Individual Fragments Research Articles

Crystal and solution structures of fragments of the human leucocyte common antigen-related protein

Leucocyte common antigen-related protein (LAR) is a post-synaptic type I transmembrane receptor protein that is important for neuronal functionality and is genetically coupled to neuronal disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To understand the molecular function of LAR, structural and biochemical studies of protein fragments derived from the ectodomain of human LAR have been performed. The crystal structure of a fragment encompassing the first four FNIII domains (LARFN1-4) showed a characteristic L shape. SAXS data suggested limited flexibility within LARFN1-4, while rigid-body refinement of the SAXS data using the X-ray-derived atomic model showed a smaller angle between the domains defining the L shape compared with the crystal structure. The capabilities of the individual LAR fragments to interact with heparin was examined using microscale thermophoresis and heparin-affinity chromatography. The results showed that the three N-terminal immunoglobulin domains (LARIg1-3) and the four C-terminal FNIII domains (LARFN5-8) both bound heparin, while LARFN1-4 did not. The low-molecular-weight heparin drug Innohep induced a shift in hydrodynamic volume as assessed by size-exclusion chromatography of LARIg1-3 and LARFN5-8, while the chemically defined pentameric heparin drug Arixtra did not. Together, the presented results suggest the presence of an additional heparin-binding site in human LAR.

Integration of the ImageJ Ecosystem in the KNIME Analytics Platform.

Open-source software tools are often used for analysis of scientific image data due to their flexibility and transparency in dealing with rapidly evolving imaging technologies. The complex nature of image analysis problems frequently requires many tools to be used in conjunction, including image processing and analysis, data processing, machine learning and deep learning, statistical analysis of the results, visualization, correlation to heterogeneous but related data, and more. However, the development, and therefore application, of these computational tools is impeded by a lack of integration across platforms. Integration of tools goes beyond convenience, as it is impractical for one tool to anticipate and accommodate the current and future needs of every user. This problem is emphasized in the field of bioimage analysis, where various rapidly emerging methods are quickly being adopted by researchers. ImageJ is a popular open-source image analysis platform, with contributions from a global community resulting in hundreds of specialized routines for a wide array of scientific tasks. ImageJ's strength lies in its accessibility and extensibility, allowing researchers to easily improve the software to solve their image analysis tasks. However, ImageJ is not designed for development of complex end-to-end image analysis workflows. Scientists are often forced to create highly specialized and hard-to-reproduce scripts to orchestrate individual software fragments and cover the entire life-cycle of an analysis of an image dataset. KNIME Analytics Platform, a user-friendly data integration, analysis, and exploration workflow system, was designed to handle huge amounts of heterogeneous data in a platform-agnostic, computing environment and has been successful in meeting complex end-to-end demands in several communities, such as cheminformatics and mass spectrometry. Similar needs within the bioimage analysis community led to the creation of the KNIME Image Processing extension which integrates ImageJ into KNIME Analytics Platform, enabling researchers to develop reproducible and scalable workflows, integrating a diverse range of analysis tools. Here we present how users and developers alike can leverage the ImageJ ecosystem via the KNIME Image Processing extension to provide robust and extensible image analysis within KNIME workflows. We illustrate the benefits of this integration with examples, as well as representative scientific use cases.

Technical and Morphological Signs of Limestone Processingat the Lower Palaeolithic Site Medzhybizh A

