Indirect References Research Articles

The Visual Polemic in Tolstoy's War and Peace: Icons and Oil Paintings

The phenomenon of Napoleon and Napoleonism that Tolstoy attacks in War and Peace is not only—arguably, not even primarily—a textual phenomenon. The cult of Napoleon was to a great extent a phenomenon created by the visual arts; portraits of Napoleon and of key moments in his career played a central role in promoting him as a “Great Man.” War and Peace contains numerous direct and indirect references to these images, and Tolstoy uses them to build his narrative. This paper analyzes two key pairs of scenes in which Tolstoy explicitly invokes Napoleonic visual images and undercuts them by juxtaposing them to Russian icons.

ИСТОРИЯ КАТОЛИЦИЗМА В БАШКОРТОСТАНЕ: КРАТКИЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР

The article examines the main publications covering the centuries-old history of the Catholic Church in the lands of modern Bashkortostan, as well as partly affecting the interaction of local Catholic communities with coreligionists from other cities located in the South Urals, as well as in the Middle Volga region. Unfortunately, there are quite a few special studies on the history of this Christian denomination in our republic. Many works, in one way or another related to this issue, are of a general nature and contain a schematic listing of factual information, or are more devoted to the history of national communities, for which this religion is, to a certain extent, one of the most important elements of traditional ethnic culture. Here it is necessary to note, first of all, publications on the history of the Polish and German diaspora, which provide information about the participation of representatives of these communities in the creation of Catholic parishes and public associations associated with charity and education. At the same time, the significance of the confessional aspect is to a much lesser extent revealed in works on the history of Latvian immigrants from Latgale, Belarusians and Ukrainians from Volyn and Eastern Galicia, who, due to various circumstances, left their homes during the First World War, as well as other Catholic emigrants from Central and Western Europe, located in the Ufa province at the beginning of the XX century. In some articles on demography and striking features of social stratification, one can find indirect references to the presence of Catholics, but this information only It is noteworthy that most publications indicate the middle of the 17th century as the earliest dating of the appearance of believing Catholics in the South Urals, and evidence of missionary trips to the Eastern Hungarians during the 13th-15th centuries allows us to make hypothetical assumptions about their role in the life of the local religious community. It can be noted that the presence of a certain part of Catholics on the territory of Bashkiria during the 16th20th centuries. was associated with forced migration due to the fact that, as a result of military clashes, some of them were captured, as well as due to participation in activities that conflicted with the interests of the Russian leadership are considered, with a few exceptions, only in the context of the problem of the origin of the Bashkir people, most likely due to the modest results of the preaching.

Optimizing the Linear Fascicle Evaluation Algorithm for Multi-core and Many-core Systems

Sparse matrix-vector multiplication ( SpMV ) operations are commonly used in various scientific and engineering applications. The performance of the SpMV operation often depends on exploiting regularity patterns in the matrix. Various representations and optimization techniques have been proposed to minimize the memory bandwidth bottleneck arising from the irregular memory access pattern involved. Among recent representation techniques, tensor decomposition is a popular one used for very large but sparse matrices. Post sparse-tensor decomposition, the new representation involves indirect accesses, making it challenging to optimize for multi-cores and even more demanding for the massively parallel architectures, such as on GPUs. Computational neuroscience algorithms often involve sparse datasets while still performing long-running computations on them. The Linear Fascicle Evaluation (LiFE) application is a popular neuroscience algorithm used for pruning brain connectivity graphs. The datasets employed herein involve the Sparse Tucker Decomposition (STD)—a widely used tensor decomposition method. Using this decomposition leads to multiple indirect array references, making it very difficult to optimize on both multi-core and many-core systems. Recent implementations of the LiFE algorithm show that its SpMV operations are the key bottleneck for performance and scaling. In this work, we first propose target-independent optimizations to optimize the SpMV operations of LiFE decomposed using the STD technique, followed by target-dependent optimizations for CPU and GPU systems. The target-independent techniques include: (1) standard compiler optimizations to prevent unnecessary and redundant computations, (2) data restructuring techniques to minimize the effects of indirect array accesses, and (3) methods to partition computations among threads to obtain coarse-grained parallelism with low synchronization overhead. Then, we present the target-dependent optimizations for CPUs such as: (1) efficient synchronization-free thread mapping and (2) utilizing BLAS calls to exploit hardware-specific speed. Following that, we present various GPU-specific optimizations to optimally map threads at the granularity of warps, thread blocks, and grid. Furthermore, to automate the CPU-based optimizations developed for this algorithm, we also extend the PolyMage domain-specific language, embedded in Python. Our highly optimized and parallelized CPU implementation obtains a speedup of 6.3× over the naive parallel CPU implementation running on 16-core Intel Xeon Silver (Skylake-based) system. In addition to that, our optimized GPU implementation achieves a speedup of 5.2× over a reference-optimized GPU code version on NVIDIA’s GeForce RTX 2080 Ti GPU and a speedup of 9.7× over our highly optimized and parallelized CPU implementation.

