments of a triploid lacquer tree were used to investigate the effects of explant sterilization treatment, different combinations of exogenous hormone concentrations on the induction of axillary buds, seedling development, and rooting, as well as transplanting substrate ratios. The results showed that the optimal combination of disinfection treatment for triploid Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. Barkl explants involves 75% alcohol immersion for 10 s, followed by 2.0% benzalkonium chloride treatment for 1 min and 0.1% HgCl2 treatment for 4 min. The suitable medium for axillary bud induction was Murashige and Skoog (MS) containing 0.1 mg•L−1 zeatin (ZT) and 0.1 mg•L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), resulting in a high induction rate of 95.0%. Use of 1/2 MS supplemented with 0.5 mg•L−1 6-BA and 0.3 mg•L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was the most effective for axillary bud proliferation. The combination of 1/2 MS containing 0.1 mg•L−1 6-BA, 0.5 mg•L−1 2,4-D, 0.5 mg•L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and 0.2% activated carbon (AC) was an optimum for hardening-off. With woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 0.5 mg•L−1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg•L−1 2,4-D and 0.5 g•L−1 AC as a rooting medium, the rooting rate was 67.8%. Also, the appropriate transplanting substrate ratio for triploid Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. Barkl was grass charcoal:laterite:humus = 1:1:1. Collectively, the results provided the technical assurance for seedling scale multiplication and propagation, facilitating its application in production.

The Impact of the Growth Regulators and Cultivation Conditions of Temporary Immersion Systems (TISs) on the Morphological Characteristics of Potato Explants and Microtubers

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) constitute one of the most economically important annual crops. In terms of tissue culture, potato microtubers (MTs) have a number of advantages over conventional plants. These advantages include their small size, which greatly facilitates storage, transport, and germplasm exchange compared to in vitro plants. One effective solution for the production and mass propagation of healthy MTs is the use of temporary immersion systems (TISs). In this study, in a SETISTM system containing kinetin/gibberellic acid (GA)/indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) hormones, we investigated the effects of different nutrient media on the morphological characteristics of potato explants and MTs. We determined the optimal cycling duration (3 h) with an immersion frequency of 2 min. The results revealed that the optimal nutrient medium for culturing single-node potato explants in a SETISTM bioreactor was the M7 medium containing kinetin (2 mg/L), GA (0.5 mg/L), and IBA (0.5 mg/L). The optimal nutrient medium for obtaining potato MTs was the M1 medium (hormone-free) with a high concentration of sucrose (9%) at 18 °C under dark growing conditions. Thus, a universal nutrient medium, employed in a bioreactor, was selected for the mass propagation of potato MTs for both domestic and foreign potato varieties.

Quality and resistance optimization of banana (Musa acuminata L.) vegetative seeds through the addition of indole butyric acid with biological agents induction against fusarium wilt disease intensity

Banana plants are a vital agricultural commodity in Indonesia, but Fusarium wilt disease (Fusarium oxysporum) significantly hampers production. This research aims to improve the quality and resilience of vegetative banana seedlings by selecting superior seedlings and vegetative propagation techniques such as budding, shoot cutting, and tissue culture management. The research used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) factorial with a combination of two factors, namely the addition of IBA and biological agents, with nine treatment combinations and three replications. IBA treatment significantly affected the initial emergence of shoots and leaf area, with the best result from treatment Z2 (IBA concentration of 1.5 g/l). The biological agent factor treatment significantly affected plant height, lower stem diameter, number of leaves, and hypothetical vigor index, with the best value shown by treatment B1. The use of IBA and biological agents can optimize the quality and resilience of vegetative banana seedlings, aiding farmers in enhancing the productivity and quality of agricultural products sustainably.

