Indole-3-butyric Acid Research Articles

Effect of auxins on biochemical composition of apical cuttings of Mulberry (Morus indica l.) Using mini clonal technology

A research study was carried out to examine the effects of auxin and rooting hormone on the biochemical composition of the mini clonal mulberry leaves raised using mini-clonal technique of (Morus indica L.) variety 'V1'.Two hormones, such as indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and napthalene acetic acid (NAA), were used in the experiment. The hormones were replicated four times in each of the following concentration ranges: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 ppm. Different hormone concentrations were applied to apical shoot cuttings before they were planted in the appropriate rooting medium in a greenhouse condition. The biochemical parameters analysed during the research study include leaf moisturecontent, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, crude protein, total carbohydrates, crude fat, total protein content present in mulberry leaves. The nutritive value of mulberry varieties depends on its biochemical constituents present in it. The results indicated that V1 mulberry mini clones have recorded better biochemical constituents and suitable for rearing of mulberry silkworms to get successful cocoon crop.

Initial development of Corymbia citriodora x Corymbia torelliana plants inoculated with endophytic bacteria under indole butyric acid concentrations

Initial development of Corymbia citriodora x Corymbia torelliana plants inoculated with endophytic bacteria under indole butyric acid concentrations

An Efficient Propagation Approach to Forcing Softwood Shoots from Epicormic Buds and Subsequent Rooting of Paulownia elongata S. Y. Hu.

The current research describes the multiplication of Paulownia elongata S. Y. Hu, a timber plant, through the forcing of softwood shoots from epicormic buds under glasshouse conditions in spring and fall seasons. Different growth media were used to compare their effect on the forcing potential of epicormic buds. For this, 25-30-cm-long and 1.2-2-cm-diameter stem segments taken from the lower juvenile portion of a mother plant were placed horizontally in flat trays containing media, i.e., sterilized well-moistened sand, peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite individually. Furthermore, 4-6-cm-long forced softwood shoots were detached and treated with various concentrations of IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and NAA (α-naphthyl acetic acid) either individually or in combinations for subsequent rooting. The response of shoot forcing was better in spring as compared to fall in terms of shoot length (cm), and number of shoots or leaves; however, an earlier bud break was observed during fall after 30 days of the initial experiment. The use of peat moss and vermiculite proved to be equally suitable for early bud break in both seasons, whereas in terms of shoot and leaf number as well as the shoot length (cm), the best outcome was observed in sand. Best rooting was observed at 3 gL-1 IBA + 3 gL-1 NAA in terms of root number per shoot, root length (cm), and days to root initiation while using sand as the growth medium after 50 days of the rooting experiment. The successfully established plantlets were further shifted to soil at Botanical Garden, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, exhibiting an 87.5% survival rate. On the basis of the results obtained, it may be concluded that reasonable softwood shoot forcing in P. elongata may further be exploited for its mass scale nursery propagation as well as use in future in vitro studies.

The Effect of Treated Wastewater Levels on the Rooting of Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) Green Cuttings

The world population is growing, leading to a gradual decrease in available water supplies. Reusing wastewater is seen as beneficial for environmental conservation and mitigating water contamination. Recycled wastewater includes essential nutrients for agricultural growth, and its reuse can lower the need for fresh water in dry areas. This study examined the impact of diluted treated wastewater at various ratios on the roots and shoot growth of blackberry green cuttings. For this purpose, Jumbo blackberry green cuttings located at the Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Agricultural Practice and Research Center were used in 2023. In September, cuttings were taken and treated with a control (0 ppm IBA) and a 4000 ppm dose of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The cuttings were then planted in rooting tables with perlite and bottom heat (22±2 °C). From the time of planting, the cuttings were irrigated with treated wastewater from the university's wastewater treatment facility, diluted in five different doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 %). In the cuttings removed from the rooting medium after 90 days, the following were determined: survival rate (%), rooting rate (%), callus formation rate (%), number of roots (per cutting), root length (cm), root diameter (mm), fresh and dry root weight (g), chlorophyll a (µg/g DW), chlorophyll b (µg/g DW), and total chlorophyll content (µg/g DW). At the end of the trial, the positive effects of treated wastewater on rooting had been determined. The rooting rate was determined to be best in the Control (0 ppm IBA)+TWW100 application (73%). The research suggests that blackberry cuttings can be rooted using treated wastewater without the need for IBA

In Vitro Shoot Multiplication and Rooting of 'Kashan' and 'Hervy Azerbaijan' Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) Genotypes for Cosmetic and Ornamental Applications.

The damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is an ornamental-medicinal plant from the Rosaceae family, and its aromatic compounds and essential oils are applied globally in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Due to its economic value, this research aimed to establish a protocol for an efficient, rapid, and cost-effective method for in vitro shoot multiplication and rooting of the R. damascena 'Kashan' and 'Hervy Azerbaijan' genotypes. Nodal segments (as primary explants) were cultured on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with combinations of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as gibberellic acid (GA3), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), as well as a PGR-like substance, phloroglucinol (PG), vitamins such as ascorbic acid (AA), and activated carbon in the form of active charcoal (AC). For the establishment stage, 0.1 mg·L-1 PG, 0.2 mg·L-1 GA3, and 1 mg·L-1 BAP were added to the media. Secondary explants (nodal segments containing axillary buds produced from primary explants) were obtained after 30 days of in vitro culture and transferred to the proliferation media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mg·L-1) and GA3 (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1 mg·L-1) together with 0.1 mg·L-1 PG and 20 mg·L-1 of AA. The rooting media were augmented with different concentrations of BAP and GA3 with 0.1 mg·L-1 of IBA, PG and 20 mg·L-1 of AA and AC. The results showed that the highest regeneration coefficient (4.29 and 4.28) and the largest number of leaves (23.33-24.33) were obtained in the explants grown on the medium supplemented with 2 mg·L-1 BAP and 0.4 mg·L-1 GA3 for the 'Kashan' and 'Hervy Azerbaijan' genotypes, respectively. Likewise, this PGR combination provided the shortest time until bud break (approximately 6.5 days) and root emergence (approximately 10 days) in both genotypes. The highest number of shoots (4.78 per explant) and roots (3.96) was achieved in this medium in the 'Kashan' rose. Stem and root lengths, as well as stem and root fresh and dry weights, were also analyzed. In most measured traits, the lowest values were found in the PGRs-free control medium. Rooted plantlets were transferred to pots filled with perlite and peat moss in a 2:1 proportion and were acclimatized to ambient greenhouse conditions with a mean 90.12% survival rate. This research contributes significantly to our understanding of Damask rose propagation and has practical implications for the cosmetic and ornamental plant industries. By offering insights into the manipulation of regeneration processes, our study opens up new possibilities for the effective production of high-quality plant material.

Optimization of the in-vitro culture protocol of Haworthiopsis viscosa and Haworthia truncata var. truncata

This study was conducted to optimize the in vitro culture of Haworthiopsis viscosa and Haworthia truncata var. truncate. The full and half concentration of Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg (B5) after the disinfection of the explants was used to determine the suitable medium culture. The effect of the different concentrations of 6-benzyl aminopurine (BA) and Kinetin (Kin) (0, 1, 2, 3 and 6 mg/L) was investigated on the percentage of regeneration, callus formation and the number of seedlings regenerated. The different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L) were used to investigate the seedlings rooting. Finally, the cocopeat + perlite, the sand +perlite and the vermicolit +perlite substrates were studied to determine the suitable substrate for compatibility. The results show that the use of MS culture medium at complete concentration was more successful than the other treatments and increased the regeneration and seedling percentage in both species. Also, the use of BA at a concentration of 1 mg/L (H. truncata var. truncate) and at a concentration of 3 mg/L (H. viscosa) increased the percentage of regeneration and the number of regenerated seedlings significantly and the regenerated seedlings had a very good quality. The rooting of seedlings in both studied species was the highest at 1 mg/L IBA. The use of NAA in the culture medium produced roots that stuck together and were fragile in some cases, which was not suitable for the compatibility. By comparing different substrates, it was found that the use of cocopeat + perlite increased the seedling compatibility percentage to more than 95% in both species.