AZƏRBAYCANIN MƏDƏNİ İNKİŞAF DÖVRLƏRİ

The musical history of Azerbaijan is a part of understanding of the ancient past of Azerbaijan. The universally recognized development peculiarities of Azerbaijan are the result of the specific musical culture of the Azerbaijani people. Difficulties of studying the ancient music culture of Azerbaijan are directly related to the absence of leading sources and indirect references. Oral traditional folklore, folk song creativity, fiction and archaeological monuments are the main sources of the study of the past of Azerbaijani culture. It is important to preserve the authenticity of classical music and folk songs of Azerbaijan, starting with the ancient ancestors of the Azerbaijani people: thousands of years before our era had a different historical effect on the Medians, the Caspians, the Albanians and other tribes. The extensive trade routes passing through Azerbaijan, the Silk Road, the invasion of various tribes as Huns- Suvars (in the VII century BC), Romans (at the beginning of our era), Khazars (VI - VII centuries), Cumanses (IX - XI centuries), Seljuk Turks (X-XI centuries), Mongols (XIII century), Persians, Arabs and had their specific impact on Azerbaijani folk music and culture. The broad and sophisticated international trade junction of the Middle East countries certainly came to Azerbaijan. Latin and Greek inscription about Domitian’s, XII Roman legion being on the shores of the Caspian Sea, were discovered on Gobustan rocks at the end of the first century The great Norwegian researcher and traveler, Tur Heyerdal in his scientific findings made a special place for Gobustan boat descriptions and considered similarity with the Sumerian culture. He also stated that, the civilization of Arabian Sea had contacted with Gobustan[5]. The Khazars are one of the oldest and most widely spread ethnic groups in the Eastern and Central Transcaucasia. According to ancient and old Oriental sources, during the existence of the Achaemenid rule (6th-4th centuries BC), they established ethno-cultural relations with their close neighbors, as well as with peoples who were relatively far from them. Key words: music history, archeological monuments, classical music, ancient tribes, folklore

Processing Speech and Thoughts during Silent Reading: Direct Reference Effects for Speech by Fictional Characters in Voice-Selective Auditory Cortex and a Theory-of-Mind Network.

Stories transport readers into vivid imaginative worlds, but understanding how readers create such worlds-populating them with characters, objects, and events-presents serious challenges across disciplines. Auditory imagery is thought to play a prominent role in this process, especially when representing characters' voices. Previous research has shown that direct reference to speech in stories (e.g., He said, "I'm over here") may prompt spontaneous activation of voice-selective auditory cortex more than indirect speech [Yao, B., Belin, P., & Scheepers, C. Silent reading of direct versus indirect speech activates voice-selective areas in the auditory cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 3146-3152, 2011]. However, it is unclear whether this effect reflects differential processing of speech or differences in linguistic content, source memory, or grammar. One way to test this is to compare direct reference effects for characters speaking and thinking in a story. Here, we present a multidisciplinary fMRI study of 21 readers' responses to characters' speech and thoughts during silent reading of short fictional stories. Activations relating to direct and indirect references were compared for both speaking and thinking. Eye-tracking and independent localizer tasks (auditory cortex and theory of mind [ToM]) established ROIs in which responses to stories could be tracked for individuals. Evidence of elevated auditory cortex responses to direct speech over indirect speech was observed, replicating previously reported effects; no reference effect was observed for thoughts. Moreover, a direct reference effect specific to speech was also evident in regions previously associated with inferring intentions from communication. Implications are discussed for the spontaneous representation of fictional characters and the potential roles of inner speech and ToM in this process.

