Individual Fragments Research Articles

FTIR Investigation of Nitrogen Monoxide and Carbon Monoxide Influence on Human Blood Coagulation

The formation of fibrin clots determines the characteristics of blood plasma coagulation. It is known that small molecules like nitrogen and carbon monoxides have a toxic effect at high concentrations due to the competitive binding to hemoglobin, preventing further oxygen transfer. The mechanisms of intoxication with these gases have been extensively studied in the literature, but there is little information on their effects on other vital processes. In particular, blood coagulation parameters have not been studied, although prolonged exposure to relatively low concentrations of gases can cause significant pathological changes. In this paper, the characteristics of the fibrin-polymer after coagulation of a blood plasma sample under conditions of pretreatment with gases were studied using FTIR-spectroscopy. The changes in the vibrations of individual bonds and fragments in the Amide I and Amide B regions are shown and analyzed. It was established that at concentrations of CO exceeding the endogenous levels, the connector α-helix unfolds and β-structures form, leading to the loss of part of the hydrate shell, the formation of a fibrin clot with a disordered structure of higher density due to an increase in its hydrophobicity. For cases where samples were treated with NO gas, the degree of aggregation of the fibrin clot from plasma incubated with nitroglycerin was one-quarter less than the original, the proportion of α-helices was not reduced, and there were no disordered structures in the clot. This may indicate a lower clot density and probably easier lysis of the one.

ЕТНОЛИНГВИСТИЧЕН ПОГЛЕД КЪМ ЛЕКСИКАТА НА ТРАДИЦИОННАТА НАРОДНА КУЛТУРА НА БЪЛГАРИТЕ МЮСЮЛМАНИ ОТ КСАНТИЙСКО/AN ETHNOLINGUISTIC VIEW OF THE LEXIS OF THE TRADITIONAL FOLK CULTURE OF THE MUSLIM BULGARIANS FROM XANTHI

The article examines individual fragments of the traditional folk culture and the corresponding dialect vocabulary of Muslim Bulgarians from Northern Greece, Xanthi, through the prism of ethnolinguistics. The author, who is a representative of the Moscow Ethnolinguistic School founded by academician N. I. Tolstoy, explores culture as an overall picture of the world in the unity of all its forms – verbal (dictionary and folk-lore texts), actional (rituals) and mental (beliefs). On the basis of expedition materials collected personally in 2018–2019, the author sketches the current cultural and linguistic situation in the region, which is characterized by multilingualism. Special attention is paid to the terminology belonging to the sphere of calendar customs and folk mythology. So far, the author has come to the conclusion that the analyzed customs and beliefs, as well as their vocabulary, are a multi-layered and multicultural phenomenon including archaic linguistic relics and Christian and Muslim representations and symbols, which interact with each other, creating the unique cultural mosaic of the Southern Rhodopes. Keywords: ethnolinguistics, dialect vocabulary, folk culture, Muslim Bulgarians, Northern Greece

Fluorescence grid analysis for the evaluation of piecemeal surgery in sinonasal inverted papilloma: a proof-of-concept study

PurposeLocal recurrence occurs in ~ 19% of sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) surgeries and is strongly associated with incomplete resection. During surgery, it is technically challenging to visualize and resect all SNIP tissue in this anatomically complex area. Proteins that are overexpressed in SNIP, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), may serve as a target for fluorescence molecular imaging to guide surgical removal of SNIP. A proof-of-concept study was performed to investigate if the VEGF-targeted near-infrared fluorescent tracer bevacizumab-800CW specifically localizes in SNIP and whether it could be used as a clinical tool to guide SNIP surgery.MethodsIn five patients diagnosed with SNIP, 10 mg of bevacizumab-800CW was intravenously administered 3 days prior to surgery. Fluorescence molecular imaging was performed in vivo during surgery and ex vivo during the processing of the surgical specimen. Fluorescence signals were correlated with final histopathology and VEGF-A immunohistochemistry. We introduced a fluorescence grid analysis to assess the fluorescence signal in individual tissue fragments, due to the nature of the surgical procedure (i.e., piecemeal resection) allowing the detection of small SNIP residues and location of the tracer ex vivo.ResultsIn all patients, fluorescence signal was detected in vivo during endoscopic SNIP surgery. Using ex vivo fluorescence grid analysis, we were able to correlate bevacizumab-800CW fluorescence of individual tissue fragments with final histopathology. Fluorescence grid analysis showed substantial variability in mean fluorescence intensity (FImean), with SNIP tissue showing a median FImean of 77.54 (IQR 50.47–112.30) compared to 35.99 (IQR 21.48–57.81) in uninvolved tissue (p < 0.0001), although the diagnostic ability was limited with an area under the curve of 0.78.ConclusionsA fluorescence grid analysis could serve as a valid method to evaluate fluorescence molecular imaging in piecemeal surgeries. As such, although substantial differences were observed in fluorescence intensities, VEGF-A may not be the ideal target for SNIP surgery.Trial registrationNCT03925285.

