Individuals In Society Research Articles

Laudato Si'

The five existential questions posed by Pope Francis in Laudato si' are addressed. In a philosophical and theological fashion, he goes deeper into the importance of intergenerational responsibility. To answer these questions, the concepts of house, sister, mother, and common are analyzed in relation to ecology. Emphasis is put on the human being submerged in an individualistic and utilitarian society, which wonders more about the pragmatic and useful than the existential and, when this occurs, both society and the planet are affected. The final reflection poses the importance of anthropology which ponders and is responsible for generations living harmoniously with the common house.

Globalizing Thai amulets: the Chinese-Singaporean role in commoditizing objects of faith

ABSTRACT Thai amulets have gained increasing popularity among Chinese believers throughout Asia and beyond. This study aims to explore the social life of Thai amulets, their complex relationship with Chinese religiosity in the highly individualistic Singapore society, within the modern system of monetary transactions and new social media, and investigate how these embodied material networks affect their value and meaning. Based on ethnographic data, in-depth interviews and media analysis, this article highlights the agency of Chinese-Singaporean amulet dealers in the transnational amulet market. Taking advantage of global trust in the credibility of the “Singapore Brand” with their multilingual and marketing expertise, Chinese-Singaporean dealers have played a key role in commoditizing and selling Thai amulets to other Chinese believers throughout Asia and beyond. Moreover, the authors argue that a transnational sphere has enabled Chinese-Singaporean dealers to produce an “unofficial” sacred space that lies outside the state’s gaze in order to negotiate with a stressful life in Singapore.

Shame and anger differentially predict disidentification between collectivistic and individualistic societies.

In the present research we tested the differential effects of anger versus shame as emotional predictors of ingroup disidentification in one rather collectivistic (Japan) and two rather individualistic societies (Germany, Canada). We tested the idea that individuals cope with socially undesired emotions by disidentifying from their group. Specifically, we predicted that after a group conflict, anger, an undesired emotion in Japan, would elicit disidentification in Japan, whereas shame, an undesired emotion in Canada and Germany, would elicit disidentification in Germany and Canada. Study 1 (N = 378) found that anger, but not shame, was related to disidentification in Japan, whereas shame, but not anger, was related to disidentification in Canada and Germany. Study 2 (N = 171) shows that, after group conflict, Japanese disidentified more when imagining to feel angry, whereas Germans disidentified more when imagining to feel ashamed. Implications for these findings are discussed.

Exploring Indonesian Higher Education Neoliberalization: A Discourse on the Role of Accounting

The neoliberalization of higher education has attracted academic debate and public interest. Though less known by the public, accounting terminologies play a prominent role in that process more particularly in sticking commercial values to the life of universities that eventually made universities far from their own original missions. Applying Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this study explores the neoliberalization of Indonesian higher education by questioning how it took place, what kind of linguistic terminologies or jargon are mostly used, and how accounting concepts, terminologies, and technologies take a role in it. This study found that accounting—through its concepts, jargon, and technologies—helped a lot in making the success of the neoliberalization of Indonesian higher education. Accounting notions like efficiency, productivity, effectiveness, accountability, transparency, and fairness take their cognitive and emotive roles in supporting highly competitive modes of academic life in universities so that the core of neoliberal ideology, that is competition, has been made to be more easily, scientifically, and psychologically justifiable for both individuals and society. Moreover, transactional and commercial motive-based behaviours as an impact of the more liberalized way of life, expand rapidly to become a standard way of acting both on and outside the campuses which accelerates the formation of a more individualistic and competitive Indonesian society. Bureaucratically, the university officials—from the lowest level such as the head of the department up to the Rectors—tend to be more sensitive to achieving a series of standardised, quantitative, technical, short-term, and pragmatic performance indicators dictated by national and international ranking agencies like Webometric than to deal with more ideal, educational, and long-term mission achievement.

