Indirect References Research Articles

Sociolinguistic Investigation of Euphemisms in Yorùbá and Ẹ̀dó

Euphemisms are an essential lubricant and catalyst for interpersonal communication, used by individuals to deliver complex and somewhat provocative messages in a more placid and thoughtful manner. Therefore, they play a crucial role in social interactions and daily conversations. This study investigates the sociocultural nuances that influence the use of euphemisms among Yorùbá and Ẹ̀dó speakers, as well as how the speakers employ the rewording system to navigate or manage intricate social relationships in culturally sensitive environments, and sustain harmony within their communities. Unlike previous research focusing broadly on African and Nigerian languages, this research uniquely compares the nuanced use of euphemisms among speakers of these specific cultural and linguistic groups. Drawing from Politeness Theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987) and the Connotative Theory of Meaning (Trask, 1999), the study employs an eclectic framework. Qualitative data, gathered through recordings and transcriptions of interviews with adult native speakers, were thematically analyzed. The findings reveal that both Yorùbá and Ẹ̀dó languages feature euphemisms characterized by shared traits, yet they also exhibit distinct differences in composition and semantic features. In Yorùbá discourse, euphemisms often take the form of indirect references or metaphors, particularly when discussing sensitive subjects like sexuality, death, or social misconduct. Conversely, Ẹ̀dó speakers tend to employ more direct and straightforward euphemistic expressions. Despite these differences, both cultures share a common emphasis on social hierarchy and respect, using euphemisms as a culturally sanctioned means to delicately broach diverse topics. In all, both cultures prioritise social hierarchy and respect, and euphemisms provide a culturally accepted means of discreetly discussing diverse topics. Overall, This study highlights the significance of euphemisms in facilitating effective communication and nurturing interpersonal relationships within linguistically diverse communities. It enriches our understanding of how language choices reflect and uphold cultural norms, offering insights that contribute to broader discussions on communication strategies and cultural sensitivity.

The engagement of the UK construction industry towards achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals

Purpose The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a blueprint for UN member states to achieve prosperity and peace. A resilient construction industry should positively contribute to the achievement of all SDGs. Yet it is currently unclear if the industry helps or hinders SDG achievement. This research aims to explore if the industry is positively engaging with all SDGs.Design/methodology/approach This research is split into two phases. The first is an objectivist Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) of sustainability reports from the ten leading UK contractors to identify direct and indirect SDG references. The second research phase adopts a subjectivist ontological position consisting of twenty-one semi-structured interviews with a range of construction industry project-based professionals. Narrative analysis is used to structure the interview questions and analyse the data gained.Findings Many SDGs are excluded from sustainability reports, and where discussed, only some are engaged with substantially. The SDG knowledge held by construction professionals is reduced further still, and SDG progress is rarely measured. The ambiguity surrounding the SDGs enables discrepancies between reporting and professional perceptions. There is also a lack of regard for fellow contractor collaboration through fear of reduced competitive advantage.Originality/value This paper addresses a gap in the literature between contractor SDG knowledge and action. This serves as a platform for future research agendas regarding how the SDGs can be better understood and actioned in a construction management context. For industry, inconsistencies between organisational sustainability reporting and the knowledge and awareness of staff are exposed, due to the lack of collaborative practices currently adopted.

Représentations et pratiques nocturnes dans la société roumaine (XVIIIe – XXe siècles)