Enhanced antioxidant activity in Curcuma caesia Roxb. microrhizomes treated with silver nanoparticles

Curcuma caesia Roxb. is a highly valuable, endangered herb of therapeutic importance that resides in their rhizomes. In the present investigation, the effect of ½ strength liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/l Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and different sucrose concentrations (1.5%, 3%, 6%, 9%, or 12%) was studied on microrhizomes induction of C. caesia. The shoot length, root length and microrhizomes dry weight of C. caesia decreased significantly at 6% sucrose and above. When compared to the control (1.5% sucrose), the current water content significantly decreased at 6% sucrose. The optimum concentration for in vitro microrhizomes induction in C. caesia was 6% sucrose. Therefore for further experiments, the 6% sucrose was used. We also studied the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) on microrhizome induction and antioxidant activity in C. caesia cultures. Field-grown C. caesia rhizomes extract was used in the green synthesis of AgNP. The synthesized AgNP was further characterized through scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The AgNP, ranging from 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 or 0.1 mg/l was supplemented in ½ strength liquid MS medium with 6% sucrose and 1 mg/l IBA. The MS medium with 0.05 mg/l AgNP found with significant morphological changes in C. caesia cultures (root number, root length and microrhizomes fresh weight). For the total phenolic and total terpenoids content estimation as well as for antioxidant activity analysis, the extracts of un-treated cultures (6% sucrose + 1 mg/l IBA, without AgNP), AgNP treated cultures (6% sucrose + 1 mg/l IBA with 0.025 and 0.05 mg/l AgNP) was used. The 0.025 and 0.05 mg/l AgNP enhanced the phenolic and terpenoid content in the cultures compared to the field-grown mother plant. The antioxidant activity of the cultures treated with AgNP also increased compared to un-treated cultures and field-grown mother plant. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the extract treated with 0.05 mg/l AgNP had increased production of monoterpene (camphor) and sesquiterpenes (β-elemenone and curcumenone). These increased terpenes could be responsible for the enhanced antioxidant activity of C. caesia cultures.

Application of Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) to Improve the Quality of MD2 Pineapple Seedlings from Crown Shoots and Sapling Shoots

This aim of this research is to determine the effect of Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) concentration to the origin of the planting material and their interaction on the growth and development of Millie Dillard-2 (MD2) variety pineapple seedlings so that quality pineapple seedlings with good performance and rooting are obtained. The research was conducted from May to December 2023, experimentally using a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). The first factor is IBA concentration of 0 ppm, 200 ppm, 400 ppm, and 600 ppm. The second factor is the origin of the crown shoots and sapling shoots. Thus, there were eight treatment combinations; each treatment was repeated three times, so there were 24 experimental units. Each experimental unit used 3 plant samples. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results were tested further using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) test at the 5% level. Observation were carried out on seedlings aged 30 Day After Planting (DAP) and 100 DAP with observation variables consisting of the root fresh weight aged 30 DAP and 100 DAP, total primary roots and increase in number of leaves. The research results show that giving a concentration of IBA of 400 ppm and seedling shoot planting material is the best treatment combination to be applied to MD2 pineapple seedlings.

Acclimation of Agave potatorum Zucc. micropropagated plants

Objective: Agave potatorum Zucc. is an intensively exploited wild plant species. We intend to evaluate how the concentration of mineral salts (MS), indole-butyric acid (IBA), and the incubation conditions affect in vitro-rooted A. potatorum during acclimation. Design/Methodology/Approach: We conducted 18 treatments that resulted from combining three factors: 1) MS concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%); 2) IBA concentrations (without auxin, 0.5 mg L-1, and 1 mg L-1); and 3) incubation environments (fluorescent lighting in a laboratory or exposure to solar radiation in a greenhouse). Thirteen plants from each treatment were transplanted into individual pots containing a 1:1 mixture of peat moss and perlite. These were placed in the acclimation greenhouse for 150 days, exposed to changes in solar radiation, starting from 600 µmol m-2 s-1 and conditions of high relative humidity (80-90%), and reaching outdoor conditions with full solar radiation,1400 ±200 µmol m-2 s-1. All in vitro culture plants, both in greenhouse and laboratory, underwent the same environmental and management conditions. Results: After 150 days of acclimation, plants micropropagated in a culture medium with 0.5 to 1 mg L-1 of IBA, 100% MS, and incubated in a greenhouse showed better growth. Study limitations/Implications: The in vitro culture protocol was (successfully) modified by providing solar radiation in a greenhouse during the rooting of A. potatorum sprouts. Findings/Conclusions: Solar radiation during in vitro incubation of A. potatorum favors its acclimation.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION FROM SHOOT CUTTINGS OF MATURE ROSEWOOD TREES (ANIBA ROSAEODORA DUCKE)