Problematics Of Today's Problem As A Threat Of Moral Degradation Of Generation Z

This study aims to look at the portrait of the current problem of da'wah and its strategy. This type of research is used for literature review or literature review. The results obtained are the condition of the portrait of da'wah in the current era of information globalization which is increasingly heavy and complex, of course, it becomes a challenge for the development of da'wah. The emergence of problems that target the younger generation becomes a threat point for the survival of Muslims, especially in Indonesia. The portrait of the problems faced and the challenges and threats for da'wah and da'i activists is the "silting of faith" due to the progress of the times such as problems related to the erosion of Aqeedah and Akhlaq, single religious shifts, problems of pluralistic, hedonistic, individualistic and materialistic societies related to rationalism. Muslims. The characteristics of the profile of the Indonesian Muslim community have caused problems both internally and externally. So that it requires the application of an effective and efficient da'wah strategy in order to compete and maintain Islamic values amid the threats of the times by improving the quality in terms of substantive competence and methodology, increasing the value of rahmatan lil alamin and universal values as well as the importance of mastering information technology by utilizing the latest media.

Self-concept and the academic achievement of students from collectivist countries: A scoping review of empirical findings

The relationship between self-concept and academic achievement that is commonly cited has primarily been found in studies of students from Western countries with individualistic societies. Thus, this relationship may not be evident among students from non-Western countries, which are thought to largely adopt collectivist cultural values and behaviors that are inconsistent with the way that students from individualist nations perceive and evaluate their academic functioning. This lack of clarity motivates the present scoping review about the relationship between self-concept and academic achievement among students from collectivist countries who study in elementary, secondary, and post-secondary schools. A final review of 27 empirical articles involving student populations across educational levels and from several collectivist countries provided support for the same general relationship between self-concept and academic achievement that has been found in Western countries. Accordingly, the development of a favorable self-concept was associated with greater academic achievement. In some cases, this relationship was dependent on self-concept and academic achievement being measured in the context of a school-related discipline and on the time interval between the examination of both variables. Our findings provide insight into pathways to academic success that are effective across cultures, and we offer considerations for successful academic self-concept interventions for collectivist students.

For the Betterment of All: Motivating Factors With Significant Impact on Annual Giving Practices in Independent Schools

In an increasingly individualistic society in which the economic forecast has been uncertain for the past several years, independent schools have struggled to understand donors’ motivations for giving. In addition, schools continually examine the way their annual giving campaigns articulate how donors’ gifts align with the schools’ missions and future strategic goals. This case study aims to form an understanding of giving practices for independent schools. Because annual giving is central to the financial sustainability and success of a school, this study’s aim is to fully examine the extent to which school constituents (parents, grandparents, alumni, faculty members, parents of alumni, administration, and students) are involved in the annual giving process and aware of its impact. There is a distinct disparity in the outcome of fundraising efforts of long-standing independent schools and institutions with existing endowments and newer independent schools. The question becomes, How do the latter schools better educate their constituents about the importance of the annual fund? Using qualitative data elicited from survey and interview methods, this study examines the motivating factors that have a significant impact on annual giving practices.

Transformation: From (Trans-)Gender Roles to Profiles.

Combining a philosophical approach with empirical psychology, this essay investigates the relationship between "profilicity," the formation of identity in orientation to profiles, and gender identity. We discuss empirical research that indicates a significant difference between transgender identity in traditional (collectivist) and modern (individualist) societies. We suggest that this difference is due to a shift in the formation of gender identity away from gender roles and toward gender profiles. To substantiate this claim, we first outline a basic theoretical terminology of identity and gender. Then, we critically analyze the representation of gender, including transgender, in contemporary popular culture. Finally-with a descriptive, but not therapeutic intention-we discuss several case studies of identity formation of transgender people. We conclude that theoretical problems arising from historical shifts in gender identity formation, including transgender identity formation, are best conceptualized in terms of profilicity rather than in the still prevailing semantics of authenticity.