The task of identifying and analyzing the signs of intentional processing non-siliceous raw materials became relevant in European Palaeolithic studies only in recent years with the discovery of numerous sites, where such materials were widely used. This led to the need for experimental work focused on the study of the physical principles of knapping of non-siliceous raw materials and on the identification of its flaking capabilities. This article deals with the above range of issues in connection with numerous findings of artefacts prepared on non-siliceous raw materials in the lower layers of Medzhybizh A. The number of limestone findings on the area of 1,0 m2 in these layers constitutes, on average, 150—200 pieces. An abnormally large number of lime stone items were recorded in the 3D square at the level of the 2nd horizon of the V layer. Here, on an area of about 0.25 m2, 477 pieces were found, among which 56 complete and segmented pebbles (different in shape and size of individual fragments of limestone with eroded surface), 106 flakes and segments of such pebbles, as well as 304 amorphous fragments. Part of the objects in each of these groups can be attributed to the artefacts with varying degrees of confidence: 23, 81 and 5, respectively. The large number of artefacts and probable artefacts on local lime stones identified in layers V and VI of Medzhybizh A makes the task of searching for the objective definition of artefact-diagnostic criteria and, in general, studying the general regularities of knapping of the given kind of rock very urgent. The presence of refits allows studying technical and morphological features of archaeological items made of limestone. In this article the refitting with the greatest number of elements (nine) is analyzed in detail. At the same time a series of experiments was conducted on the processing of local limestones using various techniques, namely: anvil technique, bipolar on anvil technique, freehand. The raw materials base for experiments is consisted of objects without any signs of transformation found in the deposits containing artefacts of the V and VI layers, as well as pieces from the nearest exposed pebble conglomerate in the valley of the Vovk River at a distance of no more than 15 km from the site. Experiments on knapping local limestone have confirmed the splitting properties of the material. The ability of the local limestone to produce flakes with sharp edges will increase as the hardness and density of the material increases. Typically, flakes have sharp edges that are suitable for wood and bone processing. Experiments have shown that signs of intentional processing of lithic raw materials in freehand, bipolar on anvil and anvil techniques that are easily recognizable on siliceous rocks can also be used to identify anthropogenic modifications of limestone. However, since limestone has a relatively low level of isotropy, an anisotropic fracture, an uneven surface of negatives, insofar as these signs are less expressed. Observations during the experiments as well as analysis of flakes of the experimental series revealed a number of common mandatory signs typical for this rock type. A comparison of the technical and morphological analysis of experimental products and archaeological artefacts suggests the artefact nature of the limestone pebble refitting from the V layer of Medzhybizh A. It is most likely that the freehand technique was used to process the pebble, but some elements could be obtained by anvil technique. The probability of applying bipolar on anvil technology is minimal. In general, the applied approach of combined use of experimental, technical-typological and technological-dynamic methods demonstrated significant informative possibilities in the study of materials of the Lower Palaeolithic.

An evaluation of inoceramid single-prism sclerochronology

Inoceramid prisms are among the most common microfossils that can be found in Late Cretaceous strata. Since these biomineral units were formed by sequential accretion in the outer shell layer of the bivalves, they potentially serve as archives of short-term (circa-annual) paleowater temperature fluctuations. In the present study, we tested to what extent intra-prismatic stable isotope variations of individual inoceramid prisms reflect sub-annual δ13C and the δ18O patterns. We obtained multiple carbonate samples from prisms recovered from the sediment and from a cross-sectioned inoceramid shell fragment and compared data from these samples to data from classical sclerochronological sampling (i.e., sequential drilling). The analyzed shell material belonged to the species Platyceramus platinus from the Smoky Hill Chalk Member (Niobrara Formation, Kansas, USA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the diagenetic alteration of the studied prisms and allowed to identify suitable material for stable isotope analyses. The δ18O values of drilled carbonate samples (δ18ODrill) and of prisms (δ18OIP) compare very well to each other when temporally aligned (R2 = 0.98). The stable carbon isotope values (δ13CDrill; δ13CIP), however, show less agreement (R2 = 0.28), which is likely attributable to different time-averaging of the samples. We discuss how to identify the most suitable prisms for sub-annual paleotemperature reconstructions from disarticulated material using microgrowth patterns and geometrical features of the prisms as proxies for changing growth rates. Finally, we apply the novel sampling strategy to naturally occurring disarticulated prisms from the sediment and compare their intra-prismatic isotope values (δ13CIPS and δ18OIPS) to those of bulk-analyzed prism fragments from the sediment (δ13CBPS and δ18OBPS). Sclerochronological analysis of the prisms from the sediment yields δ18OIPS fluctuations of 1.89‰, virtually identical to the δ18OIP chronologies of the prisms extracted from the shell cross-section (1.90‰). The overall ranges of the δ18OIP and δ18OIPS values are identical (2.60‰) and capture very well the expected seasonal stable oxygen isotope oscillation derived from the δ18ODrill values (2.61‰). The range of the δ18OIPS data is two-fold larger than that of the δ18OBPS values (1.19‰), suggesting a strong effect of time-averaging on the stable oxygen isotope data of the bulk-analyzed prisms fragments. According to our novel statistical model, the resolution of δ18OBPS data can be increased by preferentially analyzing short (ca. 300 μm) individual prisms fragments (at least n = 20).

