Indirect Speech Research Articles

Free Indirect Discourse in Court: An Overview of Contemporary Jurisprudence in French Press Law

This article analyzes two French court decisions which deal with fictionality and free indirect discourse. Two novelists, Mathieu Lindon and Eric Bénie-Bürckel, have been sued for contentious statements made by fictional characters: the former on the basis of defamation and the latter for racial hatred against Jews. The article shows that the criteria used by judges to evaluate the “narrative distance” between the author and his characters are very variable. In the case of the correctional court that arbitrated the Lindon case, the reasoning behind the judges' decision dismissed the question of reported speech, which, according to them, changed nothing in the representation of the real person defamed. In the Bénier-Bürckel case, on the other hand, the criminal court considered that because the statements were pronounced by a fictitious speaker, there was a distance between the author and the remarks at issue. In that case, the judges thus gave a central place to the criterion of fictionality. However, a linguistic analysis makes it possible to identify the use of free indirect discourse and devices of aphorization in the controversial statements which reduce the distance between the character and the author. The criterion of fictionality cannot therefore resolve the question on its own.

Prosody and speech act interpretation: The case of French indirect requests

AbstractSome utterances are pragmatically ambiguous. For instance, Tu peux fermer la fenêtre ? (“Can you close the window?”) can be a request for information or an “indirect request” (IR) to close the window. A possible way for speakers to make it clear whether they intend these expressions as a direct or indirect speech act is to use cues such as gestures or prosody. It has been shown for English that participants’ identifications of IRs are predicted by f0 slope, mean f0, and f0 duration. However, the extent to which these findings extend to other languages remains unknown. In this article, we explore the prosodic features associated with French IRs, a language poorly documented from that perspective. We address two research questions: Are listeners’ pragmatic interpretations of French IR constructions predicted by speaker’s original intent? Do prosodic cues play the same role in French modal interrogatives as in declarative remarks? We find, first, that remarks with more positive f0 slope are more likely to be interpreted as requests, but modal interrogatives with more positive f0 slope are more likely to be taken as questions. Second, while longer remarks were more likely to be interpreted as requests, longer modal interrogatives were more likely to be interpreted as questions.

Speech acts among young children: How does a young child use direct and indirect speech?

This study aimed to compare direct and indirect speech acts among young toddlers using various speech situations. This study's main subject was a conversational interaction made by a four-year-old child. The data for this qualitative study were collected through non-participant observations and a recording device to record what the participant said. The findings indicate that the participant's speech acts, whether direct or indirect, were converted into direct speech that was justified and straightforward speech that was on point, whereas indirect speech was gained through praise, sarcasm, and complaints. Future research directions are also highlighted.

Pragmalinguistics Politeness in the Balinese Language

This study aims to determine the linguistic patterns of politeness in the Balinese language. The pragmalinguistic approach was used because the linguistic patterns and politeness of the Balinese language are related to descriptive and pragmatic aspects. Data were collected through closed questionnaires distributed to informants consisting of lecturers, teachers, and Balinese language practitioners. The respondents were asked to give a politeness score for each proposed sentence pattern using a Likert scale, where 1 = very impolite, 2 = impolite, 3 = polite, 4 = more polite, and 5 = very polite. The analysis results showed that (1) passive sentences (score 3.64 – 4.29) were perceived as more polite than active sentences (score 2.76 – 3.14), (2) modality phrase forwarding (score 4.00 – 4.79) were perceived as more polite than sentences without modalities (score 2.64 – 2.71), (3) the use of institutional personification (score 4.07 – 4.76) was perceived as more polite than using the position as the subject of the sentence (score 2.88 – 3.00), and (4) the use of indirect speech (score 4.14 – 4.79) was perceived as more polite than using direct (score 2.76 – 3.00). Furthermore, the use of these linguistic instruments to determine politeness in the Balinese language is motivated by the speaker's desire to focus on information, soften and weaken the impositivity, as well as efforts to save a positive face.