CROSS-CULTURAL VALIDITY OF THE CONSIDERATION OF FUTURE CONSEQUENCES SCALE (CFCS-14): A STUDY ON TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

The subjective perception of time, known as time orientation, plays a role in shaping a wide range of health-related behaviors. A popular measure of time orientation is the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFCS-14), which has two dimensions: immediate and future. Although widely used in individualistic societies, the usage of this scale, particularly in collectivist cultures, is limited, creating a gap in understanding the cross-cultural implications of temporal orientation on health behaviors. We translated the CFCS-14 into Turkish and examined its psychometric properties and practical utility within the context of health behaviors. A total of 589 undergraduates completed a survey, consisting of the Turkish version of CFCS-14 and measures of time perspective, sensation-seeking, autonomous-related self, subjective well-being, positive and negative affect, problematic alcohol use, and smoking. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses provided evidence for the existence of two correlated factors. CFC factor scores showed robust links with problematic alcohol use, daily cigarette consumption, sensation-seeking, and autonomous-relatedness. However, correlations with subjective well-being and affect were weaker and statistically non-significant. These findings underscore the cross-cultural applicability of CFCS-14's structure, validity, and reliability. This research contributes to the broader understanding of time orientation theories and their practical implications in diverse cultural settings.

Social Infrastructure and the Alleviation of Loneliness in Europe

In Europe, individualist societies, in which people more highly value independence, have fewer people who are lonely. Yet these societies also have more people who live alone, a strong determinant of loneliness. Evidence suggests that some unrecognized societal-level resources or characteristics can explain this.We uncover multiple pathways toward a lower degree of loneliness among European societies using an ideal method for this purpose, fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Using data from the 2014 wave of the European Social Survey and other sources, we analyzed loneliness outcomes among 26 European societies. Our findings suggest two necessary conditions for a low degree of loneliness: high internet access and high association participation. Further, three pathways are sufficient for achieving less loneliness at the societal level. Most societies that have less loneliness follow both the welfare support and cultural support pathways. The third path, commercial provision, is mutually exclusive with welfare support because the former requires a weak welfare state.The surest policy for building societies that have lower rates of loneliness includes the expansion of internet accessibility, the fostering of civil society through association participation and volunteering, and a welfare state that protects potentially vulnerable populations while funding opportunities for social interaction. This article further contributes methodologically by demonstrating “configurational robustness testing,” a more comprehensive means to implement current best practices for fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis robustness testing.

The meaning of masculinity for educated young Bedouins.

Israel's Bedouin population-an Indigenous, traditional, collective, patriarchal society-is at the height of social change, introducing modernization, religion and altered gender relations. Young Bedouin men are experiencing the ramifications of their masculine identity. As in other collective societies that emphasize mutual dependence and cooperation, honour has great meaning and unlike individualistic societies, maintaining masculine and family honour is important in the construction of masculinity. These cultural differences may influence young men's views of honour, particularly family honour, which is a key principle in collective cultures. An exploratory qualitative study used semi-structured interviews of 20 educated Bedouin young men and grounded theory to investigate what masculinity means for them. They defined masculinity by comparing theirs to that of the 'other'. They also described the crucial evaluators of masculinity: the family's older men. Protection and close supervision of women were found to be key factors in the assessment of masculinity. Also evident was the influence of the men's education on their gendered perceptions and their use of Western-oriented language regarding egalitarianism and women's rights. The findings may contribute to social work practice, especially in patriarchal societies, and may help in understanding how men may use their patriarchal power to generate change.

Coping strategies and social representations of bullies among bullying victims from individualistic and collectivist societies

The effects bullying has on victims’ mental, emotional, and physical well-being depend on the coping strategies applied. As coping can be influenced by the environment in which it occurs, scholars have started to explore differences in coping across cultural contexts. However, qualitative research on the role of culture in coping with bullying victimization and social representations of bullies remains scarce. This study compares the coping strategies of US and Thai students with help of 28 in-depth interviews and 60 autobiographical written reflections. Findings revealed several differences in coping across groups. Thai students often tried to stay connected with the bully and felt guilty expressing anger. They assigned less responsibility and intention to the bully. This was only the case among US students if the bully was young. While Thai students laughed along to fit in, US students laughed off bullies to demonstrate that they did not care. Thai students regularly blamed themselves and tried to adapt their appearance and behavior. Whereas US students stressed how bullying helped them to become more resilient, Thai students highlighted increased tolerance. The possible role of culture in coping with bullying victimization, particularly of collectivist and individualistic cultural value orientations, as well as the role of social representations of bullies, is being discussed.