PECULIARITIES OF ORGANIZATION OF RURAL SCHOOL EDUCATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY: ON MATERIALS OF THE HISTORICAL PATH OF THE EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS OF ISCRENE VILLAGE, CHERKASY REGION

The article, which is based on the extensive archival and documentary material, historical and pedagogical literature, describes the period of formation and socio-cultural impact of reform movements in the development of educational activities in the context of the life cycle of a typical rural school. The objectives of the study are to: introduce the circulation of previously unknown archival materials relating to local rural schooling in the context of national educational initiatives; study the individual fragments from the history of the school for generalizations and conclusions, further study and systematization of a comprehensive study on the history of educational work in Cherkasy region.The article reveals a retrospective of the educational and historical process of Iskrene village (Cherkasy region), which dates back to the emergence of school in the XIX century. The stage of formation of the educational movement was considered in detail, which envisaged the family-level of transfer of knowledge, beliefs and experience to future generations. Positive changes in schooling that occurred after the abolition of serfdom in 1861 are highlighted. The church-parish (three-year) one-year school of that period was taught in Russian and Church Slavonic. Subjects such as the Law of God, church singing, reading, writing, arithmetic were studied. The fall of the Russian Empire, profound socioeconomic shifts and the associated wave of national liberation struggles are shaping their line in the field of education. Ukrainian schools are introduced in educational establishments, teachers take courses in Ukrainian studies. Against the background of intense political struggles for power, in continuous hostilities, the rural school of this period tends to negative financial conditions with low or unstable pay for teachers.But, from a strategic perspective, during this period the school was separated from the church, and the basic principles of state policy in the field of public education were preserved for many years.

Bedrock erosion due to hoeing as tillage technique in a hilly agricultural landscape, southwest China

AbstractTillage on hillslopes may not only induce severe soil erosion, but may also cause bedrock erosion under certain conditions. Yet, little is known about bedrock erosion by tillage in a hilly agricultural landscape, southwest China. The aim of this study is to quantify the translocation of rock fragments derived from bedrock fragmentation by hoeing under different conditions, including slope gradient, hoeing depth and soil‐covered thickness using a gravel tracing method. The reliability of the gravel tracing method was confirmed by the bedrock dyeing tracing method. Hoeing depth is a significant factor affecting the translocation rate of rock fragments (Qr). Meanwhile, under the condition of overlying soil layers (0.06−0.10 m thick), the values of Qr were significantly smaller with a reduction of 20.7−25.6%, compared with rock fragmentation by hoeing for bare bedrock. However, slope gradient was found to have insignificant effects on Qr. Fractured bedrock moved as individual small fragments, which was mainly controlled by the hitting force of the hoe, while soil moved in the shape of lumps, which was dominated by both drag force of the hoe and gravity. This study suggests that hoeing into soil‐covered bedrock can diminish bedrock erosion while providing soil matrix for shallow soil layers. Our work presents a quantitative assessment of bedrock erosion by hoeing and an underlying insight into characteristics of bedrock erosion by tillage operations in hilly agricultural regions with mudstone and shale, southwest China. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Decomposition of electron ionization mass spectra for space application using a Monte-Carlo approach.