The uptake of new concepts in urban greening: Insights from Poland

The idea of nature having multiple benefits for urban management and planning is gaining prominence alongside the rise of climate change awareness. It is expressed through concepts such as nature-based solutions (NbS), ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), and blue-green infrastructure (BGI). Despite their popularity in the international arena, relatively little is known about how these concepts are used and interpreted at the local level, which has implications for policy formulation and actions. This paper examined both direct and indirect references to these concepts, as well as the reasons for their potential omission. By analysing policy documents and interviews with practitioners and activists from four Polish cities (Gdansk, Krakow, Warsaw, Wroclaw), it discussed the uneven and ambivalent uptake of concepts in the urban green and blue space (UGBS) governance. While the reluctance to use new terminology was often explained by accessibility and efficiency concerns, it also revealed some conceptual confusion. The contribution of this study is twofold: 1) providing a more nuanced understanding of the conceptual ambiguity surrounding the NbS, EbA and BGI concepts and the gap between international policy rhetorics and local interpretation; 2) expanding the geography of research on urban climate adaptation and urban green spaces which tends to overlook the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

Idola fori and language: Francis Bacon as a source for Giambattista Vico

ABSTRACT In this article, it is argued that Giambattista Vico’s own interest in language, intellectual prejudices, parabolic poetry, the interpretation of ancient fables, and even his notion of verum-factum derived from the works of Francis Bacon, and that Vico explicitly acknowledged his debt to the English philosopher. Not only did Vico carefully read Bacon’s works, but he cited them in his own writings, and in greater detail and at greater length than has hitherto been acknowledged. In the Appendix, I provide the texts of all the explicit Baconian citations that appear in Vico’s works (in the original Latin or Italian), and these alone suffice to prove the extent to which he was familiar with Bacon’s works. As well as the Novum organum, there are indirect references to the De dignitate et augmentis scientiarum, the De sapientia veterum, and the Cogitata et visa. The aim of the textual comparison is to identify explicit references to Bacon and his works in Vico, appearing as either direct or indirect citations.

Managed Globalization 2.0: The European Commission’s Response to Trade Politicization

Several studies have sought to explain the politicization of European Union’s (EU) trade policy during negotiations on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between the EU and Canada (CETA). This article contributes to the literature on the politicization of trade by assessing how politicization is addressed by those tasked with the content and implementation of trade policy, namely the European Commission (hereafter Commission). We identify the origin and definition of managed globalization (MG), and thereafter identify, through a qualitative content analysis of EU Trade Commissioners’ speeches from 2013 to late 2017, how the doctrine re-emerged as the leitmotif<em> </em>of EU trade policy. The Commission’s initial response to civil society organizations’ contestation over TTIP and CETA was to insist on the economic benefits of the agreements. As contestation intensified, we find indirect references to MG, as the Commission focused on clarifying that upholding European values was equally important to market access in EU trade policy. Then, from late 2016 until late 2017, the Commission’s messaging was directed primarily at populist fears of trade and globalization; emphasizing that protectionism was unnecessary, and that globalization could be controlled, culminating in the emergence of explicit references to MG. The article expands on existing research on MG by identifying trade politicization as a factor that prompted a modification and expansion of the MG doctrine and its use, while also discussing some accompanying policy changes.

REGIONAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF MEASURES OF ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY OF THE MOSCOW STATE

In the article the problem of the place of regional reform in the system of measures of anti-corruption policy of the Moscow state of the 16th century is put. On the basis of the analysis of the Code of Laws of 1550, authorized and regional diplomas it is shown that regional bodies played a signifi cant role in two connected directions of state policy in fight against robberies and in anti-corruption. In research literature the point of view is formulated that one of themost important problems of the Moscow state in the 16th century was the problem of distribution of organized crime and inefficiency of the existing methods of fi ght against it. In article the place of regional self-government institutions in the system of measures of anti-corruption policy reveals. At the same time material of regional diplomas which containnumerous straight lines and indirect references to concrete historical forms of corruption is essential. Introduction of regional self-government institutions led to establishment of the general rules of implementation of administrative and judicial functions, control over which was ceded in hands of representatives of local communities. Existence of such rules created the general conditions for fi ght against corruption and also for counteraction to specifi c forms of corruption. Regional diplomas red tape, implementation of court without authorized diploma, false charges for the purpose of taking by property were legal base for counteraction to such kinds of corruption offenses as excess of the established norms of requisitions from the population.

Sosialisasi Trik Menjawab Soal Reading dalam Ujian Nasional Bahasa Inggris di SMKN 1 Samatiga Aceh Barat

Reading is one of the types of questions asked in National Examination. Senior High School/ MA/ SMK students face difficulties in answering reading questions because they require to analize and compare the passage. Based on the results of a study by the Research Center of the Ministry of Education and Culture (2019), only under 50% of students were able to answer the English National Examination questions. Based on these facts, it is necessary to hold a socialization about understanding English test questions and the types of questions asked in the National Examination. In this community service activity, students of SMKN 1 Samatiga who will face the National Examination are the target of the activity. This activity was carried out by lecturing, discussion and simulation test questions. After being given an understanding of the tricks in answering reading questions, the test results showed that students get scores above 50 for each aspect of the question discussed, namely: main ideas, direct and indirect questions, pronoun references, and vocabulary meaning.

Helen of Troy’s Drug Therapy: Odyssey 4.219–34 | “There’s Magic in the Web of It”: Othello’s Hankerchief and Helen of Troy’s Drug

At the beginning of Book 4 of the Odyssey, Telemachus, accompanied by Nestor’s son, Peisistratus, has arrived at the palace of the Greek leader Menelaus at Sparta. Telemachus is in search of information about his missing father, Odysseus. The earlier books of the Odyssey, except for indirect references and the introductory few lines, do not depict the ordeals of the hero Odysseus, but primarily deal with his son, Telemachus, only an infant when Odysseus left for the Trojan War. By now Odysseus has been gone for approximately twenty years, and Homer depicts Telemachus as grieving, depressed, weeping, insecure, anxious, and confused. Athena, appearing to Telemachus in Book 1, encourages him to travel, seeking knowledge about his father. Guided by Athena, Telemachus first lands in Pylos, where the wise hero and counselor Nestor sends Telemachus to Menelaus and Helen at Sparta, so that Telemachus can learn the truth about his father.

Allusive talk – Playing on indirect intertextual references in Russian conversation

In casual conversations, interlocutors often merely hint at intertextual references. The elusive design of such references ranges from extremely truncated or modified quotes, or mentions of names, to the rendition of generic patterns and enregistered (Agha, 2007) varieties associated with social or ethnic stereotypes. The paper refers to such non-explicitly marked references as allusions and discusses the methodological challenges posed by their detection and analysis. Qualitative analyses of four conversational episodes illustrate how Russian speakers and interlocutors draw on such allusions and playfully exploit the meaning potential of the (con-)text referenced. The talk that thereby emerges points, in various ways, to the recognition and possible understanding of an allusion. Allusive talk is thus both based on, and points to, a common ground shared by the interlocutors and providing a rich inferential substrate of interaction (Haugh, 2017) that usually remains unexposed.