The production of seedlings by cuttings is an alternative to reconcile exploration and conservation of Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke). In this study, our objective was to evaluate the rooting of cuttings from epicormic shoots of adult rosewood strains, through substrate tests, auxin concentrations, and cutting types, as well as to describe the anatomical process of the formation of adventitious roots. We carried out two experiments: E1 - substrate test (sand [A], vermiculite [V], and A+V) and concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) via talc (0.0; 1.5; 3.0; 6 .0 g kg-1); E2 – evaluation of the type of cutting: apical, intermediate, basal and regrowth; in addition to anatomical analyzes on samples of rooted cuttings. In the experiments, the variables survival (%), rooting (%), number of roots, and length of the largest root (cm) were evaluated. In E2, shoots (%), number of shoots, length of the largest shoot (cm), and callosity (%) were added. The rooting at 3.0 g kg-1 IBA was better than the control and vermiculite as a substrate was superior to sand. Even without interaction, auxin showed a tendency for better rooting when used with one of the vermiculite substrates. Among the types of cuttings, the regrowth was superior for most variables, differing from the others in terms of sprouting and callosity, while the basal was inferior in the concentration of total carbohydrates and starch.

An efficient in vitro organogenesis protocol for the endangered relic tree species Bretschneidera sinensis and genetic fidelity assessment using DNA markers.

Bretschneidera sinensis is a monotypic species of rare and tertiary relic trees mainly distributed in China. B. sinensis is a potentially valuable horticultural plant, which has significant ornamental and research value, and is a crucial tool for the study of phylogeography. The artificial cultivation of B. sinensis is of great scientific value and practical significance. In this study, we developed a direct organogenesis process of B. sinensis using mature zygotic embryos as initial materials. The highest sterile germination induction (54.5%) from the mature zygotic embryo was obtained in a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2.0 mg·L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.2 mg·L-1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The highest percentage of shoot regeneration (90.37%) was attained using 1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA and 0.01 mg·L-1 NAA in the MS medium. The Woody Plant Medium (WPM) had the greatest adventitious shoot elongation rate of 93.33%. The most optimized rooting rate was 88.89% in a half-strength MS medium containing 2.0 mg·L-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1.0 mg·L-1 NAA. The genetic fidelity of in vitro regenerated plantlets was assessed using inter-simple sequence repeats and random amplified polymorphic DNA molecular markers, confirming the genetic uniformity and stability of regenerated B. sinensis plantlets. Our research presents an effective in vitro propagation system for B. sinensis, laying the groundwork for its germplasm conservation and large-scale production while maintaining high genetic integrity.

Meta-topolin mediated improved micropropagation, phytochemical profiling, and assessment of genetic fidelity in Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. et Fernand., an endangered medicinal herb

