Indigo Carmine Research Articles

Successful removal of a duodenal lesion in difficult location using "a sandwich method".

A 69-year-old woman was diagnosed with a duodenal adenoma near major duodenal papilla during cancer screening examination (Figure 1A). Therefore, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) was proposed to remove the duodenal lesion. Unfortunately, satisfactory visualization of the duodenal lesion was not obtained during gastroscopic operation. Unexpectedly, duodenoscopy provided optimal visualization of the duodenal lesion. Consequently, the "sandwich method" using duodenoscopy-gastroscopy-duodenoscopy was successfully performed to remove the challenging duodenal lesion. Firstly, the duodenoscopy was used to create a submucosal bleb through injecting saline containing 0.3 % indigo carmine. Subsequently, the gastroscopy with a transparent capwas used to remove the duodenal lesion with en bloc resection. Then, the duodenoscopy was reused to close the mucosal defect. Finally, pathologic examination showed a tubule-villous adenoma. The patient was recovered uneventfully, and discharged 2 days later.

Phycoremediation of Phenolphytalein, Indigo Carmine, Methyl Orange and Eriochrome Black T By Using Chlamydomonas and Chlorella sp. (Chlorophyta)

This work aimed to evaluate the decolorization of phenolphthalein (PP), indigo carmine (IC), methyl orange (MO) and eriochrome black T (EBT) by using Chlorella and Chlamydomonas as a biosorbent. This experiment used the batch adsorption method to study the adsorption effect of pH, biomass dosage, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature on the dyes. The adsorption of the dyes onto the cells were fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The results showed that the optimum conditions for PP removal (99%) was obtained at pH 4, contact time of 120min, 35°C, algal dosage of 0.5 mg/mL and dye concentration of 100 mg/L on to the cells. The sample prepared at 25°C, 120 min, 1 mg/mL algal dosage, 25 mg/L dye concentration and at pH 4 had the best adsorption effect on IC on to the both of cells (99-98%). In addition, the optimum conditions for MO and EBT removal (99-97%) was obtained at pH 2-4, contact time of 30 min, 25°C, algal dosage of 0.5mg/mL and dye concentration of 100mg/L. The results of this study reveal that the algae cells can be utilized as an efficient and eco-friendly biosorbent for the removal of the indicator dyes from aqueous solution.

Synergistic modification of phycocyanin composite gel by xanthan gum and flaxseed gum and the fate during in vitro digestion

Phycocyanin (PC) belongs to the “blue food” protein, and its application exploration is of great significance in the food industry. In this study, the effects of different proportions of xanthan gum (XG) and flaxseed gum (FG) on the applicability of 3D printing, rheological properties, and the structural properties of PC were studied, and the interaction and in vitro digestion properties were also discussed. In the composite gel, PC concentration [0.1% (w/v)] and blend concentration (5 wt%) were fixed, but the ratio of XG to FG was different (5:0–0:5). With the increase of FG content, the 3D printing performance of the gel was improved, and the rheological properties and texture properties were also changed. The molecular interaction between PC and XG/FG was hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. In addition, PC-XG/FG gels after in vitro digestion had better ability to remove hydroxyl free radicals. In summary, the study offered theoretical direction for the use of two polysaccharides to synergistic modification of the functional factors to improve stability. Furthermore, it provided guidance on how to improve the nutritional value of 3D-printed samples.

A sensitive determination of Brilliant Blue FCF in some food samples using hydrophillic deep eutectic solvent-assisted magnetic nano gel-based dispersive solid phase microextraction prior to spectrophotometric analysis

A new magnetic nano gel (MNG) was prepared from choline chloride/phenol deep eutectic solvent and magnetic amberlite XAD-7 nanocomposite. The dispersive solid phase micro extraction (dSPME) method was developed for seperation and preconcentration of Brilliant Blue FCF (BB) by the prepared MNG. In this study, firstly, the optimum DES type and mole ratio of DES were investigated before response surface methodology optimization. Then, the effect of the MNG-dSPME experimental parameters were optimized by response surface methodology using central composite design. Under the optimum microextraction conditions, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), preconcentration factor (PF), enhencament factor (EF) were found to be 1.15 μg L−1,3.80 µg L-1, 70, and 88, respectively. It was seen that the recovery of real samples were obtained from 95.5 to 103.6%. The pesent method was succesfully for extraction of BB in some food, personal care samples, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that is presented method on determination of BB by preconcentration with magnetic nano gel. The obtained results showed that the present procedure is effective, sensitive, and has high accuracy for the quantitative detection of BB.

