Indigo Carmine Research Articles

Environmental Problem Solving Through Synthetic Biology

Abstract: The text explores the multifaceted applications of synthetic biology, highlighting its role in revolutionizing various industries. It delves into the production of green biopolymers through microbial engineering, the sustainable synthesis of indigo dye, and the potential of biodesign to address environmental challenges. The mention of HGP-Write underscores the initiative's significance in advancing synthetic biology. The text emphasizes the broad impact of synthetic biology across diverse sectors, from pharmaceuticals to environmental protection, urging the need for ethical considerations in this rapidly advancing field.

Coal fly ash-supported ZnO-promoted TiO2 towards UV photocatalytic degradation of anthraquinone dye: Parametric optimization, kinetics and mechanism studies

Heterogeneous photocatalysis via combination of catalyst and UV irradiation is one of the most promising advanced oxidation processes for degradation of water-soluble organic contaminants. Herein, different photocatalysts (ZnO/CFA, TiO2/CFA, and TiO2-ZnO/CFA) were synthesized via sol-gel and impregnation techniques and applied for the degradation of acid blue 25 (AB25) dye in aqueous solution under UV light in a photoreactor. Various spectroscopic techniques (XRF, XRD, BET, FTIR, UV–vis DRS, TEM and EDS) were employed to evaluate the chemical structure, functional groups, textural, and optical properties of the binary and ternary composites. TiO2-ZnO/CFA displayed rapid degradation of AB25 as compared to ZnO/CFA and TiO2/CFA, owing to the dualistic photocatalytic sites. The prepared TiO2-ZnO/CFA composite was used in synergy with the photoreactor for photocatalytic degradation process optimization, and the optimum degradation conditions in relation to initial AB25 concentration (10 mg/L), UV light intensity (18 W/m2), flow rate (12.5 L/h), and irradiation time (150 min) as input parameters were determined using Taguchi design approach. The maximum photocatalytic degradation efficiency was 98.79±0.94% under those aforementioned conditions, indicating that the synergies between the photoreactor and the TiO2-ZnO/CFA photocatalyst resulted in the effective destruction of AB25 dye molecules. Furthermore, the spent photocatalyst was easily removed from the degraded solution and reused up to nine times. After 150 mins of UV irradiation with TiO2-ZnO/CFA photocatalyst, almost complete mineralization of AB25 solution was achieved.

A simple and rapid colorimetric detection of methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol and its application toward alcohol-based hand sanitizer quality control

ABSTRACT A practical colorimetric analysis for alcohol determination was devised using a composite of food colorants, specifically a green solution of brilliant blue FCF and tartrazine at a ratio of 1:5 v/v. This colorimetric method was characterized by its simplicity, user-friendliness, environmental compatibility, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for self-measurement through visual examination. The colorimetric procedure entails admixture 1 mL of the alcohol sample with 50 µL of the green test solution and 250 µL of a 30% NaOH solution at ambient temperature. The ensuing color changes were visually assessed within 5 min. Through color sensing, methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol were identified by the manifestation of lemon yellow, orange, and biphasic solutions, respectively. Ethanol was semi-quantified based on color sensing from green to orange, with corresponding concentration ranges. The limit of detection for both methanol and ethanol was determined to be 30% v/v. The developed method demonstrated an accuracy of 93%, with the error range of 1 − 10% v/v and standard deviation of 3.9% v/v, as confirmed by the analysis of 100 commercially available alcohol-based hand sanitizers. This methodology has the potential for further expansion to encompass a wide range of rapid colorimetric analyses of products containing alcohol, including food items, alcohol raw materials, and cosmetics.