SOME COMMENTS REGARDING FREGE’S CRITERION OF CORRECT INDIRECT SPEECH REPORT IN THE INDEXICAL POINT OF VIEW

Bozickovic’s The Indexical Point of View is a richly informative and solid philosophical work about the problem of cognitive significance involving indexical thoughts and expressions. Although I tend to agree with most of what is said in the book, here I will make some comments on two minor correlated points regarding Bozickovic’s Fregean account of indirect speech reports (or ISRs). After presenting some of the author's ideas about reports, I will claim that the tracking and updating involved in ISRs is of a complex kind that requires attention to the role played by speech reporters and their audiences. Following that, I will hold that a general theory of correct ISR strictly in Fregean terms (as Bozickovic’s) fails to account for that - at least directly.

One Year of School and The Island

One Year of School and The Island

Analisis Tindak Tutur Direktif dalam Drama 3 Nen A Gumi Karya Komuro Naoko dan Suzuki

The purpose of this research is to analyze the intent and types of directive speech act expressions in the drama 3 Nen A Gumi. The subject used in this research is a Japanese drama entitled 3 Nen A Gumi. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The method used in this research is the listening method with an advanced technique, namely the note-taking technique. In analyzing, using pragmatic analysis to examine the use of intent and types of directive speech act expressions. The theory used is the theory of speech acts according to Searle (1979) and the theory of types of speech act expressions proposed by Nadar (2008). From the results of the research, it was found that 54 data were directive speech acts. There are 9 intents of directive speech acts found, namely request, entreat, question, invite, command, challenge, forbid, permit, and advise. Furthermore, it is known that directive speech acts are expressed by direct speech and indirect speech according to the context of the speech situation. There are 39 direct speech data and 15 indirect speech data.

VASYL STEFANYK’S SHORT STORY «THE BABY WATCHER» AS TRANSLATED INTO GERMAN: A LINGUISTIC AND PRAGMATIC FACET

Aim. This paper examines the translation of Vasyl Stefanyk’s short story «The Baby Watcher» (1921) into German. The purpose of the paper is to analyse the target text sentences’ syntactic structure in the remit of considering the equivalent and adequate rendering of the meaning of the original. Methods. In the furtherance of this purpose, we resorted to descriptive method (we identified the units of analysis in each individual sentence or its part under consideration), contrastive method (we compared the communicative and pragmatic correspondence of the translation to semantically equivalent units of the original) and the method of intent analysis (we determined the communicative intention of the speaker in free direct and indirect discourses). Results. Proceeding from the analysis of the lexical and stylistic features of the translation done by Alla Paslavska and Tobias Vogel, we argue that it renders the content of the original with appropriate / similar means, except when stylistically neutral target language lexemes are equivalent to the dialectally marked vocabulary of the source language. Originality. The paper is the first attempt for a syntactic analysis of the short story «The Baby Watcher», focusing on the pragmatic correspondence of the texts being compared. Practical significance. The findings of the study will serve to those involved in the synchronic-comparative study of language systems, the study of the Ukrainian writer’s signature world-view for the purposes of producing fiction translation, as well as at the decision of linguistic pragmatics applied tasks.

Is Direct Speech the Norm in English-Thai Simultaneous Interpreting? The Effect of Gender-Specific Terms on the Use of Direct Speech in Interpreting

This study investigates using the concept of norms whether English-Thai interpreters regard direct speech as an appropriate interpreting style in simultaneous interpreting. It also explores whether gender-specific linguistic terms in Thai, which consist of first-person pronouns and formality-marking particles (FMPs), affect the interpreter to deviate from direct speech. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. As a result, 12 interpreters answered the questionnaires, and four interpreters participated in the interviews. The results show that direct speech is the norm among the interpreters in this data set: 90.9% of respondents believed that English-Thai simultaneous interpreting should be done in the direct style, and 58.3% regularly used first-person pronouns and FMPs based on the speaker’s gender. However, some respondents did not use first-person pronouns or FMPs along these lines. Some of their reason might be to avoid gender-specific terms. The interviews’ results also showed that although the negative feelings toward using different-gender first-person pronouns and FMPs were different among individuals, all four interview participants admitted that they had misused FMPs when interpreting for the different-gender speakers. The results, therefore, suggest that gender-specific terms induce the interpreters to shift from direct to indirect speech.