Recent advancements in image-enhanced endoscopy in the pancreatobiliary field.

Image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) has advanced gastrointestinal disease diagnosis and treatment. Traditional white-light imaging has limitations in detecting all gastrointestinal diseases, prompting the development of IEE. In this review, we explore the utility of IEE, including texture and color enhancement imaging and red dichromatic imaging, in pancreatobiliary (PB) diseases. IEE includes methods such as chromoendoscopy, optical-digital, and digital methods. Chromoendoscopy, using dyes such as indigo carmine, aids in delineating lesions and structures, including pancreato-/cholangio-jejunal anastomoses. Optical-digital methods such as narrow-band imaging enhance mucosal details and vessel patterns, aiding in ampullary tumor evaluation and peroral cholangioscopy. Moreover, red dichromatic imaging with its specific color allocation, improves the visibility of thick blood vessels in deeper tissues and enhances bleeding points with different colors and see-through effects, proving beneficial in managing bleeding complications post-endoscopic sphincterotomy. Color enhancement imaging, a novel digital method, enhances tissue texture, brightness, and color, improving visualization of PB structures, such as PB orifices, anastomotic sites, ampullary tumors, and intraductal PB lesions. Advancements in IEE hold substantial potential in improving the accuracy of PB disease diagnosis and treatment. These innovative techniques offer advantages paving the way for enhanced clinical management of PB diseases. Further research is warranted to establish their standard clinical utility and explore new frontiers in PB disease management.

Electrical Double-Layer Transistors Comprising Block Copolymer Electrolytes for Low-Power-Consumption Photodetectors.

Electrical double-layer transistors (EDLTs) have received extensive research attention owing to their exciting advantages of low working voltage, high biocompatibility, and sensitive interfacial properties in ultrasensitive portable sensing applications. Therefore, it is of great interest to reduce photodetectors' operating voltage and power consumption by utilizing photo-EDLT. In this study, a series of block copolymers (BCPs) of poly(4-vinylpyridine)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (P4VP-b-PEO) with different compositions were applied to formulate polyelectrolyte with indigo carmine salt in EDLT. Accordingly, PEO conduces ion conduction in the BCP electrolyte and enhances the carrier transport capability in the semiconducting channel; P4VP boosts the photocurrent by providing charge-trapping sites during light illumination. In addition, the severe aggregation of PEO is mitigated by forming a BCP structure with P4VP, enhancing the stability and photoresponse of the photo-EDLT. By optimizing the BCP composition, EDLT comprising P4VP16k-b-PEO5k and indigo carmine provides the highest specific detectivity of 2.1 × 107 Jones, along with ultralow power consumptions of 0.59 nW under 450 nm light illumination and 0.32 pW under dark state. The results indicate that photo-EDLT comprising the BCP electrolyte is a practical approach to reducing phototransistors' operating voltage and power consumption.

Synthesis of new sustainable polyester‐type hydrogels from chemical recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) products applied on the removal of indigo carmine dye

Synthesis of new sustainable polyester‐type hydrogels from chemical recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) products applied on the removal of indigo carmine dye

Bio-inspired co-deposition of dopamine and N-oxide zwitterionic polyethyleneimine to fabricate anti-fouling loose nanofiltration membranes for dye desalination