Исследование и разработка компонентов газогенераторных составов на основе нитрата аммония для повышения безопасности производства взрывных работ

The article is devoted to the study and development of the components of gas generator compositions based on the ammonium nitrate to improve safety of blasting operations. This is primarily due to the low cost of ammonium nitrate, low sensitivity to mechanical and detonation effects and a significantly lower content of harmful compounds in the combustion products compared to the analogues. PA-4 aluminum powder was used as fuel, carbon black powder — as a gas-forming agent. The effect was studied concerning different amounts of aluminum powder on the combustion characteristics of a gas generator composition based on the ammonium nitrate. Calculated and experimental data showed that it is unreasonable to introduce more than 5 % of aluminum into the composition. According to the results of the conducted study, a gas generator composition based on the ammonium nitrate was developed to increase blasting operations efficiency and safety. Laboratory and polygon studies confirmed the efficiency and safety of using gas generator compositions at the destruction of stone. Destruction of the stone occurred without scattering of individual fragments, formation, and propagation of an air shock wave. Thus, the urgent task is to ensure blasting operations safety using gas generator compositions, which will allow to eliminate the formation of harmful, toxic gases and the high explosive effect.

Proteomic Database Search Engine for Two-Dimensional Partial Covariance Mass Spectrometry.

We present a protein database search engine for the automatic identification of peptide and protein sequences using the recently introduced method of two-dimensional partial covariance mass spectrometry (2D-PC-MS). Because the 2D-PC-MS measurement reveals correlations between fragments stemming from the same or consecutive decomposition processes, the first-of-its-kind 2D-PC-MS search engine is based entirely on the direct matching of the pairs of theoretical and the experimentally detected correlating fragments, rather than of individual fragment signals or their series. We demonstrate that the high structural specificity afforded by 2D-PC-MS fragment correlations enables our search engine to reliably identify the correct peptide sequence, even from a spectrum with a large proportion of contaminant signals. While for peptides, the 2D-PC-MS correlation-matching procedure is based on complementary and internal ion correlations, the identification of intact proteins is entirely based on the ability of 2D-PC-MS to spatially separate and resolve the experimental correlations between complementary fragment ions.

Delayed effects of climate on vital rates lead to demographic divergence in Amazonian forest fragments.

Deforestation often results in landscapes where remaining forest habitat is highly fragmented, with remnants of different sizes embedded in an often highly contrasting matrix. Local extinction of species from individual fragments is common, but the demographic mechanisms underlying these extinctions are poorly understood. It is often hypothesized that altered environmental conditions in fragments drive declines in reproduction, recruitment, or survivorship. The Amazon basin, in addition to experiencing continuing fragmentation, is experiencing climate change-related increases in the frequency and intensity of droughts and unusually wet periods. Whether plant populations in tropical forest fragments are particularly susceptible to extremes in precipitation remains unclear. Most studies of plants in fragments are relatively short (1-6years), focus on a single life-history stage, and often do not compare to populations in continuous forest. Even fewer studies consider delayed effects of climate on demographic vital rates despite the importance of delayed effects in studies that consider them. Using a decade of demographic and climate data from an experimentally fragmented landscape in the Central Amazon, we assess the effects of climate on populations of an understory herb (Heliconia acuminata, Heliconiaceae). We used distributed lag nonlinear models to understand the delayed effects of climate (measured as standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, SPEI) on survival, growth, and flowering. We detected delayed effects of climate up to 36months. Extremes in SPEI in the previous year reduced survival, drought in the wet season 8-11months prior to the February census increased growth, and drought two dry seasons prior increased flowering probability. Effects of extremes in precipitation on survival and growth were more pronounced in forest fragments compared to continuous forest. The complex delayed effects of climate and habitat fragmentation in our study point to the importance of long-term demography experiments in understanding the effects of anthropogenic change on plant populations.