Quadrupole mass spectrometers equipped with an electron ionization (EI) sources have been widely used in space exploration to investigate the composition of planetary surfaces and atmospheres. However, the complexity of the samples and the minimal calibration for the fragmentation of molecules in the ionization chambers have prevented the deconvolution of the majority of the mass spectra obtained at different targets, thus limiting the determination of the exact composition of the samples analyzed. We propose a Monte-Carlo approach to solve this issue mathematically. We decomposed simulated mass spectra of mixtures acquired with unit resolving power mass spectrometers and EI sources into the sum of the single components fragmentation patterns weighted by their relative concentration using interior-point least-square fitting. To fit compounds with poorly known fragmentation patterns, we used a Monte-Carlo method to vary the intensity of individual fragment ions. We then decomposed the spectrum thousands of times to obtain a statistical distribution. By performing the deconvolution on a mixture of seven different molecules with interfering fragmentation patterns (H2 O, O2 , CH4 , Ar, N2 , C2 H4 , and C2 H6 ) we show that this approach retrieves the mixing ratio of the individual components more accurately than regular mass spectra decomposition methods that rely on fragmentation patterns from general databases. It also provides the probability density function for each species's mixing ratio. By removing the solution degeneracy in the decomposition of mass spectra, the method described herein could significantly increase the scientific retrieval from archived space flight mass spectrometry data, where calibration of the ionization source is no longer an option.

Spreading of a Water Drop in an Oil Layer

For the first time, the evolution of the spreading pattern of a fallen water drop over the surface of a cavity and a crown in a deep layer of oil has been traced by high-resolution video and photography. At the stage of active drop submergence, the double layer formed by the contacting surfaces of immiscible fluids is the most rapid component of the flow. Droplets containing both fluids fly out from the tops of the spikes on the edge of the crown. The water covering the inner surface of the cavity and the crown flows unevenly downwards after submergence of the drop. Isolated anhydrous areas, voids, are formed on the surface of the crown and are separated by narrow bands of water, which eventually break up into separate drops. The bulk of the water unevenly submerges to the bottom of the cavity and, at its collapses, remains in the bulk of the liquid in the form of individual fragments, gradually tightening into smooth droplets. The regularities of the temporal changes in the splash height and in the shape of the cavity section are revealed.

Alternative Structures of α-Synuclein.

The object of our analysis is the structure of alpha-synuclein (ASyn), which, under in vivo conditions, associates with presynaptic vesicles. Misfolding of ASyn is known to be implicated in Parkinson’s disease. The availability of structural information for both the micelle-bound and amyloid form of ASyn enables us to speculate on the specific mechanism of amyloid transformation. This analysis is all the more interesting given the fact that—Unlike in Aβ(1–42) amyloids—only the central fragment (30–100) of ASyn has a fibrillar structure, whereas, its N- and C-terminal fragments (1–30 and 100–140, respectively) are described as random coils. Our work addresses the following question: Can the ASyn chain—as well as the aforementioned individual fragments—adopt globular conformations? In order to provide an answer, we subjected the corresponding sequences to simulations carried out using Robetta and I-Tasser, both of which are regarded as accurate protein structure predictors. In addition, we also applied the fuzzy oil drop (FOD) model, which, in addition to optimizing the protein’s internal free energy, acknowledges the presence of an external force field contributed by the aqueous solvent. This field directs hydrophobic residues to congregate near the center of the protein body while exposing hydrophilic residues on its surface. Comparative analysis of the obtained models suggests that fragments which do not participate in forming the amyloid fibril (i.e., 1–30 and 100–140) can indeed attain globular conformations. We also explain the influence of mutations observed in vivo upon the susceptibility of ASyn to undergo amyloid transformation. In particular, the 30–100 fragment (which adopts a fibrillar structure in PDB) is not predicted to produce a centralized hydrophobic core by any of the applied toolkits (Robetta, I-Tasser, and FOD). This means that in order to minimize the entropically disadvantageous contact between hydrophobic residues and the polar solvent, ASyn adopts the form of a ribbonlike micelle (rather than a spherical one). In other words, the ribbonlike micelle represents a synergy between the conformational preferences of the protein chain and the influence of its environment.

Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event

BackgroundA novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) associated with human to human transmission and severe human infection has been recently reported from the city of Wuhan in China. Our objectives were to characterize the genetic relationships of the 2019-nCoV and to search for putative recombination within the subgenus of sarbecovirus. MethodsPutative recombination was investigated by RDP4 and Simplot v3.5.1 and discordant phylogenetic clustering in individual genomic fragments was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. ResultsOur analysis suggests that the 2019-nCoV although closely related to BatCoV RaTG13 sequence throughout the genome (sequence similarity 96.3%), shows discordant clustering with the Bat_SARS-like coronavirus sequences. Specifically, in the 5′-part spanning the first 11,498 nucleotides and the last 3′-part spanning 24,341–30,696 positions, 2019-nCoV and RaTG13 formed a single cluster with Bat_SARS-like coronavirus sequences, whereas in the middle region spanning the 3′-end of ORF1a, the ORF1b and almost half of the spike regions, 2019-nCoV and RaTG13 grouped in a separate distant lineage within the sarbecovirus branch. ConclusionsThe levels of genetic similarity between the 2019-nCoV and RaTG13 suggest that the latter does not provide the exact variant that caused the outbreak in humans, but the hypothesis that 2019-nCoV has originated from bats is very likely. We show evidence that the novel coronavirus (2019-nCov) is not-mosaic consisting in almost half of its genome of a distinct lineage within the betacoronavirus. These genomic features and their potential association with virus characteristics and virulence in humans need further attention.

Safe zone of pin insertion for nonbridging external fixators in distal radial fractures: MRI analysis

BackgroundOf the anatomical reduction and fixation methods used to treat distal radius fracture, non-bridging external fixation has the advantage of enabling early wrist motion. The surgical technique relies on successful placement of the pin in individual fracture fragments. The present study aimed to identify the safe zone of pin insertion for a non-bridging external fixator into the distal radius that avoids metal impingement of extensor tendons. MethodsThe width and length of the septal attachments of the extensor retinaculum were measured on axial MR images of 62 wrists. ResultsThe 2–3 septum was the widest and longest, with a width of 2–7 mm and a location 0–36 mm proximal to the wrist joint. The width of the 1–2 septum was 2–6 mm, and was widest at 10 mm proximal to the joint. The 1–2 septum was triangular-shaped, while the 2–3 septum was oval-shaped. The 3–4 and 4–5 septa had narrow attachments and were adequate for pin insertion (with a pin 1–2 mm in width) at a position less than 8 mm proximal to the wrist. The width of the 1 R septum (radial to the 1st septum) was 2–6 mm at the radiovolar aspect of the wrist. ConclusionsThere were two safe pin insertion sites; the first was safe at the distal aspect only (8–10 mm proximal to the wrist) and included the 1–2, 3–4, and 4–5 septa, while the second was safe from 0 mm to 32–38 mm proximal to the wrist and included the 1 R and the 2–3 septa. The 1 R septum had adequate size for use as a new pin insertion site that aligns in the internervous plane and has minimal risk of superficial radial nerve injury.

THE WAYS OF SHEVCHENKO’S POEMS RECEPTION

The author of the article makes an attempt to consider the hermeneutic principles according to which the reader should approach the reception of Taras Shevchenko’s poetic works. He makes an excursus into the early history of the perception of T. Shevchenko’s poems and considers the responses of such readers and critics as H. Kvitka-Osnovianenko, V. Belinskyi, M. Kostomarov, P. Kulish, M. Drahomanov. This allows him to trace how certain socio-cultural predispositions of critics determined the perception of T. Shevchenko’s poetry. He also notes that already in the early reception of T. Shevchenko’s poems, two leading tendencies are outlined. One draws attention to their «truthfulness» and the other to their poetics. «Truthfulness» should be understood as the fact that T. Shevchenko’s poetry creates a figurative world according to certain rules that nature gives it through the author. Figurative expressiveness, compositional accuracy, semantic depth are the signs of «truthfulness» of T. Shevchenko’s poetry. It is essential to emphasize the self-importance of T. Shevchenko’s poetry, which was not a reflection of the author’s reality, but in which the specific structures of existence «manifested» themselves in a specific figurative form. And already being «manifested» in the figurative text, these structures somehow appealed to the surrounding reality, expressing and clarifying its individual fragments or situations. There are two leading trends in the art of understanding. The first one is that the reader should reduce his subjective factor to the possible minimum and turn his attention to understanding the work in its cultural-historical and author-biographical contexts. Another one indicates the temporality of understanding the text; the reader cannot perceive the work from the standpoint of the author’s time or some «universal» time. His understanding is always determined by his own time, which presupposes his socio-cultural situation, the state of language, the reader’s life biography. The reader must balance these two tendencies in his own interpretation. There are two important tendencies in the variety of possible approaches to reading the «Kobzar»: to study the language of texts and the existential and ontological situations that arise in them. Keywords: poetry, reception, hermeneutics, poetics, aesthetics, existence.