The accuracy and accessibility of cited evidence: a study examining mental health policy documents

PurposeEvidence-based policy making is increasingly being advocated by governments and scholars. To show that policies are informed by evidence, policy-related documents that cite external sources should ideally provide direct access to, and accurately represent, the referenced source and the evidence it provides. Our aim was to find a way to systematically assess the prevalence of referencing accuracy and accessibility issues in referenced statements selected from a sample of mental health-related policy documents.Method236 referenced statements were selected from 10 mental health-related policy documents published between 2013 and 2018. Policy documents were chosen as the focus of this investigation because of their relative accessibility and impact on clinical practice. Statements were rated against their referenced sources in terms of the (i) content accuracy in relation to the information provided by the referenced source and (ii) degree of accessibility of the source and the required evidence from the references provided.ResultsOf the 236 statements, 141 (59.7%) accurately represented the referenced source, 45 (19.1%) contained major errors and 50 (21.2%) contained minor errors in accuracy. For accessibility, 126 (53.4%) directly referenced primary sources of evidence that supported the claims made, 36 (15.3%) contained indirect references, 18 (7.6%) provided ‘dead-end’ references, and 11 (4.7%) references were completely inaccessible.ConclusionsWith only slightly over half of all statements assessed providing fully accessible references and accurately representing the referenced source, these components of referencing quality deserve further attention if evidence-informed policy goals are to be achieved. The rating framework used in the current study proved to be a simple and straightforward method to assess these components and can provide a baseline against which interventions can be designed to improve referencing quality.

A Model for Naturalistic Programming with Implementation

While the use of natural language for software development has been proposed since the 1960s, it was limited by the inherent ambiguity of natural languages, which people resolve using reasoning in a text or conversation. Programming languages are formal general-purpose or domain-specific alternatives based on mathematical formalism and which are at a remove from natural language. Over the years, various authors have presented studies in which they attempted to use a subset of the English language for solving particular problems. Each author approached the problem by covering particular domains, rather than focusing on describing general elements that would help other authors develop general-purpose languages, instead focusing even more on domain-specific languages. The identification of common elements in these studies reveals characteristics that enable the design and implementation of general-purpose naturalistic languages, which requires the establishment of a programming model. This article presents a conceptual model which describes the elements required for designing general-purpose programming languages and which integrates abstraction, temporal elements and indirect references into its grammar. Moreover, as its grammar resembles natural language, thus reducing the gap between problem and solution domains, a naturalistic language prototype is presented, as are three test scenarios which demonstrate its characteristics.

W naszej letniej stolicy… Satyra Ludwika Szczepańskiego na młodopolskich turystów w Tatrach

W naszej letniej stolicy… In our summer capital… Ludwik Szczepański’s satire on Young Poland tourists in the TatrasIn the article the author analyses a slightly forgotten satirical novel by Ludwik Szczepański, W naszej letniej stolicy, czyli przygoda rejenta Nowakowskiego w Zakopanem In our summer capital or the adventure of Nowakowski, a notary, in Zakopane 1904, published under the pseudonym Wincenty Ogórek. She tackles three topics:Placement of the novel in the context of other Young Poland period works referring to the discovery of Zakopane as an ideal place for summer holidays by Poles from various parts of the partitioned country, especially by residents of Kraków or Warsaw. In the first two parts of the article the author presents an outline of the plot and then discusses the topography of Zakopane and its environs, brilliantly depicted by Żeromski.The subchapter “…this Zakopane train is especially full of nice, friendly women…” contains a detailed analysis of direct and indirect linguistic, stylistic, personal and cultural references to Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, whose satirical anti-portrait as the poet Przerwański, is included in the novel by Szczepański.In the last part of the article the author points to those features of Szczepański’s novel which make it possible to describe it as a “resort novel”. In addition, she refers to other titles of literary works from the Young Poland period, which fit in with the proposed literary convention. The term “resort novel” refers to Jacek Kolbuszewski’s earlier concept of “boarding house novel”. In the conclusion the author points to the possibility of reinterpreting numerous “resort novels” from the Young Poland period with the help of the latest tools used in the description and analysis of various phenomena relating to tourism understood as a subject of research in the humanities.