A highly effective method has been developed to examine the impact of different combination of meta-topolin and various cytokinins on Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. et Fernand. using apical bud explants. The effects of benzyl adenine purine (BAP), kinetin (Kin), meta-topolin (mT), and thidiazuron (TDZ) were explored separately and in different concentrations (ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 mg L−1) on shoot proliferation, as well as the influence of auxins like Indole -3- acetic acid (IAA), α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on rooting. When grown on MS medium supplemented with mT, highest growth rates were observed followed by BAP. Within the permutations tested, 2.0 mg L−1 of mT and 1.0 mg L−1 of BAP produced the best results with 96.3% success rate and average of 19.2 ± 1.92 shoots measuring 6.72 ± 0.49 cm in length after 8 weeks of culture. Among the various auxins used for in vitro root formation, 95.5% of multiple shoots effectively established roots on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1 of IBA resulting in an average of 14.0 ± 1.39 root numbers and 3.36 ± 0.27 cm in length after 4 weeks of culture. Furthmore, 94% of the acclimated plants not only survived but also thrived when grown in a mixture of loam, sand and fym (in 1:2:1 ratio) with an average weight of 16 g. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis revealed the presence of diosgenin and stigmasterol in both in vitro regenerants and mother plant, although there were variations in their content. To ensure genetic fidelity among regenerants, ISSR and SCOT markers were used, but no somatic differences were detected. Therefore, the established procedure seems to be easy and consistent for large scale development of genetically identical clones with a greater content of bioactive compounds.

Micropropagation, genetic fidelity and chromatographic analysis in Evolvulus alsinoides (L.): A potent multipurpose medicinal plant

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) is an annually growing medicinal plant used in many popular systems as a source of traditional medicine. However, fresh plant material for medicinal uses and research purposes is critically unavailable year-round due to its short life cycle. A micropropagation method for E. alsinoides was developed, and its genetic diversity was described. Surface sterilized nodal explants were inoculated onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different plant growth regulators; the best response of multiple shoot induction was observed on MS media augmented with 5 μM kinetin (Kn) and 0.1 μM Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which gave a maximum number of 10.27 ± 0.0118 shoots. Further, the addition of 30 μM of adenine sulfate to the MS media enhanced shoot multiplication (18). The cloned shoots were accomplished to in vitro rooting on MS medium with 0.1 μM Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 10 μM phloroglucinol, resulting in 16 healthy roots. The rooted plantlets were acclimatized in the shade house. The genetic stability of micropropagated plants was confirmed through molecular marker analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the tissues of clones revealed the contents of secondary metabolites. High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) revealed that squalene levels were highest in plants cultured in MS medium supplemented with adenine sulfate (378.89 ng/ 15 μl). The methods developed and defined are highly reproducible and can be used for commercial production of E. alsinoides valued for human health.

Effect of microbial fertilizers and growth media on the rooting of passion fruit (cv. Possum Purple) cuttings

Propagation by cuttings is widely used in the commercial propagation of passion fruits. In propagation with cuttings, hormones are generally applied to promote rooting. However, there is limited research on the use of microbial fertilizer for the rooting purpose of passion fruit cuttings. In the present study, perlite and vermiculite were used as rooting media, along with different doses of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (750 and 1500 ppm) and microbial fertilizer (Best-doll), which contains seven different bacteria species, including Penicillium bilaii, Bacillus megaterium, Azospirillum brasilense, and Arthrobacter viscosus, Azotobacter vinelandii, Azotobacter chroococcum, and Pseudomonas spp. (5000 and 10000 ppm). These were tested for rooting in semi-woody cuttings of the cultivar passion fruit var. ‘Possum Purple’. The Passiflora cuttings of the ‘Possum Purple’ cultivar successfully rooted four and a half months after planting. The results indicated that the lowest rooting rate was observed in indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatments. Conversely, perlite emerged as the most effective rooting medium for ‘Possum Purple’ cuttings. The application of 5000 ppm microbial fertilizer led to a higher root thickness compared to other treatments. However, there were no statistical differences among treatments regarding the longest and average root length in the rooting media. Based on the findings, the concentration of 5000 ppm microbial fertilizer and the use of perlite as a rooting medium is recommended for achieving the highest rooting levels and seedling quality.