An environmentally friendly hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent dispersive liquid liquid microextraction for spectrophotometric analysis of indigo carmine (E132)

An environmentally friendly hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent dispersive liquid liquid microextraction for spectrophotometric analysis of indigo carmine (E132)

Perbandingan Efektivitas Bioaktivator MOL Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa paradisiaca L.) dan EM4 Dalam Pengomposan Limbah Daun Srobilanthes cusia Secara Aerob

The production process of natural indigo dye from the Strobilanthes cusia plant has solid leaf waste as a by-product from maceration residue. This waste can be used to make solid organic fertilizer. This research aims to determine the effective concentration of adding local microorganism (MOL) of kepok banana peel and EM4 to bioactivators obtain good quality compost. Composting was carried out aerobically with variations in the concentration ratio of kepok banana peel MOL and EM4 bioactivators of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% respectively. Fertilizer quality is determined by testing the C/N ratio parameter using the Walkey & Black (C-Organic) and Kjeldahl (N-Total) methods. Color, texture and odor tests were carried out organoleptically by 5 panelists. The results showed that in the concentration range of 1-5%, the MOL kepok banana peel bioactivator was more effective than EM4, as evidenced by the lower C/N ratio of the compost. The best product was obtained from the composting process with 5% MOL kepok banana peel bioactivator with a C/N ratio of 50.04%, water content of 48.74%, blackish brown color, very crumbly texture and an earthy smell. This result does not meet the standards for compost quality according to SNI 19-7030-2004, but the physical parameters such as color, texture, odor and water content meet the standards, namely blackish brown color, very crumbly texture and smells like soil.

Indigo carmine dye for detecting urinary track damage during vaginal surgery

ObjectiveUnrecognized ureteral and bladder injury increase morbidity and mortality in gynecologic surgery. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the efficiency of a systematic intra-venous (IV) injection of carmine indigo to detect bladder injury in gynecologic vaginal surgery for benign disease. The secondary objective is to analyze the cost and use of carmine indigo. Study designA retrospective, monocentric study was conducted in a tertiary hospital between January 2018 and October 2021. All patients undergoing a vaginal surgery of hysterectomy for benign disease or anterior prolapse were systematically included. Patients can be systematically included by the automatic coding of surgery. After anesthesia, during the patient's installation, an intravenous injection of 5 mL of intravenous indigo carmine (Carmyne®) diluted in 100 mL of physiological serum was systematically administered by the anesthesia team. Intraoperative cystoscopy was performed only in cases of suspected associated ureteral injury. ResultsWe recorded 443 vaginal hysterectomies for benign disease and 95 vaginal anterior prolapse surgeries. There were 6 (1,4%) bladder injuries during vaginal hysterectomies and 1 (1,1%) bladder injury during vaginal prolapse surgery. All bladder injuries were diagnosed intraoperatively. No ureteral injury was diagnosed in this series of patients. No complication related to IV indigo carmine injection was found. In this tertiary hospital, 1085 ampoules of carmine indigo were ordered during the same period, approximatively 270 per year. The total cost to the gynecology and obstetrics department was 19,600 euros, or about 4,900 euros per year. Half of the carmine indigo was used in vaginal surgery and half in laparotomy, caesarean section and endometriosis surgery for suspected bladder or ureteral injury.

Super food or super toxic? Turmeric and spirulina as culprits for the toxic effects of food dyes in Drosophila

Prolonged exposure to food dyes, even for those considered safe for consumption, are known to have toxic effects. However, we lack a proper understanding of the underlying compounds that are responsible for the observed toxicity. Here, we tested the toxic effects of three common commercially available natural food dyes (red, green, blue), and their main ingredients (turmeric and spirulina), on Drosophila melanogaster oviposition, larval development, and larval foraging behaviour. Larval development and egg-to-adult survival was significantly impacted by blue and green dyes. These effects were recapitulated when flies were fed with increasing concentrations of turmeric and spirulina, suggesting that turmeric is a toxic component of the food dye. Red dye, which contains neither turmeric or spirulina, had little impact on fly health and behaviour. Green and blue food dyes decreased egg laying, an effect similar to that observed in increasing concentrations of turmeric and, to a lesser extent, spirulina. When given a choice, larvae preferred to feed as follows: control > red > blue > green diet patches, a pattern inversely correlating with the previously observed toxicity. Our results show that, despite turmeric being often considered a super food, it can have toxic effects that the impact health of organisms.