Effect of Aloe Vera, Wood Ash, and Indole-Butyric Acid on In-Vivo Macro Propagation of Robusta Coffee Stem Cuttings

Purpose: This study investigated the influence of Aloe Vera, Wood ash and a synthetic growth hormone Indole-butyric acid (IBA) on root and shoot in the proliferation of Coffee Wilt disease-resistant (CWD-R) Robusta coffee stem cuttings. Methodology: Stem cuttings of CWD-R Robusta coffee were treated with five levels of rooting natural substances and IBA independently and in combination. The treated cuttings were propagated in a uniform potting medium under humidity chamber conditions. Data was collected on the number of surviving cuttings, shoot and root number, and root and shoot lengths. At 90 days after planting, data on root proliferation, the number, and lengths of roots were collected and analyzed for variance (ANOVA) using GenStat 11th Edition. Findings: The survival, root, and shoot development were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the rooting substances applied. A combination of Aloe Vera and IBA, 0.8% IBA, and Aloe Vera gel applied alone gave the highest percentages (90, 70 and 70%, respectively) of stem cuttings that survived to form roots and shoots. A mixture of aloe Vera and IBA, 0.8% IBA, and Aloe Vera gave the highest mean number of shoots and roots per cutting; that is (8.75, 8.5, and 8.5 cm) and (13.87, 12.85 and 12.39 cm) for shoots and roots respectively. Cuttings treated with wood ash and control gave the lowest mean number of shoots and roots that formed per cutting; that is (5.25 and 4.50 cm) and (11.75 and 11.38 cm) for shoots and roots respectively. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Propagation of Coffea canephora, by stem cuttings can be adequately achieved by using Aloe Vera, IBA, or their mixture, but not with wood ash.

Enhancing Rooting in Morus alba Cuttings: Effects of Indolebutyric Acid and a Commercial Rooting Agent across Branch Positions

Sericulture is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk using white mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.); thus, the sector's quality production of mulberry seedlings on a large scale is economically important. The production of seedlings through cuttings is the most effective and fastest reproduction method. Still, it can also be enhanced using synthetic rooting agents, increasing the productive potential of white mulberry crops. The current work aims to evaluate the response of cuttings taken from different parts of the branch of M. alba var. Miura (Apical 1, Apical 2, Medial, Basal 1, and Basal 2) and treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA; 500, 1,000, and 1,500 mg L-1) and commercial rooting agent Forth® (10 % v/v), in addition to a control treatment. After treating the branches, they were placed in polyethylene containers filled with substrate and kept in a greenhouse for 70 days. The application of hormones on cuttings of M. alba favored several morpho-agronomic parameters evaluated for the propagules obtained from different positions on the branch. In conclusion, applying 500 or 1,000 mg L-1 of IBA is recommended for the various positions, with Basal 1 and Basal 2 showing higher values ​​in the evaluated parameters than the other positions. The results can help silk breeders optimize white mulberry crop production.

Developing an Optimized Protocol for Regeneration and Transformation in Pepper.

Capsicum annuum L. is extensively cultivated in subtropical and temperate regions globally, respectively, when grown in a medium with 8 holding significant economic importance. Despite the availability of genome sequences and editing tools, gene editing in peppers is limited by the lack of a stable regeneration and transformation method. This study assessed regeneration and transformation protocols in seven chili pepper varieties, including CM334, Zunla-1, Zhongjiao6 (ZJ6), 0818, 0819, 297, and 348, in order to enhance genetic improvement efforts. Several explants, media compositions, and hormonal combinations were systematically evaluated to optimize the in vitro regeneration process across different chili pepper varieties. The optimal concentrations for shoot formation, shoot elongation, and rooting in regeneration experiments were determined as 5 mg/L of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) with 5 mg/L of silver nitrate (AgNO3), 0.5 mg/L of Gibberellic acid (GA3), and 1 mg/L of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), respectively. The highest regeneration rate of 41% was observed from CM334 cotyledon explants. Transformation optimization established 300 mg/L of cefotaxime for bacterial control, with a 72-h co-cultivation period at OD600 = 0.1. This study optimizes the protocols for chili pepper regeneration and transformation, thereby contributing to genetic improvement efforts.