Stanley Hauerwas and ‘Chan Tai-man’: an analysis of Hong Kong laypeople's lived theology and Hong Kong theologians’ engagement with Stanley Hauerwas's political theology from a practical theology perspective

ABSTRACT Hong Kong Christian communities often draw upon theological resources from the West. But can Western theological sources be meaningfully applied to Hong Kong? Western theological sources stem from Western epistemologies, which may not necessarily resonate with the values or cultural assumptions of Hong Kong Christians. The lived experiences of ‘Chan Tai-man,’ a placeholder name for average Hong Kong Christians, can be a source for exploring Hong Kong Christian epistemologies. ‘Chan's’ lived theology has significance for the field of practical theology in considering how majority world epistemologies can impact the Western world, especially regarding Christianity in individualistic societies. This paper analyses Hong Kong theologians’ engagement with Stanley Hauerwas's theological convictions and makes a critical comparison to ‘Chan's’ lived theology. First, the article will address (1) why Hauerwasian theology resonates with Hong Kong theologians and (2) why Hong Kong Hauerwasians think Hauerwas's ideas would be useful in the Hong Kong context. Second, after explaining the author's ethnographic research methods, the article will illustrate ‘Chan's’ lived theology, followed by a comparison between the two approaches. In conclusion, while Hong Kong theologians’ engagement with Hauerwas makes an adequate start, Hong Kong Christian communities’ understanding of political theology will eventually have to be broadened through a critical self-reflection of Hong Kong lived theology.

Inequality in pre-industrial Bohemia: The city of Budweis

ABSTRACT Distributional information can shed new light on societies and their well-being, now and in the past. This article constructs historical wealth inequality statistics for Budweis, a large town in South Bohemia. Utilised data sources include rare detailed local tax censuses from 1416 and 1523 and a national tax register from 1654, as reported in the literature, further adjusted for the lowest social groups and processed to create social tables. If the underlying data are accurate, the wealth inequality Gini coefficient in 1416 was between 0.739 and 0.777. The estimated wealth share of the top 1% was 22.6% in 1416 and 14.2% in 1523, which is notably less than in the pre-industrial UK or France, as well as in the present-day Czech Republic. The findings support the notion of an egalitarian rather than individualistic pre-industrial Bohemian society.

Individualism and climate change policies: international evidence

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the extent to which the cultural dimension of individualism/collectivism matters for international differences in climate change policy performance. This study postulates that individualistic societies, relative to their collectivistic counterparts, are more likely to address global climate change.Design/methodology/approachThe main hypothesis is tested using data for a world sample of up to 92 countries. To achieve causal inference, this study isolates exogenous sources of variation in individualistic cultures, based on blood distance to the UK and historical pathogen prevalence.FindingsThe core results suggest that individualistic countries are characterized by greater climate change policy performance. This study also finds evidence that individualism affects climate change policy adoption through enhancing governance and female political representation. Subnational analyses based on data from the World Values Survey indicate that survey participants with an orientation toward individualism tend to self-report positive attitudes to pro-environmental policies.Research limitations/implicationsThe main findings help improve the understanding of the deep origins of climate change policy performance, which is relevant for formulating policies that help mitigate the consequences of changing climate conditions.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper is the first study to link cultural traits of individualism and climate change policy performance across countries.

The Concept of the Anti-Hero in Modern Literature: An Analytical Study

In contemporary India, the idea of the anti-hero has become a well-liked literary and cinematic cliche. Characters that embody flawed, complex, and frequently conflicting attributes are considered anti-heroes. They lack standard heroic traits like selflessness, morality, and nobility. With its more complex depiction of human nature, this archetype challenges conventional ideas of morality and heroism. The modernization of India's social and cultural scene is responsible for the anti-hero's rise. The notion of the ideal hero has lost some of its appeal because of globalization and the emergence of a more individualistic society. The way that Indian characters are portrayed in literature and film has also changed because of increased exposure to Western media. In contemporary Indian literature and film, the anti-hero is frequently portrayed as an outsider, a rebel, or a victim of circumstance. These characters are approachable and human since they frequently battle their inner demons and societal standards. In general, the idea of the anti-hero in contemporary India differs from the classic heroic archetype and provides a more accurated representation of human behaviour.