Distal tibia metaphyseal fractures treated with minimally invasive percuatneous plate osteosynthesis

Background: Tibia is the most commonly fractured bone amongst all long bones of the body. Fractures of the distal tibia are unique as the bone is subcutaneous with decreased muscular cover and decreased vascularity. Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis is a technique which is based upon the principles of limited soft tissue stripping, maintenance of the osteogenic fracture hematoma, and preservation of vascular supply to the individual fracture fragments while restoring the axial and the rotational alignment, and providing sufficient stability. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at the Department of Orthopaedics, Navodaya Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Raichur between the period Dec 2019 to Oct 2021. In this study, 30 patients with Distal Tibia Metaphyseal fracture were admitted at Navodaya Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Raichur and examined according to protocol. The patients underwent Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis with Locking Compression plate. All cases were assessed using the IOWA ankle score and TEENY WISS radiological scoring. Results: The average fracture healing time was 16 weeks (range 12–20 weeks). According to the IOWA ankle score, excellent results were found in 16 (53%) patients, Good results were found in 11(37%) patients and fair results were found in 3(10%) patients. Superficial infection occurred in 5 patients (16%), no cases of deep infection, implant failure and malunion. Conclusion: Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis proves to be a safer technique in the management of Distal tibia metaphyseal fractures by providing good fracture healing, enabling rapid functional recovery, and avoiding major skin complications.

Z‐Thickness Blending: Effective Fragment Merging for Multi‐Fragment Rendering

AbstractAn effective fragment merging technique is presented in this study that addresses multi‐fragment problems, including fragment overflow and z‐fighting, and provides visual effects that are beneficial for various screen‐space rendering algorithms. The proposed method merges locally adjacent fragments along the viewing direction to resolve the aforementioned problems based on cost‐effective multi‐layer representation and coplanar blending. We introduce a z‐thickness model based on the radiosity spreading from the viewing z‐direction. Moreover, we present the fragment‐merging schemes and rules for determining the visibility of the merged fragments based on the proposed z‐thickness model. The proposed method is targeted at multi‐fragment rendering that handles individual fragments (e.g., k‐buffer) instead of representing the fragments as an approximated transmittance function. In addition, our method provides a smooth visibility transition across overlapping fragments, resulting in visual advantages in various visualization applications. In this paper, we demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method through several screen‐space rendering applications.

Comparison of ultrasonography and radiography with arthroscopy for diagnosis of dorsoproximal osteochondral fragmentation of the proximal phalanx in 56 Thoroughbred racehorses.

Osteochondral fragmentation of the proximal phalanx (DPP1 fragment) is a common finding in the racehorse. Whilst radiographic assessment has been reported to lack diagnostic sensitivity, ultrasonographic examination has been documented to be extremely sensitive for identification of bone fragments in the metacarpophalangeal joint. To determine the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography as an imaging modality for diagnosis of DPP1 fragmentation and to compare it with radiography in the Thoroughbred racehorse. Retrospective cohort study. Medical records (radiographs and ultrasonographic examinations) of 56 Thoroughbred racehorses in training (average age 26.4months [SD ±5.9]) with a history of forelimb fetlock joint effusion and arthroscopically confirmed DPP1 fragmentation were evaluated. Inter-observer agreement was calculated between three blinded reviewers for both ultrasonographic and radiographic findings. Median values were used for statistical analyses. Ultrasonographic and radiographic identification of DPP1 fragmentation was considered correct if in agreement with arthroscopic findings. The McNemar test was used to compare correct proportions between radiography and ultrasonography. Analyses were performed to evaluate correct identification of presence of fragment(s), location of fragment(s) and presence and location of fragment(s) within the joints, with values P<.05 considered significant. Eighty-one fetlock joints from 56 Thoroughbreds were evaluated. In total, 99 individual DPP1 fragments were confirmed arthroscopically. Ultrasonography was shown to have high levels of sensitivity (94%, 95% CI 89%-99%) and specificity (97%, 95% CI 92%-100%) for identification of DPP1 fragments, with transverse ultrasonographic images being more sensitive than sagittal ultrasonography (P=.001). Ultrasonography was also shown in this population to have significantly greater sensitivity than radiography (47%, 95% CI 37%-56%) (P<.001). Ultrasonography is an extremely sensitive and specific imaging modality for evaluation of DPP1 fragmentation, with transverse ultrasonographic imaging being the most sensitive technique. Radiographic evaluation was less sensitive than ultrasonography in this study.