Development of robust in vitro propagation protocol and cyto-genetic fidelity assessment of Siraitia grosvenorii (monk fruit)

Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey of the family Cucurbitaceae is a unique and precious plant of medicinal and economic importance in the international market. Due to the huge market potential and to narrow down the gap between demand and supply, an efficient in vitro propagation system using nodal explants was established. Shoot nodal segments were cultured in medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin (Kn 1.0–7.5 µM). A two-stage culture is recommended for micropropagation of S. grosvenorii. The highest shoot multiplication was observed in BAP-supplemented medium (5.0 µM), whereas rooting was observed in half-strength MS medium supplemented with 8.75 µM of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Fully developed plantlets were acclimatized with 100 % survival in sterilized sand. These hardened 15-day-old plants were successfully established under shade net conditions in fields. In vitro raised plants were found genetically stable using molecular markers, including RAPD and ISSR. The 2C nuclear DNA content using flow cytometry was observed to be 0.73–0.76 pg. Hence, the protocol developed for in vitro propagation of S. grosvenorii is cost-effective and can be efficiently used for the industrial production of this natural sweetener and pharmaceutically important plants.

Optimizing callus formation in the endangered medicinal tree Hydnocarpus macrocarpa using phytohormone

Hydnocarpus macrocarpa (Flacourtiaceae) is one of the endemic and endangered medicinal tree, was selected to investigate the influence of plant growth regulators on callus formation. H. macrocarpa is majorly distributed at low and medium elevations of the Southern Western Ghats. The seeds of this plant are used for the treatment of ulcers, biliousness, leprosy and epilepsy. An experiment was carried out with two different methods. In the first method Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with cytokinin alone or combined with auxin (2–4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid; Naphthalene acetic acid; Indole acetic acid; Indole butyric acid and Gibberellic acid) at different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 µM) were used; in the seond method, MS medium supplemented with coconut endosperm (Solid and liquid) extract (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 %) with Aloe vera jelly extract at different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 %) in combination and separately were used. Among the different treatments, good callus proliferation was obtained using MS medium supplemented with Benzylaminopurine and in combination with Naphthalene acetic acid and 2–4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (3 µM and 4 µM). But the best callus proliferation, shoot tip proliferation; auxiliary root and shoot formation were observed in MS medium supplemented with Aloe vera jelly extract in combination with coconut endosperm extract. The natural growth regulators supplemented with the media gave a positive response for plant growth. The results showed that the natural growth regulators, such as coconut endosperm and Aloe vera jelly extracts were found to be more efficient than the synthetic growth regulators (auxin and cytokinin). The presence of Indole acetic acid and Indole butyric acid in both Aloe vera jelly extracts and coconut endosperm were confirmed by High performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis.

Plant Growth Regulators and Rooting Media: A Viable Approach for Growth and Performance of Citrus

Plant growth regulators accompanied with appropriate growth medium can boost up the growth and performance of plants to a greater extent. PGRs such as auxin, gibberellin and cytokine play an exaggerative role in growth and development of the citrus. Moreover, the study reflects a clear overview of the impact of PGRs and different growth media to encourage rooting percentage, number of leaves, survival percentage, sprouting time, and root length of citrus cuttings. Citrus is a versatile fruit crop having a huge number of varieties, cultivars, and species; comes in different colours and flavours. Although, there are different methods used in the multiplication of citrus plant which includes budding, grafting, cutting, air layering, etc. However, propagation by cutting technique is the most commercial and farmer’s friendly approach. Different elements such as concentration of PGRs, age of plants and environmental factors are responsible for the successful growth of the citrus cuttings. Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) are the two types of auxin, which are most commonly utilized in citrus propagation. Rooting medium plays a crucial role in the supply the minerals and availability of water in citrus. An absolute rooting medium must have more enough nutrients and water holding capacity with better drainage as well as sufficient air spores for excellent gaseous exchange that fruitfully influence the rooting ability and also have a profound effect on growth and development in citrus cutting. The best time for cutting of citrus stems is in between the July and August.