All-optical modulation by continuous wave light using two-color excited-state absorption at visible wavelengths.

We demonstrated all-optical modulation with a nonlinear medium, i.e., indigo carmine, an aromatic conjugated structure with delocalized π-electrons, using non-high power continuous wave light for pump and probe of different visible wavelengths. Pump-induced probe transmission increase occurred through absorption saturation of probe light by pump-induced linear and nonlinear absorption including two-color excited-state absorption (ESA). The two-color ESA occurred only when both pump light and probe light co-propagated through a medium, leading to nearly pump power-independent increase in probe transmission for appropriately chosen wavelengths of pump and probe light, given the optical transition structure of electronic energy levels in the medium.

The Influence of Solution Concentration and pH for Removal Indigo Carmine using Banana Stem as a Biosorbent

The textile industry is one sector that generates effluent containing a significant quantity of pollutants, including dyes, and thus has an effect on the environment. Synthetic dyes, which are toxic and difficult to degrade, are utilized extensively in the textile industry. Therefore, a new study utilizes banana stems as a cost-effective biosorbent to remove indigo carmine dye. This research aims to investigate the use of banana stem waste as a bisorobent in batch method to adsorption indigo carmine dye. The optimal concentration and pH values are 2 and 900 mg/L, respectively. The interaction between the indigo carmine dye and the banana stems is suggested by the FTIR analysis. The solution's indigo carmine dye may be adsorbed by banana stem.

A hierarchical 3D hybrid CoAl-layered double hydroxide/TiO2/Ti3C2 MXene S-scheme photocatalyst with 2D/0D/2D contact interfaces for sustainable pollutant degradation

Environmental pollution, particularly that derived from waterborne antibiotics, is a rising concern because of its detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Hence, in this study, we present a hierarchical 3D-structured hybrid photocatalyst comprising a CoAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH), TiO2, and Ti3C2 MXene synthesized using an in situ hydrothermal method. Various characterization techniques revealed that the hybrid CoAl-LDH/TiO2/Ti3C2 photocatalyst exhibited improved optical absorption, and the tailored 2D/0D/2D contact interfaces among the constituents enhanced charge migration and minimized electron-hole recombination. The results of electron paramagnetic resonance and in situ-irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the hybrid photocatalyst follows an S-scheme mechanism that not only promotes the separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs but also preserves their robust redox capability. The amalgamation of the three components resulted in synergistic advantages. Consequently, the optimized CoAl-LDH/TiO2/Ti3C2 photocatalyst exhibited remarkable performance in degrading and mineralizing the antibiotic diclofenac sodium (DFS) and the dyes rhodamine B and indigo carmine, surpassing its constituents and previously reported photocatalysts. Furthermore, the hybrid retained high efficiency across multiple cycles, underscoring its potential reusability. Therefore, this study demonstrates the potential of the developed hybrid photocatalyst for sustainable water treatment, thereby fostering cleaner aqueous environments.

Structural and Electronic Diversity as a Function of Metal Ions and Co‐ligands in Deprotonated Epindolidione Bridged Diruthenium and Diosmium Set‐up