Cutting Propagation of ‘Coy’ Alder-leaf Mountain Mahogany

‘Coy’ alder-leaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus) is a new cultivar developed from a species native to the western United States with potential for use in xeriscaping, rock gardens, and water-efficient landscaping. However, efficient propagation methods are not well developed for it. In this study, cutting propagation of ‘Coy’ alder-leaf mountain mahogany was investigated over 3 years to evaluate the effects of wounding method, rooting hormone, type of cuttings collected, and time for cutting collection on rooting. In May, Jul, and Sep 2020, 2021, and 2022, nondormant hardwood subterminal cuttings and/or semihardwood terminal cuttings were collected for wounding studies. Before the treatment with 3000 mg·L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in powder, cuttings were wounded either by scraping one side (scrape) or by perpendicular cuts around the base (cut), and cuttings without additional wounding were used as the control. Similarly, subterminal and terminal cuttings of ‘Coy’ alder-leaf mountain mahogany were collected during the same time and were used for hormone treatments. Cuttings were treated with 1000 or 3000 mg·L−1 IBA in powder or 1000/500 or 3000/1500 mg·L−1 IBA/NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid) in solution. Wounding by cut or scrape increased the rooting percentage. In addition, most cuttings wounded by the scrape method had better rooting than those wounded with cuts. On the basis of hierarchical cluster analyses, cuttings treated with 3000 mg·L−1 IBA in powder had greater rooting than those treated with other hormones. Therefore, our research showed that successful rooting of subterminal or terminal stem cuttings of ‘Coy’ alder-leaf mountain mahogany can be achieved through wounding using scrape method and by treatment with 3000 mg·L−1 IBA in powder.

In vitro shoot regeneration system from leaves wrapped by bud scales of a multipurpose tree (Neolamarckia cadamba)

Neolamarckia cadamba (N. cadamba) is an evergreen tree species known for its rapid growth, remarkable wood properties, and significant value in medicine, feeding, and landscape. In order to clone a N. cadamba individual with excellent genotype, a plant regeneration protocol was successfully established with leaves wrapped by bud scales as explants. The optimal sterilization method for the leaves was 0.1% Mercury Chloride (HgCl2) treatment for 1 min before culturing on Murashige and Skoog’s medium (MS) supplemented with 3.0 mg/L Thidiazuron (TDZ), 0.1 mg/L 2–4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2-4D), 0.05 mg/L α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1 mL/L Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM) to induce calluses. The medium containing 1 mL/L PPM could effectively inhibit explant contamination without an unfavorable impact on the final induction rate of callus from the leaves. Three types of calluses were induced from the leaves cultured on the above medium. Among them, only the Type II callus, which was green and nodular, had few particle masses, could differentiate into adventitious shoots on the MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 6–Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.05 mg/L NAA, with the induction rate of 78.89% and adventitious shoot number per callus of 11.67. The adventitious shoots were proliferated on the MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.05 mg/L Indole-3- butyric acid (IBA) with the proliferation coefficient of 3.37. And the micro-shoots developed roots in the MS medium supplemented with 0.05 mg/L NAA and 0.05 mg/L IBA. The regeneration protocol can be used in the propagation and large scale production of seedlings with the same genotype as an excellent individual of N. cadamba in the field.