Folklorists, ethnographers and anthropologists have dedicated few studies to the night, and they especially emphasized its negative representations: an interval of darkness, of anxiety and fear, a time of intensified activities of evil supernatural forces. By favoring imaginary and mythical components, night was taken into consideration as an exceptional and extraordinary time, as a negative counterpart to the day, and not as a natural reverse of it. For a long time, the night did not draw the attention of historians, being perceived as a time when nothing happens, a time for rest and sleep. Starting with Jean Verdon’s pioneering book (“La Nuit au Moyen Âge”, 1994), historians have become increasingly interested in night habits, and explored the nightlife of people in ancient societies, bedtimes and waking times, sleep duration. The history of sleep has become a new field of research, opened by the American historian Roger Ekirch (2001, 2005), who advanced the theory that people in pre-industrial societies used to sleep differently. During the night, the sleep was biphasic (or segmented), divided into two moments and separated by a period of wakefulness (watch) at around midnight (between the first sleep and the second one). In our study we intend to verify if the results of Ekirch’s research are also applicable to the realities of the Romanian society in the 18th-20th centuries. We must recognize the difficulties of a history of nocturnal time, the fragmentary nature of the sources, the lack of direct and explicit testimonies (few people have been able to subjectivize their experience of sleep and transmit written testimonies). Therefore, we investigated sources such as chronicles, judiciary documents and literary texts, in search of the segmented sleep pattern. We have identified direct or indirect references to the two periods of sleep, and the intervening period of wakefulness. These references allow us to cautiously advance the hypothesis that this sleep pattern also existed in pre-modern Romanian society, in rural and urban environments. The future researches, based on teamwork, will more accurately determine the validity of this hypothesis.

The Brand Image Perception of Indirect Comparative Advertisements: Lipton Ice Tea “Don’t Choose the Easy Way” Ad Case

Comparative advertising is to make comparisons between two brands by making indirect or direct explicit references to the product of a certain brand. Comparative advertising is used to reveal the advantages, differences and qualities of a certain product or brand in a way that will attract the attention of the consumer. The impact of comparative advertisements on brand image has been discussed by advertising agency managers and in academic researches for many years. For this purpose, a sample of 18 participants, 9 males and 9 females, aged 22-59, from different professional groups was selected for the study using purposive sampling. In the research where the content analysis method was used, the brand image perception of indirect comparative ads was examined through Lipton Ice Tea's 'Drink Lipton, Don't Choose the Easy Way' advertising case. According to the findings, the participants above middle age have a more positive attitude towards comparative ads and the purchasing intention of the female participants, especially mothers, increased after watching the ad.

Interfacility Referral Communication for PICU Transfer.

For patients requiring transfer to a higher level of care, excellent interfacility communication is essential. Our objective was to characterize verbal handoffs for urgent interfacility transfers of children to the PICU and compare these characteristics with known elements of high-quality intrahospital shift-to-shift handoffs. Mixed methods retrospective study of audio-recorded referral calls between referring clinicians and receiving PICU physicians for urgent interfacility PICU transfers. Academic tertiary referral PICU. Children 0-18 years old admitted to a single PICU following interfacility transfer over a 4-month period (October 2019 to January 2020). None. We reviewed interfacility referral phone calls for 49 patients. Referral calls between clinicians lasted a median of 9.7 minutes (interquartile range, 6.8-14.5 min). Most referring clinicians provided information on history (96%), physical examination (94%), test results (94%), and interventions (98%). Fewer clinicians provided assessments of illness severity (87%) or code status (19%). Seventy-seven percent of referring clinicians and 6% of receiving PICU physicians stated the working diagnosis. Only 9% of PICU physicians summarized information received. Interfacility handoffs usually involved: 1) indirect references to illness severity and diagnosis rather than explicit discussions, 2) justifications for PICU admission, 3) statements communicating and addressing uncertainty, and 4) statements indicating the referring hospital's reliance on PICU resources. Interfacility referral communication was similar to intrahospital shift-to-shift handoffs with some key differences: 1) use of contextual information for appropriate PICU triage, 2) difference in expertise between communicating clinicians, and 3) reliance of referring clinicians and PICU physicians on each other for accurate information and medical/transport guidance. Interfacility PICU referral communication shared characteristics with intrahospital shift-to-shift handoffs; however, communication did not adhere to known elements of high-quality handovers. Structured tools specific to PICU interfacility referral communication must be developed and investigated for effectiveness in improving communication and patient outcomes.