AbstractThe article dealt with the structurally validated L2− (H2L=epindolidione=5,11‐dihydroquinolino[3,2‐b]quinoline‐6,12‐dione, a heteroatom‐modified tetracene and a structural isomer of indigo dye) bridged {(acac)2RuIII}2(μ‐L2−) 1/2 (S=1, acac=acetylacetonate) and [{(bpy)2OsII}2(μ‐L2−)](ClO4)2 [3](ClO4)2/[(pap)2OsII}2(μ‐L2−)](ClO4)2 [4](ClO4)2 (S=0, bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine, pap=2‐phenylazopyridine). 1/2 and [3](ClO4)2/[4](ClO4)2 with a metal‐metal separation of ≈7 Å stabilized selectively in meso(ΔΛ)/rac(ΔΔ/ΛΛ) and meso diastereomeric forms, respectively, in spite of calculated minor difference in energy between the diastereomers in each case. Though 2, [3](ClO4)2/[4](ClO4)2) exhibited intermolecular π–π interactions, no such non‐covalent interaction was perceived in 1. RuIIIRuIII derived 1/2 (S=1, 2.63/2.57 μB at 300 K) attributed to non‐interacting two Ru(III) (S=1/2) spins with an intermolecular through space weak antiferromagnetic exchange interaction below 12 K and its variable temperature 1H NMR revealed Fermi and pseudo‐contact shifts. Multiple redox steps of the complexes varied as a function of metal ion (Ru versus Os), its oxidation state (III versus II) and ancillary ligand (acac versus bpy versus pap). A collective consideration of DFT calculated MOs and Mulliken spin densities suggested delicate electronic forms along the redox chain due to the participation of bridge largely in the oxidation processes as a consequence of its redox non‐innocent feature. Reductions were however mostly centered around the metal (RuIII to RuII) and ancillary ligands (bpy/pap) in 1/2 and 32+/42+, respectively. 1n/2n, [3]2+/[4]2+ displayed mixed metal/ligand based weak low‐energy (800‐1400 nm) transitions in addition to intense visible bands as corroborated by TD‐DFT calculations.

Photoaging enhances combined toxicity of microplastics and tetrabromobisphenol A by inducing intestinal damage and oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging environmental contaminants that often co-exist with tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in the environment. However, the joint effect of TBBPA and photoaged MPs at ambient concentrations remains unknown largely. In this study, the combined toxicity of ultraviolet-aged polystyrene (UV-PS) and TBBPA was investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans. UV irradiation could change the physical and chemical characteristics of polystyrene (PS), and UV-PS (90.218 μg/g) showed a stronger adsorption capacity than PS of 79.424 μg/g. Toxicity testing showed that 1 μg/L UV-PS enhanced the toxic effect of 1 μg/L TBBPA by reducing body length, locomotion behavior, and brood size in nematodes. Using ROS production, lipofuscin accumulation, and expression of gst-4::GFP as endpoints, the combined exposure of UV-PS and TBBPA induced stronger oxidative stress than TBBPA alone. Joint exposure to UV-PS and TBBPA significantly increased of Nile red and blue food dye in its intestinal tract compared to that in the TBBPA exposure group, indicating that co-exposure enhanced intestinal permeability. After co-exposure to UV-PS and TBBPA, the expression of the associated genes detected increased significantly. Therefore, UV-PS enhances the adverse effects of TBBPA through intestinal damage and oxidative stress in nematodes. These findings suggest that the co-presence of photoaged PS and TBBPA results in high environmental risks.

Novel biocomposite (Starch/metal–organic framework /Graphene oxide): Synthesis, characterization and visible light assisted dye degradation