TINDAKAN PIDATO Pidato MOTIVASI USTADZ FAQIH SYARIF DALAM ACARA “SHAK TUHAN BESOK ADALAH JUMAT” DI SMART FM RADIO

The purpose of this study is to describe the locutionary forms of Ustadz Faqih Syarif’s motivation in the Thanks God Tomorrow is Friday event on Smart FM radio. Ustadz Faqih Syarif’s motivational illocutionary speech act in the thanks god tomorrow is Friday event on smart fm radio. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The method of data collection in this research is the method of listening. The source of this research data is a recording of the motivator event Ustadz Faqih Syarif in the Thanks god tomorrow is Friday event on smart Fm radio. Based on the presentation of the results of the research and discussion, it is concluded that the forms of locutionary speech acts in the Thanks God Tomorrow is Friday event are divided into two types, namely development techniques and indirect speech acts. development techniques are dominated by informative, descriptive speech acts, while narrative speech acts are declarative, interrogative and imperative.

Language-Philosophy Anomalies in the Framework of Free Indirect Speech: By the Example of Marina Tsvetaeva’s Prose

The authors of the article consider Marina Tsvetaeva’s prose from the point of view of the relationship between the concepts of “norm” and “anomaly”, one of the topical issues of contemporary linguistics. The authors stress the importance of the topic in question and the found language material in the text field of the really unique Russian poet – Marina Tsvetaeva. Several classifications of linguistic anomalies and their functions have been studied in the paper. Within the framework of this article, the authors analyse linguistic anomalies on different levels of the language by the example of complexes with free indirect speech, sampled in the prosaic texts of the great Russian poet and writer. They conclude that it is characteristic for Marina Tsvetaeva to experiment with lexis, syntax and punctuation. At the same time, such language incorrectness promotes reflecting the complexity and originality of the author’s perception of the world, conflicts with contemporaries, personal and social drama. Another feature that makes the paper relevant is the choice of free indirect speech as the research target. This research work is the first attempt to study the problem of linguistic anomalies by the example of complexes with free indirect speech.

한중 소설 번역에서의 서술 방식 연구 - ｢삼포 가는 길｣의 네 가지 중국어 번역본을 중심으로 -

What distinguishes novel from drama and poem is that the story is conveyed to the reader by the narrator. Therefore, the aesthetic effect of a novel is hugely influenced by its point of view and the narrative style. This thesis sorts out the concept and characteristics of the point of view and narrative style of the novel and discusses their influences on narrative distance. Then it compares and analyzes Hwang Sukyoung's The Road to Sampo and its four Chinese translations on the changes of narrative style in different points of view and how they influence the effects to the readers. The results of this analysis show that, when adopting the character-focalizer, Hwang uses words and expressions of personal speech style or narrative styles that emphasize the characters’ voices including free indirect discourse. However, the styles are altered frequently in the translations, which weakens the characters’ voices. Therefore, translators should carefully analyze the original texts when translating such kind of narratives.