On the margins of suicide: everyday horizons, turning points and trajectories of protection in peripheral young women.

Suicidal behavior and non-suicidal self-harm in vulnerable groups and population minorities pose a challenge for suicidology, complicating the universality of suicide. The goal of this paper is to analyze the lives of young women from marginalized communities, considering their experiences with suicidality and their relational and violent horizons. Nine women who took part in the fifth wave of a cohort on mental health and violence (2005-2022) in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, were interviewed (2022) about the contexts that kept them from committing suicide despite significant emotional distress from childhood through youth. From theme-based content analysis, three categories stood out and may contribute to an intersectional, decolonial and socially relevant approach to preventing self-destructive behavior. In the first, views on self-inflicted violence, better explained by the cores concepts of "sin" and "illness" than by the general violence they experienced. In the second, indirect references to self-harm behavior, where it was recognized that the use of euphemisms reflects not only the taboo but also the silencing of and discrimination against minorities. In the third, layers of protection and turning points, where "spirituality", "occupation" and "motherhood" were interpreted as the main associations between factors of protection and resilience in the trajectories and daily lives of these young women. A closer look that acknowledges the humanity, rights and psychological distress of groups subjected to violence and discrimination not only enhances care and prevention of suicidal behavior but also deepens understanding of this human and universal phenomenon.

Archaeological monuments of Ancient Egypt in the collection of V. S. Golenishchev (based on the materials of card index)

This paper continues study of the unpublished archival material kept in the Department of Ancient Orient at the State Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. The aim of this publication is to put into scientific use the provenance data written by Golenischeff’s hand on Egyptian objects from his own collection. In present paper we analyse the information from the so called ‘fichiers’ (cards) indicating the strict location, from which the object comes. The purchase of an object at some place did not mean, however, the same geographical provenience of an object. Sometimes Golenischeff indicates this provenance from dealers’s words. The cards also bear indirect references (Latin cf. and French à comparer — “to compare”) to many geographical locations, and to the publications of outstanding researchers of that time (W. M. Flinders Petrie, G. Quibell, E. Naville et al). Consequently, we may suppose the same provenance for these ‘compared’ (i. e. analogous) monuments. Occasionally the information about the purchases is combined with details about the dealers (legal antiquarians or illegal diggers). In this paper we also add the information from the Golenischeff’ notebooks kept in Paris and from the archaeological reports (one of them is a newly published material). A unique evidence gives us the inscriptions made by Golenischeff’ hand (in black ink or graphite pencil) on the surface of some ceramic. So far, we are aware of 8 such objects (in one case there is a paper sheet with an indication of geographical site).

Inclusion of ecosystem services in the management of municipal natural open space systems

Abstract Unprecedented urbanisation in the Global South is transforming natural urban landscapes, impacting on the ability of nature to provide essential ecosystem services. Within the context of pressures facing many urban natural open spaces, particularly in Africa, we used a local municipality in South Africa as a case study to (i) identify local government priorities for a natural open space system; (ii) develop an understanding of whether, and how, ecosystem services are considered by local government, and the reasons thereof; and (iii) ascertain the extent of proactive planning regarding regulating and other ecosystem services, including the temporal and spatial scales, and implications. In‐depth qualitative interviews (n = 12) were undertaken with senior municipal officials representing departments whose work impacts the environment. Municipal decision‐support documents were also analysed for any direct and/or indirect references to ecosystem services. Planning for, and management of, ecosystem services provided by natural open spaces is influenced by interwoven infrastructure, municipal service delivery and equity challenges, complex institutional constraints and poverty, with little focus on the socio‐economic opportunities and other benefits of natural open space systems. Values, perceptions and knowledge also influence the management of ecosystem services. The study contributes to understanding the opportunities and challenges for the future governance of natural open space in the Global South, which require explicit consideration in municipal planning, management and budgeting processes. Policy and management implications identified include prioritisation of the regulating functions provided by natural open space systems, pivotal to the urban resilience agenda; building on the inherent appreciation of nature features as city assets, while achieving socio‐economic upliftment; improved (on‐site) collaborative management of natural open spaces; and involvement of local government officials in the preparation and updating of environmental policies and decision‐support documents, to ensure skills and knowledge transfer and interest are entrenched in local government departments. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Muzyczność w Innych ludziach Doroty Masłowskiej