Herein a new efficient biocomposites containing Starch metal–organic framework (MIL88A) and graphene oxide (Starch/MIL88A/GO) with different amounts of starch (0.05 0.1 and 0.2 g denoted as SMGO-0.5 SMGO-1 and SMGO-2) was synthesized characterized and used to degrade Acid Blue 92 (AB92). Decolorization efficiency was 7.4 % for Starch 19.4 % for GO 86 % for MIL88A and 90–98.5 % for Starch/MIL88A/GO composites (90 % for SMGO-0.5 96 % for SMGO-1 and 98.5 % for SMGO-2) using visible light. SMGO-2 composite showed the highest degradation ability. The effect of catalyst dosage and contaminant concentration on decolorization percentage was investigated. The efficiency of photocatalytic decolorization using 0 4 6 8 and 10 mg of Starch/MIL88A/GO are as follow: 10 55 89 93 and 98.5 % respectively. The results indicate that the decolorization by Starch/MIL88A/GO decreases as the initial pollutant concentration increases. Different decolorization kinetics (zero-order first-order and second-order) were studied. The reaction followed the zero-order kinetics. The zero-order decolorization rate constant for 0 4 6 8 and 10 mg of Starch/MIL88A/GO were 0.0134 0.1086 0.1182 0.1308 and 0.1727 respectively. The Starch/MIL88A/GO had high reusability (95 % after five cycles). The results indicated that the synthesized biocomposite (Starch/MIL88A/GO) could be used as an efficient photocatalyst to remove dye from the colored wastewater.

Single-monomer dual templated MIP based electrochemical sensor for tartrazine and brilliant blue FCF

In this study, a dual-templated molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensor was developed for the simultaneous analysis of two food additive dyes, brilliant blue FCF and tartrazine. Using a 3-aminophenyl boronic acid (3-APBA) monomer and the dual templates of brilliant blue FCF (BB) and tartrazine (TZ), the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layer was electropolymerized on the carbon fibre paper (CFP) electrode. By using BB and TZ as template molecules along the electro-polymerization of 3-APBA, then removing both template molecules, the MIP film was generated on the surface of the CFP electrode. Due to the high surface area provided by modification, several complementary binding sites for template molecules are formed on the surface of the MIP sensor during this process of sensor fabrication. On the MIP/CFP electrode, the electrochemical behavior of BB and TZ was assessed. The monomer/template ratio, pH values, and influencing parameters like the electro-polymerization scanning cycles were all optimized. This sensor was applied to detect brilliant blue FCF and tartrazine in beverage and food samples using MIPAPBA/CFP electrode.

Luminescence and photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine in the presence of Sm3+doped ZnS nanoparticles

Industrial wastewater discharge is well acknowledged to constitute a significant environmental and public health risk. In addition, synthetic dyes used in the textile sector are major culprits in water pollution. The amount of water polluted by these dyes is simply staggering. We urgently address this issue to protect our planet and health. The degradation of indigo carmine dye in the presence of Sm3+-doped ZnS nanoparticles is reported in this study and characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, TEM, BET, PL, UV, etc. The particle size calculated from the Scherrer equation was 3–12 nm. When excited at 395 nm, Sm3+ undergoes f–f transitions, which are visible as prominent peaks in the photoluminescence spectrum at 559, 595, and 642 nm wavelengths. The catalyst showed vigorous catalytic activity for dye degradation, with a 93% degradation rate when used at 15 mg/L catalyst within 210 min. The reaction was found to have pseudo-first-order kinetics. After applying the Freundlich and Langmuir data, the Langmuir isotherm offered the best fit. The findings indicate that the Sm3+-doped ZnS catalyst might be successfully used in the degradation of dyes present in the environment. Doping with Sm3+ ions can significantly change the photocatalytic breakdown of indigo carmine and the luminescence characteristics of ZnS.

Construction and mechanism insights of a novel all-solid-state Z-scheme Mo2C/C/BiOI heterojunction for boosted photocatalytic degradation and reduction efficiency

Interfacial configuration of heterostructured photocatalysts to boost photocarrier separation and transfer is immensely beneficial to acquire great photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, a well-structured Mo2C/C/BiOI heterostructure containing different weight ratios Mo2C instead of noble metal was successfully prepared, where the inter-modified carbon nanosheets subserve as a connective to generate a perfect interface contact between Mo2C and BiOI. The photocatalytic performances of the photocatalysts were appraised by the degradation of indigo carmine and reduction of 4-nitroaniline under visible-light elucidation. The nanocomposite containing 7 % by weight of Mo2C/C showed the highest photocatalytic efficiency by eliminating 99.4 % of indigo carmine and 99.8 % of 4-nitroaniline within 75 min and 13 min, respectively. The boosted photocatalytic activity is attributed to the synergistic interaction between Mo2C/C and BiOI and the all-solid-state Z mechanism, where conductive carbon nanoparticles as an efficient electron mediator enable rapid photocarrier transfer and separation between Mo2C and BiOI. This study accentuates that Mo2C/C-based all-solid-state Z-scheme heterojunction nanocomposites are hopeful candidate photocatalysts for environmental applications.