PEMBELAJARAN MASYARAKAT 5.0 MELALUI CHANEL YOUTUBE

The influence of individuals on lifestyle and the frequency of internet access affects attitudes, mindsets, paradigms and other actions on aspects of personal, social, study and career life. This change brings the individual into an individualist society. Lack of caring attitude towards other people and around the place of residence, one of the causes of this behavior include feeling comfortable when accessing YouTube. The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of the personal and social aspects. Technology is present as a tool or media to facilitate individuals in living their lives more effectively and efficiently. This type of research uses a qualitative approach to phenomenological design. Data collection techniques using observation, questionnaires and interviews. The results of this study explain that people in the technological era are still confused about the use of Android with various features. the ease of internet access has brought about a major change in lifestyle, thinking. Some people have a high level of understanding of the use of technology, namely by using it for online business, establishing communication, and learning and developing a career.

Budaya Tradisi Sebagai Kekuatan Komunitas Adat Terpencil

Traditional values that are still preserved and binding on Indigenous Communities are often regarded as one of the obstacles to modernism by the modernization stream. Indigenous is still viewed by indigenous people as a social problem, because its alienation & backwardness make them a socially vulnerable group (socio-political silliness). Even in the Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs Number 8 of 2012, it has stipulated KAT as one of the 26 Persons with Social Welfare Problems (PMKS) in Indonesia. This research discusses traditional culture as the strength of KAT. Based on this research, it was found that traditional culture plays a positive role in encouraging development for the Sea Tribe community itself. The traditional elements owned by the Sea Tribe community and can be a force in supporting development, namely; first, the collective consciousness awakened in the people of the Sea Tribe to protect nature. Second, responsibility to family, community and tribalism is great when compared to a more individualistic modern society. Third, the animist belief of the Sea Tribe people who still believe that a person who always does evil during his life and then dies, his spirit will be incarnated in the form of an animal that comes out of his grave. Fourth, the role of religious leaders for the Orang Laut community in the Riau Islands is a force to encourage development in the Sea Tribe community, especially as a bridge of communication with local governments. Fifth, the presence of Sea Tribe shamans who are trusted by some local Malay communities makes the presence of the Sea Tribe community acceptable and can gradually blend into the local community.

DA’WAH AMONG URBAN MUSLIMS IN INDONESIA

The condition of da'wah portraits in the current era of information globalization which is increasingly heavy and complex is certainly a challenge for the development of da'wah. The emergence of problems that target the younger generation is a point of threat to the survival of Muslims, especially in Indonesia. This study aims to look at the portrait of the current da'wah problem and its strategy. The type of research used is a literature review. The results obtained are portraits of the problems faced and become challenges and threats for da'wah activists and da'i namely "silting of faith" due to the progress of the times such as problems related to the erosion of Faith and Manner, shifts in the authority of a single religion, problems of pluralistic, hedonistic, individualistic society. towards a materialistic society associated with rationalistic Muslims. The characteristics of the profile of the Indonesian Muslim community have caused problems both internally and externally. So that this reality requires the application of an effective and efficient da'wah strategy by linking the elements of preachers, messages as well as media in order to compete and maintain Islamic values ​​in the midst of the threat of the times by improving the quality in terms of substantive and methodological competence, increasing the values ​​of rahmatan lil alamin and universal values ​​and the importance of mastering information technology with the use of media up-to-date.

Virtues in Sangam Literature

Virtue is derived conceptually and is changeable according to the change of time. Moral values are different for man who lived as an ethnic group and for an individualistic society. This article shows up how the virtues mentioned in Sangam literary songs new shape for the sake of necessity. A materialistic society constructs virtue according to the occupation, materials, eligibility etc. A man accepts and reject a thing based on his knowledge of virtue. In the struggle for life, the commonality has been distorted based on the ideas of labor and surplus. This article describes the virtues of war, which are intended to destroy the generality and about the government virtues that emphasize power.