Effect of two different base cuts and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) doses on rooting of stem cuttings of wild Silene compacta Fischer

Silene compacta Fisch. ex Hornem., which grows naturally, is a plant species with high ornamental plant potential in the Silene L. genus of the Caryophyllaceae family. Vegetative propagation is one of the important ways to preserve naturally growing and cultivated plant species. In this study, the effect of two different cutting areas of the cutting base (above the node-below the node) and five different indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) doses (control, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm) on the rooting of stem cuttings taken from individuals of the natural S. compacta species were investigated. IBA was applied to the cuttings’ bases in a commercial rooting powder. Perlite+peat mixture at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) was used in the rooting medium. Survival rate, rooting percentage, blooming rate, root number, root length, seedling height, seedling stem diameter, side shoot number, shoot length and shoot stem diameter were evaluated. The evaluation was made one month after the start of the experiment. As a result, the highest survival rate in cuttings was obtained from above-node control group (100%) and under-node 2000 ppm IBA (95%) application, and the highest rooting percentage was obtained from under-node 2000 ppm IBA (68%) and above-node control group (65%), respectively. Based on the results, it can be concluded that different cuttings of the cutting base and IBA concentrations have different effects on the rooting success of the S. compacta species with stem cuttings.

Long-term organogenic callus cultivation of Ranunculus illyricus L.: a blueprint for sustainable ex situ conservation of the species in urban greenery

The growing trend of introducing wild plant species into urban environments necessitates the identification of novel species adapted to prevailing conditions. A promising reservoir of such species may be xerothermic communities where Ranunculus illyricus occurs. This study aimed to establish a micropropagation protocol for R. illyricus using indirect organogenesis. The protocol includes initiation of culture from various explants, callus proliferation, shoot regeneration, multiplication, and concurrent rooting. Callus appeared on most types of vegetative explants tested, but stolons were considered the best due to their good availability, high disinfection (85%), and robust callus production (maximum increase − 363.1%). The growth rate of the callus fresh matter (CFM) obtained from stolons was calculated. Greater CFM was obtained on the medium with the supplemented picloram 8.0 mg L− 1 with kinetin 5.0 mg L− 1 and in second part of experiment on medium with the addition of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 2.0 mg L− 1 alone or picloram 6.0 mg L− 1 with kinetin 8.0 mg L− 1. Shoot organogenesis was observed on macronutrients B5 (Gamborg medium), micronutrients MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium with the addition of 2.0 mg L− 1 IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and 4.0 mg L− 1 BAP (6-benzylaminopurine). To document the process of callus differentiation, microscopic preparations were prepared. Subsequently, the regenerated plants underwent acclimatisation and their growth in an ex situ collection was monitored over three growing seasons. In particular, in vitro-origin plants exhibited developmental patterns similar to those of their seed-origin counterparts. The incorporation of R. illyricus into urban landscapes not only increases aesthetic appeal, but also ensures the preservation of valuable genetic resources for this rare species, potentially contributing to effective ex situ conservation in the future. This marks the first scientific report on in vitro cultures of R. illyricus.

In vitro multiplication and phytochemical evaluation of Apios americana Medik for enhanced production of the staple food and tissues with versatile bioactivities

Apios americana Medik tissues, including tubers, flowers, leaves, and vines have both nutritional and therapeutic benefits. These tissues are extensively used in products like beverages and food supplements, driving an exponential increase in worldwide demand for the plant. However, conventional propagation of A. americana through seeds and tubers faces several challenges, including limited seed sets under manual pollination, resulting in reduced production. To overcome these challenges, micropropagation emerges as a promising solution. The current research study has developed an effective in vitro propagation strategy for A. americana using direct regeneration from apical segment explants. Full-strength Quoirin and Lepoivre (QL) medium, supplemented with vitamins and 2.0 mg/L benzylaminopurine (BAP), yielded the highest number of shoots (7.50 ± 0.06) per apical segment explant. QL medium fortified with 1.0 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) demonstrated the highest root number (2.80 ± 0.30), length (85.80 ± 7.49 mm), and surface area (10.40 ± 0.82 cm2) in regenerated A. americana shoots. The survival rate of the regenerants in the ex vitro environment was 92.7% after acclimatization. In vitro-regenerated A. americana plants and mother plants exhibited similar ploidy level, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant capacity, indicating similarity in their physiological and biochemical properties. This protocol offers a rapid and scalable method for generating high-quality, A. americana plant stocks with stable genome size/ploidy level, meeting the exponentially growing demand for plant tissues. Additionally, it holds potential applications in A. americana breeding and germplasm preservation.