Improved visibility of colorectal tumor by texture and color enhancement imaging with indigo carmine.

Accurate diagnosis and early resection of colorectal polyps are important to prevent the occurrence of colorectal cancer. However, technical factors and morphological factors of polyps itself can lead to missed diagnoses. Image-enhanced endoscopy and chromoendoscopy (CE) have been developed to facilitate an accurate diagnosis. There have been no reports on visibility using a combination of texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI) and CE for colorectal tumors. To investigate the visibility of margins and surfaces with the combination of TXI and CE for colorectal lesions. This retrospective study included patients who underwent lower gastrointestinal endoscopy at the Toyoshima Endoscopy Clinic. We extracted polyps that were resected and diagnosed as adenomas or serrated polyps (hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated lesions) from our endoscopic database. An expert endoscopist performed the lower gastrointestinal endoscopies and observed the lesion using white light imaging (WLI), TXI, CE, and TXI + CE modalities. Indigo carmine dye was used for CE. Three expert endoscopists rated the visibility of the margin and surface patterns in four ranks, from 1 to 4. The primary outcomes were the average visibility scores for the margin and surface patterns based on the WLI, TXI, CE, and TXI + CE observations. Visibility scores between the four modalities were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. A total of 48 patients with 81 polyps were assessed. The histological subtypes included 50 tubular adenomas, 16 hyperplastic polyps, and 15 sessile serrated lesions. The visibility scores for the margins based on WLI, TXI, CE, and TXI + CE were 2.44 ± 0.93, 2.90 ± 0.93, 3.37 ± 0.74, and 3.75 ± 0.49, respectively. The visibility scores for the surface based on WLI, TXI, CE, and TXI + CE were 2.25 ± 0.80, 2.84 ± 0.84, 3.12 ± 0.72, and 3.51 ± 0.60, respectively. The visibility scores for the detection and surface on TXI were significantly lower than that on CE but higher than that on WLI (P < 0.001). The visibility scores for the margin and surface on TXI + CE were significantly higher than those on CE (P < 0.001). In the sub-analysis of adenomas, the visibility for the margin and surface on TXI + CE was significantly better than that on WLI, TXI, and CE (P < 0.001). In the sub-analysis of serrated polyps, the visibility for the margin and surface on TXI + CE was also significantly better than that on WLI, TXI, and CE (P < 0.001). TXI + CE enhanced the visibility of the margin and surface compared to WLI, TXI, and CE for colorectal lesions.

Adsorption mechanism of different dyes on chemical activated carbon as quantitative assessment for wastewater treatment: Comparative study between ZnCl2 and its eutectic