Experimental verification of effectiveness of the system of forming experience of music-pedagogical activity of the future teachers of music art

The article deals with the system of forming the experience of music-pedagogical activity of the future teacher of music art, which includes levels and stages of professional training. Particular attention is paid to the tasks and stages of the experimental work in accordance with the ideas of the author’s concept of forming the experience of music-pedagogical activity of the future pedagogues-musicians. Each of the proposed elements allowed revealing the contextual filling of the phenomenon under study. The efficacy of the proposed ideas of the application of the complex ways of integration around the disciplines-complexes, related subjects, topics-complexes in the practice of teaching professionally-oriented disciplines of the institutions of higher education has been verified. It is described that in the process of work with students of the specialty Secondary Education (Music Arts) the new approaches, directions of activity have been implemented, innovative and traditional methods have been used, the special course «Art Workshop» has been introduced. Mastering the theoretical foundations of the course took place at lectures-talks, lectures-discussions, lectures with the use of elements of «brainstorming», lectures with the analysis of music-pedagogical or art situations, programmed lectures-consultations. Practical classes were conducted in the form of trainings, case studies, business (role) games, «brainstorming», projects, research work. Independent work of students included reading from a sheet of a new author’s composition, home independent work on a musical composition, individual interpretation of a musical composition, performing its individual fragments and more. Within the special course realization the syllabus of the discipline has been elaborated, which revealed the methods of teaching and control, approximate assessment of the types of students’ educational activity according to the rating system, the distribution of points, the scale of assessment according to the national and ECTS system, methodological provision of the special course, recommended literature, information resources of the discipline.

The 15th-century Synodal Hexameron (Shestodnevets)

The article is devoted to the textual analysis and publication of the short Hexameron, titled Shestodnevets, which became part of the Miscellany from the Synodal collection in the State Historical museum (No. 951). An archaeographical description of the manuscript (dated to around 1460) is given; it is noted that 13 folios from it are now in the Miscellany from the V. M. Undolsky collection (RSL, col. 310, No. 562). The analysis of the Shestodnevets showed that the source for its initial part was the prototype of the Sofiisky chronograph, which had a more elaborate form compared to that conserved in manuscripts. The rest of the text is based on the Palaea Interpretata and “The Word about the Creation of Heaven and Earth”, which is a part of another brief chronograph, Parenios. An attempt to trace the history of the spread of “The Word …” in the Old Russian literature revealed its use as an introduction to the illuminated Palaea Interpretata of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, the initial part of which is now largely lost. It turned out that a copy of these pages, in addition to two well-known 16th-century copies, is copied from the “Word …” in a manuscript of the Trinity-Sergius monastery, dated to the end of the 14th or the beginning of the 15th century (RSL, сol. 304/I, No. 39). Four more copies of the same text were also identified. A version of the “Word about the Creation of Heaven and Earth” is also used in the “Word about the Existence of the Whole World”, where the story of the six days, starting with the narrative of Cain and Abel, is supplemented by the “Speech of the philosopher” from the The Tale of Bygone Years. The Synodal Shestodnevets has textual features of “The Word about the Creation of Heaven and Earth” in the Parenios version, but it also contains individual additional fragments from the Book of Enoch. In conclusion, the importance of the Shestodnevets for our knowledge about the book repertoire and the guiding principles of Old Russian authors working on Palaea compilations in the middle of the XV century is underlined. Another significant result is the acquisition of new data on the content and the terminus ante quem for the Sofiisky chronograph’s archetype, the earliest copy of which dates from the 1530s.