Developing anti-fouling loose nanofiltration membranes (LNMs) that can achieve dye desalination of saline textile wastewater through dye retention and salt permeation for resource utilization remains an urgent challenge that needs to be addressed. Inspired by the biomimetic adhesion of mussels and the excellent fouling resistance of saltwater fish surfaces, novel LNMs were prepared through co-deposition strategy using dopamine (DA) and N-oxide zwitterionic polyethyleneimine (ZPEI) as biomimetic functional materials. There are multiple interactions between them, including Schiff base reaction, Michael addition reaction, cation-π interaction and covalent polymerization. Compared with PEI-LNM prepared under the similar method, the optimized ZPEI-LNM displays more uniform surface, smaller average roughness (6 nm vs 22 nm), and denser pore size (0.69 nm vs 0.79 nm), indicating the zwitterionic N-oxide moieties in ZPEI regulate the deposition process and the cross-linking structure of the selective layer. ZPEI-LNM exhibits a high pure water flux of 203.0 L m−2h−1 under 0.6 MPa. Importantly, ZPEI-LNM shows high retention towards different dyes, including Congo red (CR, negative, 696.8 g/mol) of 100.0 %, Acid fuchsin (AF, negative, 585.5 g/mol) of 99.5 %, Crystalline violet (CV, positive, 408.0 g/mol) of 98.2 %, and Indigo carmine (negative, 466.4 g/mol) of 96.0 %, while the rejection of NaCl (8.7 %) and Na2SO4 (12.7 %) are both lower. As expected, for the mixture solution of AF/NaCl, the dyes are efficiently rejected, while salts can pass through, indicating that ZPEI-LNM displays an excellent dye desalination capability. Furthermore, multiple-cycle antifouling tests for bovine serum albumin (BSA) and sodium alginate (SA) reveal that the flux recovery ratios are higher than those of PEI-LNM (BSA: 90.4 % vs 81.9 %; SA: 86.6 % vs 80.5 %), indicating ZPEI-LNM exhibits better anti-fouling performance towards different model foulants owing to the outstanding hydration layer caused by zwitterionic N-oxide moieties and lower surface roughness. Consequently, the work offers a new viewpoint for the fabrication of anti-fouling LNMs via biomimetic strategy for dye desalination.

Effectiveness of Ag@NiO@g-C3N4 photocatalysts: Green fabrication and superior photocatalysis capability

A novel nanocomposite material, Ag@NiO@g-C3N4, was synthesized using ultrasonic irradiation with Ag@NiO as precursor materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of g-C3N4 and anatase Ag@NiO phases within the nanocomposite. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging revealed the deposition of Ag@NiO nanoparticles onto g-C3N4 layers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) verified the presence of C, N, O, Ni, and Ag in the nanocomposite. The synthesized nanocomposite exhibited a significantly increased surface area of 94.705 m2/g and a reduced energy band gap of 3.07 eV. The photocatalytic activity of NiO nanoparticles, Ag@NiO nanoparticles, g-C3N4 nanosheets, and the Ag@NiO@g-C3N4 nanocomposite was evaluated under visible light irradiation. The Ag@NiO@g-C3N4 nanocomposite demonstrated superior photocatalytic performance compared to the individual components. The photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye was used to assess the photocatalytic activity, and the Ag@NiO@g-C3N4 nanocomposite exhibited exceptional efficacy exhibited a significantly higher reaction rate, estimated to be approximately 100 times faster than the unmodified process. This observation implies that the Ag@NiO@g-C3N4 nanocomposite exhibits potential as a viable material for various environmental applications.

Plasma catalysis. A study of the influence of oxysulfur, SOx• species through the degradation of sulfonated dyes by non-thermal plasma