In this text I interpret the novel by the author of Wojna polsko-ruska pod flagą biało-czerwoną with special attention to the musicality present in it. Using the concept of Andrzej Hejmej, I analyze the stylistic tropes present in the novel (instrumentation, alliteration), musical references and transpositions of musical forms (aria, sonata, counaterpoint), considering what functions they perform in the novel. I pay special attention to indirect and direct references to hip-hop culture appearing in Maslowska’s book (e.g. rhythmic and rhyming narrative flow, onomatopoeias, vocal instrumentation). I show how the elements of musicality present in the novel influence its shape.

Creation in Ancient Elam based on Royal Elamite Inscriptions and Rock Reliefs

Royal Elamite inscriptions offer valuable insights into a range of themes related to ancient Iran. However, to date, no Elamite creation myth has been recovered. Nonetheless, there exist indirect references in the inscriptions and rock reliefs that can be used to reconstruct such an account. This study aims to partially reconstruct the Elamite genesis by examining the linguistic and iconographical clues. It is important to note, however, that this primary investigation provides only limited insights into the creation myth in ancient Elam.

Rest so deep now

SummaryIn this “hundreds” in honor of Kathleen Stewart, we channel her work on ordinary affects. In the form of a refracted dialogue, we make indirect references to Kathleen Stewart, Lauren Berlant, Sigmund Freud, Donald Winnicott, Gilles Deleuze, and Felix Guattari to evoke the vital and deadly repetitions that sustain the re/production of coupled forms of life.

Traditions of N. V. Gogol in prose by Jia Zhifang

The subject of the research in the article is the features of the reception of the works of N. V. Gogol in the works of the Chinese writer of the XX century Jia Zhifang. The methods of comparative and structural-semiotic analysis using elements of cultural analysis are used in the work, the method of interpretation of a separate text, the analysis of individual stylistic elements is also used. In the era of the formation of a multipolar world, the study of the reception of the work of Russian writers in foreign-language cultures is becoming especially in demand. Russian classics, true to the traditions of preserving eternal values and giving the key to understanding the Russian national character, remains an object of scientific interest for domestic and foreign researchers. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the name of the famous Chinese realist writer Jia Zhifang and a number of his works in their connection with the satirical traditions of N. V. Gogol are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The phenomenon of Jia Zhifang's "gogolization of prose" involves several components. At the level of the plot, these are direct or indirect references to the elements of N. V. Gogol's works (deceptive "demonic night", misleading the hero, ridiculing the "little man", piling up the "vulgarities of life", changing the "mimicry of laughter" to the "mimicry of sorrow"); roll call of details; the use of elements of fiction. At the level of stylistics, Jia Zhifang, in his novels and short stories, retains the techniques of Gogol's grotesque depiction of reality, the basis of which is the opposition of the "living-dead": puppetry in the portrayal of characters; the satirical technique of "reverse comparison"; the satirical technique of "the logic of the reverse". Preserving Gogol's traditions, Jia Zhifang transforms them, forcing them to work on the disclosure of the author's idea. He uses his own artistic techniques, which together with the details of the objective world allows him to represent the historical epoch, relying on the basic formula of Gogol's works "laughter through tears".