Delete and survive: strategies of programmed genetic material elimination in eukaryotes.

ABSTRACTGenome stability is a crucial feature of eukaryotic organisms because its alteration drastically affects the normal development and survival of cells and the organism as a whole. Nevertheless, some organisms can selectively eliminate part of their genomes from certain cell types during specific stages of ontogenesis. This review aims to describe the phenomenon of programmed DNA elimination, which includes chromatin diminution (together with programmed genome rearrangement or DNA rearrangements), B and sex chromosome elimination, paternal genome elimination, parasitically induced genome elimination, and genome elimination in animal and plant hybrids. During programmed DNA elimination, individual chromosomal fragments, whole chromosomes, and even entire parental genomes can be selectively removed. Programmed DNA elimination occurs independently in different organisms, ranging from ciliate protozoa to mammals. Depending on the sequences destined for exclusion, programmed DNA elimination may serve as a radical mechanism of dosage compensation and inactivation of unnecessary or dangerous genetic entities. In hybrids, genome elimination results from competition between parental genomes. Despite the different consequences of DNA elimination, all genetic material destined for elimination must be first recognised, epigenetically marked, separated, and then removed and degraded.

Noninterfering and simultaneous Stern-Gerlach and Heisenberg microscope experiments to measure the full electron coordinate in an entangled state

In two celebrated experiments of quantum mechanics, the Stern-Gerlach (SG) and Heisenberg microscope (HM) experiments, the electron spin ${s}_{z}$ and spatial $\mathbit{r}$ coordinates are measured separately. In this paper, the combined $\mathrm{SG}+\mathrm{HM}$ experiment is proposed to measure the full electron coordinate $\mathbit{x}={\mathbit{r},{s}_{z}}$. To this end, noninterfering and (virtually) simultaneous SG and HM experiments are proposed to apply to the individual fragments A and B of an entangled dissociating system $\mathrm{A}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{B}$. The theoretical description of a spin-collapsed and partially spatially collapsed state of the $\mathrm{SG}+\mathrm{HM}$ experiment is given for the prototype ``perfectly'' entangled system, the dissociating ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule.

About the remains of Ichthyosaurs of the genus Nannopterigius from the Late jurassic of West Kazakhstan region

About the remains of Ichthyosaurs of the genus Nannopterigius from the Late jurassic of West Kazakhstan region. This article discusses the discovery of the remains of an ichthyosaur of the genus Nannopterygius from the territory of the West Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. As scientific researches show, fragments of skeletons of representatives of the genus are often found in deposits of the Late Jurassic at the site of Pogodaevo of the Baiterek district of the West Kazakhstan region. Described specimen has various diagnostic features of the structure of individual skeletal fragments (width of the interclavicle platform, length-to-width ratio of the coracoid, width of the distal end of the scapula). The aim of the study is to study the variability in the structure of skeletal fragments based on new finds of an ichthyosaur of the genus Nannopterygius (Yasykovia). In this article, the generally accepted paleontological methods of field and desk research were applied: the standard method of working with paleontological material to extract the studied samples from the host rock; morphological and morphometric analysis of fossils during species diagnostics. The presence of ichthyosauric remains similar to the holotype Nannopterygius (Yasykovia) yasykovi has been confirmed in the Jurassic deposits of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Material from Nannopterygius (Yasykovia) shows significant individual variability in skeletal structure. The age of the find belongs to the Late Jurassic, Upper Volga sub-stage, Epivirgatites nikitini zone Key words: Nannopterygius (Yasykovia), Western Kazakhstan, Late Jurassic, Upper Volga substage.