This work studied the degradation reaction of sulfonated dyes, indigo carmine, phenol red, and their mixtures by non-thermal plasma (NTP). Interestingly, the degradation rate constant showed a faster process and lower activation energy (Ea) for the dye mixtures than for the degradation reaction of the individual dyes. This unexpected result opened up new opportunities for understanding plasma chemistry and the interaction between reactive species formed by the plasma and the target molecule. As no catalyst or chemical additive was added to the reactor, the decrease in Ea came from a self-synergistic effect (SSE), through the dye molecules fragmentation, which resulted in plasma catalysis. The hypothesis proposed in this work is that oxysulfur (SOx) species are formed by the desulfonation reaction of dyes. The sulfonic groups (SO3) present in the chemical structures of dyes can function as precursors for forming several SOx•– species. Studies based on oxygenated sulfonated species such as SO3•–, SO4•– and SO5•– have been widely applied in advanced oxidative and reductive processes due to their satisfactory efficiency and low cost. Among them, SO4•– is the key reactive species with the best performance in the degradation of pollutants due to its high oxidation potential (E° = 2.60 V). In addition, it is an alternative source of HO• in aqueous media, improving the oxidation reaction. In order to elucidate the SSE, the kinetic process was followed by UV–Vis analysis, and the reactive species, such as alkyl, hydroxyl, and oxy-sulfur radicals were identified by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. The by-products of the NTP degradation reaction were analyzed by ultrafast liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer, and a fragmentation route was proposed.

Abstract PO3-23-01: Triple-tracer Technique for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy of Breast Cancer after neoadjuvant Chemotherapy using Blue-dye, Radioisotope combined with Real-time Indocyanine green(ICG) Fluorescence Imaging Procrdures

Abstract Background: For post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) patients (pts) with BC, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) was recommended using the dual-tracer mapping technique (radioisotope plus blue dye) or placing a biopsy clip into the positive node at diagnosis and identifying it at the time of surgery due to SN identification rates (IR) were lower and false negative rates (FNR) were greater for pts with local advanced breast cancer (BC) than those of pts with early stage BC in the absence of NAC. Our previous clinical trial has indicated that the real-time ICG fluorescence (RT-ICG) imaging technique could improve the diagnostic sensitivity and detection accuracy for SNB. Methods: Between April 2019 and May 2022, post-NAC SNB were successfully identified in 45 of 52 patients with stage ⅡA to ⅢB (T1-T3, N0-2, M0) who had histologically confirmed breast cancer selected to receive NAC and the standard surgeries were performed after finishing NAC. The SNs was detected by conventional procedures of blue-dye (Indigo carmine) plus 99mTc radioisotope (dual-tracer) and combined with concurrent RT-ICG technique. Clinical node positive (cN+) was diagnosed by the radiologists using axillary ultrasound, MRI and/or CT scan or assessed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). The positivity of each single SN by each single tracer (blue dye, ICG, or isotope alone) was counted and identified, respectively. All patients are required to undergo SNB followed by completion axillary lymph node dissection (CND). Then the IR and FNR of each single tracer and their summation (triple tracer) were calculated by comparing the results of the SNB and the histopathology of the resection specimens of CND. Results: Among 45 post-NAC pts, the IR and FNR of each single procedure for SNB was 45.7% and 55.6% when used Indigo Carmine blue, 70.3% and 11.1% when used RI, 82.6% and 0 when used ICG fluorescence, respectively. In contrast, the total calculation of triple tracer showed that IR reached to 100% and FNR was 0, respectively. The IR of triple tracer were 83.9% and 100% for ypN0 and ypN(+) pts after NAC, both FNR were 0%. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the triple tracer technique combining blue dye, ICG, and isotope is effective method for detection of SNs in post-neoadjuvant cN+ BC pts. The IR and FNR of SNB might be improved by this multiple tracer mapping technique, particularly for pts with ypN(+) after NAC. It is considered that the multi-tracer can complement each other for what was not able to be traced and detected by the single tracer with one mapping material, and that result in totally the improvement of identification rate of SNB. Citation Format: Hidetaka Watanabe, Yuko Takao, Yuriko Katagiri, Rie Sugihara, Uhi Toh. Triple-tracer Technique for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy of Breast Cancer after neoadjuvant Chemotherapy using Blue-dye, Radioisotope combined with Real-time Indocyanine green(ICG) Fluorescence Imaging Procrdures [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO3-23-01.