ВЕРБАЛЬНЫЕ И НЕВЕРБАЛЬНЫЕ МАРКЕРЫ НЕИСКРЕННОСТИ В УСТНОМ ДИСКУРСЕ ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЕЙ ИСПАНСКОЙ ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРЫ

The article describes the main verbal and non-verbal markers of insincerity in the oral discourse of representatives of Spanish linguistic culture. In the experimental part of the work it was revealed that the informants gestured and made facial movements more frequently when they reproduced the false information in comparison with the cases where the speakers read the text which they considered «truthful»; in addition to this, gestures were manifested more intensively in this case. In insincere discourse, informants also often changed the word order or made different lexical changes. Furthermore, a significant increase in the duration of the gaze at the interlocutor was also noticed during the informants’ reproduction of the false statements. These results of the research provide grounds for formulating a preliminary hypothesis that insincere communication has its own verbal and non-verbal markers which are accessible to observation and fixation, and further study in this sphere will contribute to the development of methods of attribution of statements and individual communicative fragments of «sincere» or «insincere» discourse.

Качественный анализ вин и виноматериалов методами поляризованно-люминесцентной голографии на основе использования их оптических поляризационных спектров

The article describes the qualitative analysis of wines and wine products using polarization-luminescent holography methods. Identification and classification of wines is carried out on the basis of combined processing of various types of polarization spectra of multiplex reflective luminescent holograms of Denisyuk, obtained from the analyzed samples of the wine products (specific brands of wine). The following types of optical spectra of dynamic holograms were selected for analysis: 1) spectral intensity distribution of polarized luminescence (parameter-I); 2) the spectral distribution of the degree of anisotropy of luminescence (parameter-r) and - the ellipticity coefficient (Ce parameter) of the luminescence of the reconstructed virtual image of an object (object beam). An experimental study has been performed of the polarization properties of a reflective hologram Denisyuk, obtained in a luminescent photoanisotropic-gyrotropic material using a linearly polarized coherent light source. The dependence of the polarization state of the reconstructed image on the polarization of the recovering beam (polarization-holographic memory) is observed.An experiment is described on the investigation of samples, conducted to verify the possibility of using polarization spectra for identification of wine. Not individual fragments of the spectra are processed, as when using scalar spectroscopy methods and vector spectra as a whole, which increases the information content and reliability of the analysis. The results presented in the article can serve as the basis for creating guidelines, using spectral-holographic “portrait” of specific brands of wine, according to the set of characteristic features. This will allow revealing the authenticity of wine products, including such properties as variety composition of the annual harvest.

Eksplozija graničnog sloja po ulasku svemirske letelice u guste slojeve Zemljine atmosfere

Introduction/purpose: A supersonic flow around a sphere with a radius of 1m at altitudes of 80 to 40 km was analysed. Methods: The descent trajectory at the first cosmic velocity, similar to that of the Soyuz spacecraft with a duralumin structure without thermal protection, was taken into consideration. Results: For the gas between the shock wave front and the surface of the descending spacecraft, data were obtained on the increase in density, pressure, and temperature behind the shock wave front as well as the shift of the shock wave from the surface of the descending spacecraft. The effective temperature of the shock-heated gas reaches its maximum value of 7340 K at an altitude of 60 km. At altitudes of 80 and 40 km, the effective temperature is 7000 K and 6400 K, respectively. Based on the obtained data on the thermodynamic state of the gas behind the shock wave every 10 km, calculations were made of energy fluxes to the surface of the spacecraft for convective and radiative heat transfer, as well as for the impact of electrons produced due to ionization of negative ions. Radiative heat transfer has proven to be the most significant. The burning mechanism of negative ions of triatomic molecules of aluminium with the formation of AlO molecules was determined, and data on pressure rise in the boundary layer on the spacecraft surface were obtained. At all considered altitudes, the pressure rises instantly: to 1.06*1010 Pa at an altitude of 80 km, 5.3*10 Pa at an altitude of 60 km, and reaches the maximum value of 5.5*1010 Pa and an altitude of 40 km. A pressure of 109 to 1010 Pa arises during explosion of various explosives. The energy flux reaches the spacecraft surface between explosions. At the moment of explosion, shock waves develop in the atmosphere surrounding the surface of the descending spacecraft, and compressive waves develop in the entire structure of the spacecraft. The descending spacecraft cracks, and its entire structure breaks down into parts. The area of interaction increases sharply, and each subsequent explosion has a greater intensity and size. As a result, the last most intense explosion occurs at an altitude of approx. 40 km, after which individual fragments of the spacecraft fall to Earth. Conclusion: The exploration of space with flight to other planets is possible only after a thorough study of explosive processes taking place on the surface of the spacecraft descending on other planets, and especially on Earth.