Alliance Formation During Disagreement in Group Discussion Among ESL Learners

The study examines how disagreement is managed by 32 intermediate level Malay ESL students in a Malaysian higher education setting in group discussion in terms of alliance formation. The group discussions in a group of four on a controversial topic were video-recorded to capture how they manage disagreements through the way they formed alliances among themselves throughout the discussion when they expressed opinions using English. The data analysis involved pragmatics as the approach to analyse speech acts and discourse strategies utilised by the participants when they manage disagreements in the discussion. The findings indicate that the participants draw themselves into alliance with one another using various discourse strategies. They managed disagreement in multiple ways using indirect speech acts, and various discourse strategies that are evident in the alliance-making process. The findings could have implications for future studies researching disagreement discourse. Apart from that, implications are also highlighted in terms of pedagogical approaches, and practices, especially in ESL settings. This encompasses the teaching content (e.g.: the importance of pragmatic competence), methodology (e.g.: useful expressions and strategies), and possible activities (e.g.: group discussion) that are effective in assisting teachers to get students to communicate in ESL classrooms.

From Nobody to Somebody: Romantic Epistemology in Jane Austen’s Persuasion

The aim of this article is to substantiate the thesis that together with the development of the plot of Persuasion, the cognitive power of the principal heroine expands, and she becomes a highly sensitive reader of human minds. This thesis is supported by references to the new ‘Romantic’ psychology, emphasizing the close links between the innate aspects of the mind and the body. Psychological insight demonstrates the fragmentation of Anne Elliot’s mind, the role of the unconscious, and the division between the interior and the exterior. There is also analysis of the significance of Anne’s frequent change of transitory lodgings, along with interpretation of the narrative strategy, especially free indirect speech and mediated speech (the function of eavesdropping) and the important role of body language.

《西游记女儿国》电影中使用的言语行为分析 PENGGUNAAN TINDAK TUTUR PADA FILM THE MONKEY KING 3

The study aims to describe the types of illocutionary speech acts and social factors of illocutionary speech acts in the film The Monkey King 3. Using qualitative descriptive research design and source of the data is the movie The Monkey King 3. Using documentation technique and the data analysis technique used consists of three stages, namely: data condensation, data presentation and drawing conclusions and induction techniques. Based on the results of data analysis are 22 illocutionary speech acts on love-topic communication and 14 illocutionary speech acts on hate-topic communication. The types of direct illocutionary speech acts in communication with the topic of love are 18 direct speeches and 4 indirect speech acts. Meanwhile, the types of indirect illocutionary speech acts in hate-topic communication are 12 indirect utterances and 2 indirect utterances. Factors that influence the use of speech acts in communication with the topic of love in the film The Monkey King 3 are the participant factors of 3 utterances; background factor 3 utterances; topic factor 8 utterances; function factor 8 utterances. Meanwhile, the factors that influence the use of speech acts in hate-topic communication in the film The Monkey King 3 are the participant factors of 5 utterances; background factor 1 speech; topic factor 2 speech; function factor 6 speech. Key Words: Pragmatics, Speech Acts, Social Factor, Love-Hate, The Monkey King 3

Cognitive and Intersemiotic Model of the Visual and Verbal Modes in a Screen Adaptation to Literary Texts

The aim of the study is to examine screen adaptations from the perspective of cognitive and intersemiotic models of the visual and verbal modes. The purpose of the study is to express the specificity of a screen text which is defined as a combination of three media: speech, image, and music. The scope is to demonstrate the general framework of an intersemiotic translation from a new point of view – like a transliteration. The method of the research refers to semiotic and stylistic analyzes – methods of transformation from one sign system into another from prose works with regard to their cognitive as well as narrative and stylistic features (Zhong, Chen, & Xuan, 2021). Thus, the study analyses such specific relations between the verbal and visual modes in film adaptations of prose literature as a more detailed description of event episodes, events’ temporal structure, presentation of author’s thoughts and characters’ thoughts; their mental activity formulated indirect speech and inner speech that is shown only by the actor’s intonation. The results of the study made possible to show the types of inner speech in their adaptations: author’s thoughts, characters’ thoughts which are presented only by the verbal mode, and visual modes’ inner speeches that combine the modes of character’s voice and image. One can conclude, that taking into account intersemiotic relations between the visual and verbal spaces, it is possible to explain, for instance, how the words of characters are replaced by their facial expressions, gestures, or intonations.