A recent development in the field of activated carbon is chemical activation via physical mixing using molten salts. Previous research discussed the differences in characteristics of activated carbons from pinewood created by pure ZnCl2 and its eutectic mixture of ZnCl2-KCl-NaCl (60:20:20 mol %). Herein a contrast in mesoporous pore size distribution and its corresponding surface area was discovered. ZnCl2 generates a higher surface area over a broad pore range whereas the eutectic creates lower surface area but with a distinctive narrow peak in the larger mesopores. The question remains whether this difference in pore distribution and surface area has an impact on the adsorption mechanism. For this instance, the effect of varying pH on adsorption was tested for methylene blue (cationic), neutral red (neutral) and methyl orange (anionic). Next to that, the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium were investigated using methyl orange and brilliant blue FCF. The latter is also anionic but larger in size and molecular weight compared to the former. A variety of adsorption models were compared to the obtained adsorption data. The pseudo-second-order model provided the best description of adsorption kinetics with both dyes. Highest adsorption in this case was noted for carbons activated with the eutectic mixture, amounting to 229.6 mg/g for methyl orange and 121.8 mg/g for brilliant blue FCF. Regarding the adsorption equilibrium, adsorption of methyl orange obtained the best fit with the Langmuir model. Adsorption of brilliant blue on the other hand had the best correlation with the Fowler-Guggenheim model, which accounts for lateral interactions between adsorbate molecules. Again, the eutectic treated carbons showed the most promising results, amounting to 447.5 mg/g and 146.4 mg/g for methyl orange and brilliant blue FCF, respectively. Furthermore, removal efficiency was determined and mass transfer resistance that might have occurred during adsorption, were investigated for both anionic dyes. Finally, regeneration of the carbons was examined. After 3 cycles, the carbons treated with the eutectic mixture maintained 60.7 and 49.1 % of their original adsorption capacity of methyl orange and brilliant blue, respectively, while this amounted to 65.9 and 46.3 % for the ZnCl2 activated carbons. This research shows that adsorption capacity not solely relies on the adsorbents surface area but is also dependent on the pore distribution. Bearing this in mind, it can be stated that eutectic salt mixtures can serve as useful activating agents for tailor-made activated carbons suitable for wastewater treatment.

Green Photocatalytic Degradation of Industrial Effluent using CFN‐800 as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

AbstractIn the present study, the synthesis of CFN‐800 photocatalyst (CdFe2O4, nanoparticles calcinated at 800 °C) has been achieved using ACM (auto‐combustion method). The confirmation of the formation of the CFN‐800 photocatalyst was done by using different characterization techniques such as FT‐IR, UV‐Vis, XRD, and SEM. Further, under environmental application, synthesized nanoparticles were utilized for the green photocatalytic degradation of industrial effluent Brilliant Blue FCF (BBF) in aqueous media using sunlight as a natural source of light. The degradation experiment was examined by using a UV‐vis spectrophotometer. Various parameters such as the amount of CFN‐800 photocatalyst (g), the concentration of dye (ppm), the amount of dye (ml), and the pH level (1–11) were analyzed to find the more efficient results in terms of % degradation of BBF dye solution. By experiments, the results found were that the photodegradation of BBF touched to 93 % in 100 min. with 0.010 g of CFN‐800 photocatalyst and 10 ppm dye solution (10 ml) at 5 pH. In addition, the prepared CFN‐800 photocatalyst showed excellent performance in recyclability. Even after recycling for up to four consecutive cycles, no significant decrease in the degrading efficiency of CFN‐800 was observed.

THE EFFECT OF CONTACT TIME AND BIOSORBENT TEMPERATURE ON THE ADSORPTION OF INDIGO CARMINE DYES IN KAPOK HUSK BIOSORBENT MODIFIED WITH SNAIL MEAT AND KINETIC STUDY

The use of indigo carmine dye in the textile industry is a source of pollution for the environment. The presence of dye pollutants in the environment can threaten the health of living creatures and the sustainability of the ecosystem. This research uses kapok husk biosorbent modified with snail meat. Previously, research on adsorption was carried out on metals and cationic dyes from kapok husk, then in this research adsorption was carried out using the batch method to adsorb anionic dyes. The biosorbent modification process using snail meat aims to add active sites in the form of functional groups to the biosorbent to optimize the dye adsorption capacity. The contact objective of this research is to determine the heating time and temperature conditions for optimal adsorption of indigo carmine using the batch method. The research results showed that the adsorption capacity was at optimum conditions for the adsorption of indigo carmine at a contact time of 60 minutes and a temperature of 25°C.