Evidentiality and stance in YouTube comments on smartphone reviews

Abstract Online participatory environments have become saturated spaces in terms of the opportunities that they offer for the display of different viewpoints and ideologies. YouTube, as a popular video-sharing and networking site, constitutes a new media space that invites both individual and collaborative stance-taking by participants who gather, virtually, to address a particular topic, issue or event depicted visually and discussed textually through the comments that are posted on the site. This interactional dynamics triggers a dialogic sequence of follow-ups through which stances are formulated following up on previous stances or counterstances. Against this background, this paper reports on a case study of individual and collaborative, and interdiscursive and intradiscursive stance-taking in participants’ comments to an online review focusing on the strategic use of direct (tactile) and indirect (inferential) references to evidentiality and their co-occurrence with argumentative markers. In this multilayered context stance-taking does not only contribute to evaluation but also to the construction of collective identities.

The Use and Importance of Biblical References in Vita Antonii

Abstract Athanasius the Great succeeded with his Vita Antonii to create a new literary genre, the „biography of a saint“. Through his approach, shaped by his impressive theological knowledge and familiarity with the biblical text, Athanasius unlocked an immense amount of cultural knowledge. The Archbishop of Alexandria structured this hagiographic work on the father of monasticism in a way that allowed the reader to understand and perceive the peculiarities of Saint Anthony in accordance with the Orthodoxy of the Church. The present study examines how Athanasius the Great used about four hundred direct and indirect biblical references to represent a personality of his time, who corresponded to the highest Christian ideals. The main topics of our study are: the importance of the Holy Scripture, how it is highlighted in the Athanasian text; the biblical portrait of Anthony the Great; the speech of the great Anchorite, which accounts for more than a third of this hagiographic work; the representation of the last days of Antonius.

Lacan contra the Surrealists

Evidence of the Surrealists' influence on the work of Jacques Lacan is not in short supply. His Ecrits and seminars of the 1940s to mid-1960s teem with direct and indirect references to the Surrealists and the case for recognising the latter's influence has been persuasively made by a number of critics. It is not our aim to again review or ague against this link. We shall instead examine several hitherto overlooked statements made by Lacan in 1970s on the subject of Surrealism in which he emphatically disavowed the existence of intellectual sympathies. Why was the Lacan of the 1970s so wary of the conjunction between psychoanalysis and Surrealism? In answering this question we shall concentrate on Lacan's objections to the principles behind two of the Surrealists' most important literary concepts: automatic writing and amour fou.

Making the Chain Longer and Stronger: An Intertextual Reading of Ignatius Mabasa’s Mapenzi

Literary texts are at times anchored in others that have come before them. This article thus notes that the relationship that exists between written works as well as oral works has been an abiding phenomenon since the emergence of the written word, whether it is Sumerian, Greek or Roman. This practice, also called intertextuality, is prevalent today in African literature. Informed by this tradition of intertextuality, the authors analyse Ignatius Mabasa’s novel, Mapenzi, and argue that the use of direct and indirect references to other creative works by the writer goes a long way in enhancing the text’s thematic and stylistic development. The article further observes that the intertextual references found in Mabasa’s novel evidence that he is a well-read artist who sees intersections between what he writes and what others before him have also written about. The article concludes by delineating the differences between plagiarism and creativity, in that an intertextual reading of Mapenzi reveals that as a creative work, besides connections to prior works, the novel has a life of its own, and has in fact carved a space for itself within Zimbabwean Shona literature. The article sums up such intertextual play as hochekoche (“interlinkages”), the creation of catenae between literary texts.

La "Primera parte de la vida de Marco Bruto" de Francisco de Quevedo como manual político de prudencia, cautela y duplicidad

In this work the author identifies, analyses, and frames, within the larger Baroque concepts of political prudence and caution, some of the most representative direct and indirect references in Francisco de Quevedo’s Primera parte de la vida de Marco Bruto to the notion of duplicity in all of its variations (simulation / dissimulation). Additionally, and using as a starting point the ideas of Alessandro Martinengo and other researchers, the author tries to prove that the references to duplicity in the final section of the book, the «Suasorias», are critical to understand the connection between this part and the other two main ones, the «Discursos» and the «Cuestion politica», where this topic is absolutely key. In fact, it is believed that it would not be an exaggeration to describe Primera parte de la vida de Marco Bruto primarily as a political manual on prudence, caution, and, very much in particular, duplicity.