Modals and conditionals in instrumental practical reasoning: the case of Polish

Abstract This paper investigates the relation between conditionals and modals in Polish. In particular, it looks into whether modalized indirect reports of conditionals – specifically, reports which involve the use of root modality verbs – reflect the number of alternative antecedents foregrounded in the context of the reported conditional utterance. It finds that the root possibility modal mogę is preferred when many alternative antecedents are foregrounded (i.e. when p is interpreted as a sufficient but not necessary condition for q), whereas the root necessity modal muszę is preferred in contexts where there are no alternative antecedents (i.e. when p is interpreted as a necessary condition for q). The results are comparable to those obtained for English (see Sztencel and Duffy 2018), thus providing initial support for their cross-linguistic generalizability. Furthermore, a parallel is drawn between the basic structure of instrumental practical reasoning (e.g. Walton 2007) and modalized indirect reports of conditionals. This parallel offers a rationale for the method of investigating instrumental practical reasoning by the proxy of indirect speech reports.

A Forensic Linguistics Study of Provocative Speech Acts by Politicians on Social Media Platforms

The goals of this study are to describe the sorts of provocative speech acts perpetrated by politicians on YouTube social media, and to explain the forms of provocative speech acts perpetrated by politicians on YouTube social media. The data in this study comes from YouTube social media languages that are expected to feature provocative criminal behaviors. The social media platform YouTube served as the study’s data source. The descriptive qualitative method was used in this study, as well as data gathering strategies such as watching and documentation. The procedures of identifying, classifying, and analyzing were used to analyze the data. The findings show that politicians’ social media utterances comprise literal indirect speech acts, but locutionary speech acts use declarative, imperative, interrogative locutions, expressive illocutions, and induce the listener to consider perlocutions (make the listeners think about it). These statements are in violation of Articles 160 and 161 of the Criminal Code, which deal with sedition. Keywords: Forensic Linguistics, Provocative Speech Acts, Politicians, and Social Media.

Speech Acts in Balines Online News

This study aimed to analyze the types, forms, functions, and meanings of speech acts in Balinese online news on the Youtube Bali TV channel. The data for this research was taken from Youtube channel Bali TV for the period 2020 until 2021. The data sources were written text included in the description of the YouTube channel Bali TV taken randomly (random sampling). This type of research is qualitative descriptive method. Data were collected by employing documentation, note-taking, and observation method. The result of this study showed that types of speech act used in description in Balinese online news on the Youtube Bali TV channel, were direct speech acts, indirect speech acts, literal direct speech acts, and non-literal direct speech acts. In addition, several speech act functions were found which were described as follows: assertive functions, directive functions, commissive functions, expressive functions, and declarative functions.
 Keywords: Balinese language, Bali TV channel, online news, speech acts, Youtube

An Analysis of Students Errors in Direct-Indirect Sentence in Online Learning during Covid-19 Pandemic of Tenth Grade Vocation High School

This research refers to the phenomenon that occurs in the world of education in a pandemic situation. The author uses the object of research in class X-Banking students in the second semester of SMK Yapalis Krian for the academic year 2021/2022. The research sample was taken through the data of individual student assignments using the purposive sumpling method to select the object to be studied. In addition, students who will be studied tend to have low interest in participating in online learning. The purpose of this study was to obtain clear information about students' errors in learning Direct and Indirect speech in the sentence using qualitative descriptive methods. At the data collection stage, the author uses data triangulation methods such as observation checklists, documentation and open-ended interviews.The results showed that students made mistakes by being influenced by two factors that students tended to experience during direct and indirect learning, namely the lack of student interest in learning methods. This results in students often not participating in online learning. Furthermore, the most common errors found in students are grammatical errors. With > 8 students who have difficulty due to lack of mastery of grammar correctly.