Solubility Property of Baganuur Coal: Performance Assessment by FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis

In the present work, the extraction of Mongolian Baganuur coal in solvents as pyridine and ionic liquid with 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) anion was first applied. The as recieved coal, its extracts and insoluble residues were then characterized using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The obtained FTIR spectra have revealed many new features in the field of coal study. An appearance or sharpening of the particular bands after the chemical treatment allow a determination of inactive or weak fundamental vibrations precisely. Some emphasis are as follows, substantial quantitative change, the integrated area decrease of water molecule band at 3260 cm−1 comparing to as received sample and ionic liquid treated extract, can be seen for the extract spectrum in the pyridine treatment. Pyridine react to coal structure particularly in long-wave frequency zone means very susceptible to the oxygen containing functional group. Upon interaction between acidic group of the coal and the basic solvent as pyridine, the inter-fragment hydrogen and ester bonding in the coal structure is breaking, thus increasing the solubility of the individual fragments via producing new components. Towards forming H bond in the short wave zone Cl− anion shows a strong effect on the coal molec-ular structure. A stabilization of hydrogen bonds show well fluidization and a strong intermolecular interaction of the process via its powerful spectral intensity that is followed many new bands and con-siderable strengthening of band spectral integral area in this frequency region. In long-wave vibrational region there are appearances of many new bands, shift in frequency and depletion of the as recieved coal bands. [Bmim]Cl treatment exhibits the highest effect of the disruption on the carboxylic acids dimer.

Explosions of Cylindrical Pressure Vessels Subjected to Fire: Probabilistic Prediction of a Number of Fragments

The aim of this study was to propose a procedure for a prediction of the number of fragments generated by fire induced explosions of cylindrical pressure vessels. The prediction is carried out in terms of probabilities of individual fragment numbers. The prevailing numbers of two to four fragments are considered. The fragment number probabilities are estimated by applying data on vessel fragmentations acquired in investigations of past explosion accidents. The pressure vessel explosions known as BLEVEs are considered. The Bayesian analysis is used for the estimation of the fragment number probabilities. This analysis is carried out on the basis of Poisson-gamma model. An approach to developing a gamma prior distribution for the average number of fragments per explosion accident is proposed. The assessment of the fragment number probabilities is carried out by propagating uncertainty related to the average number of fragments to uncertainty in the fragment number probabilities. The stochastic (Monte Carlo) simulation is used for this propagation. Findings of this study are viewed as a possibility to improve the assessment of risk posed by pressure vessel explosions.

Study of distal tibial extra-articular fractures fixed with locking compression plate using MIPO technique

Background: Fractures of distal tibial metaphysis present a management challenge because of their inherent instability, scarcity of soft tissue, subcutaneous nature and poor vascularity of bone. MIPO techniques are advantageous because of limited soft tissue strapping, maintenance of the osteogenic fracture haematoma without interrupting vascular supply to the individual fracture fragments. Materials and Methods: This is a study of 20 patients of closed extra articular distal tibial fractures treated with anatomical LCP applied on antero-medial surface of lower end tibia with MIPO technique. Age was ranging from 20 to 60 yrs. 14 male and 6 female patients were there. 7 patients were having fibula fracture at same level of tibia fracture, they were fixed with DCP/ 1/3 tubular plate before fixing tibia. Results: AO/OTA type 43 A1 fractures were there in 15 patients. 4 pts. were having 43 A2 and one pt. was having 43 A3 type fracture. Average operation time was 80 mins. Average union time was 18.5 weeks. One pt. was having delayed union, one having superficial skin infection, one having 6* varus angulation and one having malleolar skin irritation. No pts. required second surgery of bone grafting. No implant failure. Conclusion: MIPO with LCP is a reliable and effective method of treatment for the distal tibial extra-articular fractures, preserving most of the osseous vascularity and fracture haematoma and thus providing a more biological repair. Using indirect reduction technique and small incision is technically demanding. Keywords: Anatomical LCP, Distal tibial fractures, MIPO.

Analysis of the Specificity of Auto-Reactive Antibodies to Individual Fragments of the Extracellular Domain of Desmoglein 3 in Patients with Pemphigus Vulgaris.

A method for the analysis of the epitope specificity of auto-reactive antibodies to desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) using competitive ELISA has been developed. It is based on a two-stage solid-phase ELISA with initial "depletion" of auto-reactive antibodies against the studied epitope and subsequent quantitative assessment of antibodies against full-length extracellular domain Dsg3. The proposed approach for assessing the specificity of the autoimmune response in patients with pemphigus vulgaris can provide in the future the possibility to personalize the therapy using plasmapheresis by preliminary selection of the antigenic composition of the extracorporeal immunosorbent.

Enhanced detection of minimal residual disease by targeted sequencing of phased variants in circulating tumor DNA.