Сейдяк и Ураз-Мухаммед в сибирской истории

Research objectives: To identify the features of the appearance and activity in the Siberian Khanate of the last Taibugid Prince Seidyak and the Kazakh tsarevich, Uraz-Muhammad. Research materials: This work was carried out on the basis of the analysis of published chronicles of various origins, the collection of chronicles of Utemish Hadji, dastans of Kadyr Ali-bek, and unpublished documents from the fund 127 (relations with Nogai Tatars) of the RGADA, the Siberian chronicle of Ivan Chereapanov, etc. Results and scientific novelty: In historical research, under the influence of various editions of the so-called “Siberian chronicles”, there has emerged a traditional concept of Prince Seidyak’s activity as that of one of the main opponents of the Siberian Khan Kuchum. However, the late nature and inconsistency of these chronicles in relation to each other and some documents that are contemporary to the events make it possible to construct a different concept of the events of 1585–1588 in Siberia. Brought up at the court of the sayyid most likely associated with the tariqa Naqshbanidiya, the descendant of the Siberian princes appeared in Siberia no earlier than the middle of 1585. It is doubtful that the Bukhara Sayyids and merchants who were associated with them, being interested in local furs and havkng invested a lot of effort in the Islamization of the khanate, could send a legitimate khan to the north. The theory about the need to expand support for Kuchum by various groups, including those loyal to the princely dynasty, looks more realistic. This explains the participation of Saydiak in the division of Ermak’s property, and the absence of direct conflicts with the khan, with the exception of taking Isker from his son, Ali, who had a rather strained relationship with his father and brother. At the same time, the Bukhara leaders could remind Kuchum that they had the option of a political alternative. Almost at the same time, the grandson of the Kazakh khan, Shigai Uraz-Muhammad, whose father Ondan died during another Kazakh-Kalmyk clash, could appear in Siberia. Ondan had supported his father and brother Tavvakul, including in the conclusion of a Kazakh-Bukhara union. Judging by indirect references, the ruling family was also associated with one of the Bukhara tariqas. The reasons for sending Uraz-Muhammad and his family to Siberia are presented inconsistently in the literature due to the lack of sources on this issue. They also ended up initially at the court of Khan Kuchum where part of Ondan’s family had settled. After the capture of Isker, the tsarevich, along with the Siberian carp who joined him, found themselves in Isker, where they strengthened the Seidyak. The attempt to build the concept of a real “triumvirate” made up of Prince Seidyak, Tsarevich Uraz-Muhammad, and Siberia’s Karachi as an alternative political center to Khan Kuchum and his sons at the moment looks groundless due to the lack of information about their activities between the capture of Isker and the Russian captivity in 1588. Even if they had some political ambitions, they did not demonstrate them in any way.

Evaluating how varied human-wildlife interactions affect physical, mental, social, and spiritual health

Research on human-animal interactions has often focused on rural residents or health outcomes in captive settings. Meanwhile, relatively few studies have focused on how diverse human-wildlife interactions in non-captive settings and among urban residents affect health outcomes. Additionally, previous human-wildlife research on health outcomes has lacked attention to positive and non-material health impacts. This unidirectional negative outcome limits knowledge about the full scope of how wildlife affects human health. Situated in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, in the arid southwestern U.S., our study examines residents’ (n ​= ​24) narratives about their experiences with wildlife—both lived and perceived and their impact on health outcomes. Specifically, we evaluated interview transcripts for direct and indirect references to well-being along four commonly recognized dimensions of health. Observational interactions with wildlife were more commonly described by our research participants than attitudinal and physical interactions, representing 64%, 31%, and 19% of the interview segments, respectively. Combined positive health outcomes from human-wildlife interactions were more common among our participants (52%) than negative outcomes (39.6%). These trends contrast with a predominance of research on human-wildlife interactions, which emphasizes physical conflicts and other negative interactions. The positive health benefits associated with observing and interacting with wildlife centered on mental health and understudied spiritual benefits. Our results showed that everyday human-wildlife interactions in urban areas create positive health outcomes, especially in the mental and spiritual realms. Thus, preserving current opportunities to interact with nature and creating additional experiences with wildlife is important for encouraging positive interactions between people and wildlife.