Türmchen auf dem Dach – Überlegungen zu den Dachaufsätzen in Carnuntum

During excavations, fragments have repeatedly been unearthed which, on closer inspection, can be made up into clay towers. Such items have also been found at various excavation sites within Carnuntum. The precise function, the exact appearance and the specif- ic use of these specimens have yet to be unequivocally scientifically identified, but use atop roofs, whether as chimneys or as decorative elements, is a possibility which should be considered. This conclusion is sug- gested by individual fragments to which remnants of roofing tiles are attached.

МИКРОНУТРИЕНТНЫЕ МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКИЕ СЕТИ И МНОЖЕСТВЕННЫЙ ДЕФИЦИТ МИКРОНУТРИЕНТОВ: ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВ ВИТАМИННО-МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ

ABSTRACT. The nutrition of adult and children population of Russia is characterized by multiple micronutrient deficiency due to the simultaneous insufficient content of vitamins, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iodine and other mineral elements in the diet. A lack of several micronutrients can occur as a result of the use of various diets, medication, the development of the pathological process, increased needы of organism at various physiological, stressful situations of different etiologies. Micronutrients (vitamins and essential minerals) participate in numerous biochemical pathways, perform certain functions in the body, are closely interconnected in complex metabolic networks to maintain homeostasis and overall health. Like mosaics, individual fragments of this comprehensive network of micronutrients are “assembled”, the centers of which are selenium, iodine, vitamin D, iron, and functionally related vitamins of group B. Simultaneous multiple micronutrient deficiency creates a “causality network” of diseases, while, optimal sufficiency creates a “network of conditions that prevent diseases”. The concept of the correct ratios of essential micronutrients in the diet, as well as the optimal ratios of vitamins in the blood between themselves and indicators of lipid metabolism, is developing and is being confirmed. The physiological requirements for micronutrients (vitamin D, C, potassium, magnesium), which provide not only essentiality, but also optimality to maintain the body's health and reduce the risk of diseases, have being revised upward. Recommended intake of vitamins B1, B2 and niacin are correlated with energy consumption. Given the existence of metabolic networks of micronutrients and the presence of multiple micronutrient deficiency among the population, the superiority of multicomponent vitamin-mineral supplements undoubtedly superior to the effectiveness of individual micronutrients

Quantitative Irreversible Tethering (qIT) for Target-directed Covalent Fragment Screening.

Small molecules that react to form covalent bonds with proteins are widely used as biological tools and therapeutic agents. Screening cysteine-reactive fragments against a protein target is an efficient way to identify chemical starting points for covalent probe development. Mass spectrometry is often used to identify the site and degree of covalent fragment binding. However, robust hit identification requires characterization of the kinetics of covalent binding that can be readily achieved using quantitative irreversible tethering. This screening platform uses a non-specific cysteine-reactive fluorogenic probe to monitor the rate of reaction between covalent fragments and cysteine containing biomolecules. Fragment libraries are simultaneously screened against the target protein and glutathione, which functions as a control, to identify hit fragments with kinetic selectivity for covalent modification of the target. Screening by quantitative irreversible tethering accounts for variations in the intrinsic reactivity of individual fragments enabling robust hit identification and ranking.