Response of Elymus nutans Griseb. seedling physiology and endogenous hormones to drought and salt stress

Elymus nutans Griseb. (E. nutans), a pioneer plant for the restoration of high quality pasture and vegetation, is widely used to establish artificial grasslands and ecologically restore arid and salinized soils. To investigate the effects of drought stress and salt stress on the physiology and endogenous hormones of E. nutans seedlings, this experiment configured the same environmental water potential (0 (CK), − 0.04, − 0.14, − 0.29, − 0.49, − 0.73, and − 1.02 MPa) of PEG-6000 and NaCl stress to investigate the effects of drought stress and salt stress, respectively, on E. nutans seedlings under the same environmental water potential. The results showed that although the physiological indices and endogenous hormones of the E. nutans seedlings responded differently to drought stress and salt stress under the same environmental water potential, the physiological indices of E. nutans shoots and roots were comprehensively evaluated using the genus function method, and the physiological indices of the E. nutans seedlings under the same environmental water potential exhibited better salt tolerance than drought tolerance. The changes in endogenous hormones of the E. nutans seedlings under drought stress were analyzed to find that treatment with gibberellic acid (GA3), gibberellin A7 (GA7), 6-benzyladenine (6-BA), 6-(y,y-dimethylallylaminopurine) (2.IP), trans-zeatin (TZ), kinetin (KT), dihydrozeatin (DHZ), indole acetic acid (IAA), and 2,6-dichloroisonicotininc acid (INA) was more effective than those under drought stress. By analyzing the amplitude of changes in the endogenous hormones in E. nutans seedlings, the amplitude of changes in the contents of GA3, GA7, 6-BA, 2.IP, TZ, KT, DHZ, IAA, isopentenyl adenosine (IPA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and abscisic acid was larger in drought stress compared with salt stress, which could be because the endogenous hormones are important for the drought tolerance of E. nutans itself. The amplitude of the changes in the contents of DHZ, TZR, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid was larger in salt stress compared with drought stress. Changes in the content of melatonin were larger in salt stress compared with drought stress, which could indicate that endogenous hormones and substances are important for the salt tolerance of E. nutans itself.

Enhancing rooting tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant by loaded indole-3-butyric acid in alginate/chitosan nanocapsule.

Recently, nanocarriers have been utilized for encapsulating and sustained release of agrochemicals specifically auxins. Due to their potential applications such as increased bioavailability and improved crop yield and nutritional quality. Herein, the efficacy of alginate/chitosan nanocapsules as a nanocarrier for the hormone indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) loading and its effect on rooting tobacco plants has been carried out in the present study. The average particle size of IBA-alginate/chitosan nanocapsules was measured by Dynamic light scattering analysis at 321 nm. Scanning electron microscope studies revealed the spherical shape of nanoparticles with an average size of 97 nm. The average particle size of IBA-alginate/chitosan nanocapsules was measured by Dynamic light scattering analysis at 321 nm. The characteristic peaks of IBA on alginate/chitosan nanocapsules were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Also, high efficiency (35%) of IBA hormone loading was observed. The findings indicated that the concentration of 3 mgL-1 of IBA-alginate/chitosan nanocapsules has the highest efficiency in increasing the rooting in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants compared to other treatments. According to our results, we can introduce alginate/chitosan nanocapsules as an efficient nanocarrier in IBA hormone transfer applications and their use in agriculture.

Advancements in the techniques for rescue and vegetative propagation of adult Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. trees

ABSTRACT This study focused on the method known as air layering to facilitate the growth of new plants from Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. a technique relatively unexplored for this species. The primary goal was to ascertain whether air layering could effectively produce new clonal (genetically identical) plants. Additionally, the study aimed to establish and enhance a small-scale nursery for clonal plants. To this end, trials were conducted on segments of branches from six adult trees in a special setup which stimulates root growth using various indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations. Root development was monitored biweekly. Based on these experiments, a clonal mini-garden was established to observe the growth and health of these new plants, assessing the number of new shoots and mini-cuttings generated and their survival rates. The findings indicate that root development occurred under all conditions, although the IBA concentration did not significantly affect the outcome. The success of plant growth within the clonal mini-garden appeared to be linked to the quality of root development during the air layering process. Therefore, employing air layering to cultivate new Mimosa caesalpiniifolia plants is viable and can support the creation of a clonal mini-garden for subsequent propagation.