DocEdit: Language-Guided Document Editing

Professional document editing tools require a certain level of expertise to perform complex edit operations. To make editing tools accessible to increasingly novice users, we investigate intelligent document assistant systems that can make or suggest edits based on a user's natural language request. Such a system should be able to understand the user's ambiguous requests and contextualize them to the visual cues and textual content found in a document image to edit localized unstructured text and structured layouts. To this end, we propose a new task of language-guided localized document editing, where the user provides a document and an open vocabulary editing request, and the intelligent system produces a command that can be used to automate edits in real-world document editing software. In support of this task, we curate the DocEdit dataset, a collection of approximately 28K instances of user edit requests over PDF and design templates along with their corresponding ground truth software executable commands. To our knowledge, this is the first dataset that provides a diverse mix of edit operations with direct and indirect references to the embedded text and visual objects such as paragraphs, lists, tables, etc. We also propose DocEditor, a Transformer-based localization-aware multimodal (textual, spatial, and visual) model that performs the new task. The model attends to both document objects and related text contents which may be referred to in a user edit request, generating a multimodal embedding that is used to predict an edit command and associated bounding box localizing it. Our proposed model empirically outperforms other baseline deep learning approaches by 15-18%, providing a strong starting point for future work.

Prioritization of green infrastructure planning principles using analytic hierarchy process: The case of Addis Ababa

Green infrastructure planning is an innovative landscape and urban planning strategy that aims to achieve sustainable urban development. However, green infrastructure (GI) literature is vast and complex. Still, there is no consensus among scholars and experts regarding the concept of green infrastructure and its application approaches. Thus, evaluating and prioritizing the GI principles assists cities like Addis Ababa in adopting and implementing GI. Multicriteria decision analysis techniques, such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), provide a method for systematically integrating experts to establish priorities and make decisions. Consequently, the purpose of the study is to, first and foremost, evaluate GI principles and identify guiding principles for GI planning for Addis Ababa. Second, based on the first objective result, evaluate the incorporation of the GI planning principle into Addis Ababa's city planning documents, thereby indicating the city's path towards GI. The principles are weighed to determine which GI principle should precede GI planning in Addis Ababa. The AHP method was utilized to determine the urban planners' priorities regarding green infrastructure planning principles and their incorporation into planning documents. The findings indicate that multifunctionality has become the most important planning principle for developing green infrastructure. The second objective of this inquiry is to evaluate the incorporation of multifunctionality into Addis Ababa's GI planning documents. Eleven crucial documents were subjected to a content analysis tool that drew on both direct and indirect references within the texts. These documents were reviewed and analyzed using multifunctionality principles derived from the literature on green infrastructure. The document analysis revealed that the meanings of the terms green infrastructure and multifunctionality varied considerably between documents. Except in two documents, the term multifunctionality is not described directly; and in three documents not described explicitly nor implicitly. In addition, the document analysis revealed that the terms "green infrastructure" and "multifunctionality" varied significantly between documents. Despite the fact that experts and professionals identified multifunctionality as a priority principle for the city, there is no standard definition and common description throughout the documents. The results would aid policymakers, planners, and governments in trying to foster multifunctionality.

Is the Implementation of Sustainable Development at the Heart of the National Education Policy 2020 Vision?

Young people are the future of society and agents of social change. Therefore, it is essential to give them an education that equips them with information and skills and alters their attitudes and behavior toward sustainable development. In the future years, the national education policy envisions an ideal societal transformation through sustainable living and development. This study aims to investigate answers to the question: Is the implementation of sustainable development at the heart of the National Education Policy 2020 vision? This research is a content analysis of the new national education policy for the year 2020. It focuses on sustainable development and its derivatives to promote a way of life that does not negatively impact the planet's environment, economy, or society. The content analysis discovered ten direct and indirect references to discuss the idea of sustainable development and its derivatives. In addition, the National Education Policy of 2020 includes precise indicators for its three pillars: environmental sustainability with seven references, economic development with 21 mentions, and social change with 15 citations. Based on this evidence data, the researcher concluded that the newly proposed education policy possesses an ideal vision of implementing sustainable development in education.