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is an emerging biomarker for many cancers, but the limited sensitivity of current detection methods reduces its utility for diagnosing minimal residual disease. Here we describe phased variant enrichment and detection sequencing (PhasED-Seq), a method that uses multiple somatic mutations in individual DNA fragments to improve the sensitivity of ctDNA detection. Leveraging whole-genome sequences from 2,538 tumors, we identify phased variants and their associations with mutational signatures. We show that even without molecular barcodes, the limits of detection of PhasED-Seq outperform prior methods, including duplex barcoding, allowing ctDNA detection in the parts-per-million range in patient samples. We profiled 678 specimens from 213 patients with B-cell lymphomas, including serial cell-free DNA samples before and during therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In patients with undetectable ctDNA by CAPP-Seq after two cycles of therapy, an additional 25% have ctDNA detectable by PhasED-Seq and have worse outcomes. Finally, we demonstrate the application of PhasED-Seq to solid tumors.

Combined 4-1BB and ICOS co-stimulation improves anti-tumor efficacy and persistence of dual anti-CD19/CD20 chimeric antigen receptor T cells

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy against lymphoma. However, post-treatment relapses due to antigen loss remain a challenge. Here the authors designed a novel bicistronic CAR construct and tested its functions in vitro and in vivo. The CAR construct consisted of individual anti-CD19 and anti-CD20 single-chain fragment variables equipped with ICOS-CD3ζ and 4-1BB-CD3ζ intracellular domains, respectively. The CD19 and CD20 bicistronic CAR T cells exhibited tumor lytic capacities equivalent to corresponding monospecific CAR T cells. Moreover, when stimulated with CD19 and CD20 simultaneously, the bicistronic CAR T cells showed prolonged persistence and enhanced cytokine generation compared with single stimulations. Interestingly, the authors found that the 4-1BB signal was predominant in the signaling profiles of ICOS and 4-1BB doubly activated CAR T cells. In vivo study using a CD19/CD20 double-positive tumor model revealed that the bicistronic CAR T cells were more efficient than monospecific CD19 CAR T cells in eradicating tumors and prolonging mouse survival. The authors’ novel bicistronic CD19/CD20 CAR T cells demonstrate improved anti-tumor efficacy in response to dual antigen stimulations. These data provide optimism that this novel bicistronic CAR construct can improve treatment outcomes in patients with relapsed/refractory B cell malignancy.

Transnational media consumption dissonance and ambivalent sexism: How American and Korean television drama consumption shapes Chinese audiences’ gender-role values

Driven by globalization, modernity and the development of media technology, transnational media consumption is increasingly prevalent. Together with domestic media consumption, transnational media consumption constitutes the fragmentation and diversification of individuals’ media consumption behaviors. Yet research concerning the hybrid media effects generated by domestic and transnational media consumption is still underdeveloped. Using a sample of 556 Chinese Internet users, this study proposes a concept of transnational media consumption dissonance to compare the effects of hybrid media consumption on sexism and gender-role norms in marriage (GRIM). The findings suggest that individuals’ perceptions of gender-role norms are not only affected by domestic media usage but also altered through transnational media usage. We illustrate how transnational media consumption dissonance can affect Chinese audiences’ perception of GRIM through the mediating roles of perceived sexism in American and Korean dramas and their general sexism values.

Phenothiazine-based copolymer with redox functional backbones for organic battery cathode materials

Organic battery materials are receiving increasing attention owing to their elemental abundance, environmental sustainability, and structural diversity. Challenges including the solubility in electrolytes, moderate redox potentials, and inactive molecular fragments prevent organic materials from being ideal cathodes for practical implementation. Although polymerization, salification and alike solutions are effective in lowering the solubility in electrolytes, they unavoidably bring additional inactive fragments into the molecular structures, resulting in the sacrifice of theoretical galvanometric capacity compared with the pristine molecule. In this study, we use two redox-active fragments to construct an insoluble copolymer as a cathode material for organic batteries. The copolymer avoids the use of unnecessary molecular weight while maintaining high specific capacity and cycling stability. We find that a twisted geometry between the two redox-active fragments leads to a cross-conjugation effect that further consolidates the low stability of the individual fragment and enhances the flexibility of copolymer chains by forming mesopores that accelerate ion diffusion. The copolymer shows a high capacity of 142.5 mAh/g with energy / power density of 577 Wh/kg / 1,685 W/kg and a decent capacity retention of 87% after 500 cycles. Our strategy demonstrates the feasibility of designing organic battery materials that are qualified for taking solubility, capacity, and stability into consideration.