Consequences of Multigenerational Services Adoption Behavior: Global Client Engagement

This study uses adoption and usage data on the client and firm–client interactions across four technology generations of new-age products/services from 13 developed and emerging markets over an eight-year period to describe how multigenerational service (MGS) adoption behavior influences direct (purchases) and indirect (references and feedback) global client engagement and whether this relationship is moderated by product/service failures and cultural factors. The authors propose metrics to measure the number of generations adopted (MGD), the number of products and features within a generation (MGFs), and the adoption time between generations (MGT). They find that client usage revenue (CUR) is enhanced by greater MGD and higher MGFs combined with lower MGT. However, CUR varies by differences in the needs of clients' own customers, failures, and culture. Greater direct engagement affects reference and feedback behavior, moderated by cultural differences in individualism, power distance, and masculinity. For a typical client in the United States and Canada, a one-unit improvement in MGD and MGFs and a one-year improvement in MGT enhance CUR by $8,150, $5,200, and $2,310 per client, respectively, versus a corresponding enhancement of $4,820, $3,640, and $1,620, respectively, per client in Colombia and Mexico. These findings provide several implications for executives who manage multigenerational innovations across countries regarding client engagement, launching MGS, market entry, and failure recovery.

The philosophical aspect of the book of literary and critical articles as a structural and semantic unity

The focus of this research is the book of literary-critical articles as a "big form", a phenomenon of such a special and developing branch of modern science of literature as cyclology. The main objects are authorized collections of articles written in the period from 1986 to 1989, when literary criticism of the philosophical direction was revived. Publications were selected as the research material: "On a live trail. Spiritual Searches of Russian Classics" by I.I. Vinogradov, "The Artist in Search of Truth" by I.B. Rodnyanskaya and "Paradoxes of Novelty: On the Literary Development of the XIX–XX centuries" by M.N. Epstein. The purpose of this work is to identify and analyze the principles that make it possible to talk about the philosophical nature of books that have become the object of comparative analysis for the first time. The distinctive feature of the books of the period 1986-1989 considered in this article in semantic terms were the "Aesopian language" conditioned by the era, indirect and direct references to the texts of Holy Scripture, concentration on issues related to the problems of Russian classical literature to solve problems of a spiritual and moral order. In general, we can talk about each of the books considered as a conscious attempt by the author to offer his own view both on problems relevant to the current state of literature and on issues of universal importance based on philosophical concepts and special ideological attitudes.

Two Unnarrated Stories in Horace's Roman Odes (Carm.3.2.1–12 and 3.6.21–32): Echoes of Vergil's UnfinishedAeneidand a Lowlife Epigram

AbstractWithin the rhetorical frameworks of exhortation and illustrative exemplum, Horace's second and sixth Roman Odes offer compressed, contrasting images of a young person's education and transformation, presenting these as stories about apuerand avirgo, respectively, in a lyric mode that does not narrate. In the first of these stories (Carm. 3.2.1–12), Horace slyly usurps characters from Vergil's unfinishedAeneid, alluding to some of its distinctive narrative techniques, but also draws on the similes and plot structure of its Iliadic model. The second of Horace's stories (Carm. 3.6.21–32) plays off his first, as he converts theadulta virgowho figures inCarm. 3.2 into her antitype. This story has as its intertext an obscene Hellenistic epigram by Automedon. Horace makes both intertextual and metatextual use of his models, while his indirect references, through Homer, to Vergil's intended design for his emergingAeneidmay be considered under the new heading of extratextual.