Facile synthesis of TiO2@ZnO nanoparticles for enhanced removal of methyl orange and indigo carmine dyes: Adsorption, kinetics

Water pollution represents one of the most important problems affecting the health of living organisms, so it was necessary to work on the formation of active materials to get rid of pollutants. In this study, Titanium dioxide (TiO2) doping Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposites were produced via simple sonication method at 500 Hz in ethanol medium. At different weight concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 %). The morphology, structure configuration, chemical bonding, crystalline phase, and surface properties of obtained nanocomposites were characterized via FESEM, BET, XRD, XPS, RAMAN and FTIR instrumentation. The nanocomposites were employed as an adsorbent to eliminate the methyl orange (MO) and Indigo Carmine (IC) dyes from an aqueous solution. Batch removal experiments revealed that the elimination of MO and IC dyes by the TiZnO surface was pH and doping Ti concentration-dependent, with maximum removal occurring at pH = 7 for MO and pH = 3 for IC contaminants at 10 % doping Ti concentration (Ti (10 %)@ZnO). Langmuir model fit the absorptive removal of MO and IC dyes into the Ti (10 %)@ZnO surface well. The maximal removal capacity of Ti (10 %)@ZnO nanocomposite was found to be 994.24 mg. g−1 for MO and 305.39 mg. g−1 for IC. The Ti (10 %)@ZnO nanocomposite showed remarkable high stability towards the removal of both dyes through consecutive four cycles.

Indigo Carmine Chromoendoscopy for the Diagnosis of Minor Structural Alterations of the Vocal Fold Cover. A New Application for the Technique

IntroductionMinor structural alterations (MSA) of the laryngeal mucosa are entities involving epithelial vocal cord covering modifications. Among differentiated structural alterations of the vocal cords are sulcus vocalis, epidermoid cysts, micro diaphragms, mucosal bridges, and vasculodysgenesis. While many of these MSA are evident and can be easily visible using conventional endoscopic methods, diagnosis can be difficult even with the help of stroboscopy. MSA can often go unnoticed and may be associated with polyps, cysts or vascular alterations. Its impact on the voice could be significant. In many cases, direct suspension laryngoscopy under general anesthesia is necessary to obtain a definitive diagnosis. ObjectivesThe purpose of this article is to describe a new diagnostic endoscopic method that uses contrast dyes, such as indigo carmine, for the detection of MSA of the vocal fold mucosal covering. Material and MethodsThis research work uses the contrast dye Indigo Carmine as an endoscopic tissue stain, which is applied to the mucosal surface of the vocal cords under local anesthesia in the office or under general anesthesia in the operating room. The dye fills the interstices, highlighting irregularities such as depressions and elevations in architecture. ResultsOur study involved performing indigo carmine chromoendoscopy procedures on patients suspected of having vocal fold MSA type sulcus vocalis, mucosal bridge, or bag type sulcus. We identified cases where this technique is useful for diagnosing previously undetected alterations, shedding light on dysphonia “without an apparent cause”. ConclusionsIndigo carmine chromoendoscopy is a useful technique for detecting minor structural alterations of the mucosal surface of the vocal folds. It has the potential to diagnose MSA in patients where current in-office endoscopic techniques are insufficient.

Synthesis and characterization of novel Cu3Bi3S7 nanoparticle by combustion using green fuel for photocatalytic degradation and electrochemical sensing applications

In this study, we used an environmentally friendly green fuel combustion synthesis method to create Cu3Bi3S7 (CBS) nanoparticles (NPs). A thorough characterization was carried out, including XRD, UV spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, PL spectroscopy, zeta potential analysis, BET Spectra and XPS Spectra. The formation of single-phase CBS NPs with average diameters of 50 nm was unequivocally confirmed by XRD analysis. UV spectroscopy revealed that the NPs absorbed significant visible light, highlighting their potential for use in photocatalytic degradation processes. The images from SEM and TEM clearly showed NPs with uniform size distribution and spherical morphology. The CBSNPs' defect state presence may be determined from the PL spectra. CBS NPs were particularly effective in photo-catalyzing the degradation of the indigo carmine (IC) dye when exposed to Uv light. Additionally, during an electrochemical sensing examination, the NPs demonstrated extraordinary sensitivity to glucose. Overall, our results highlight the tremendous potential for CBS NPs produced using ecologically friendly green fuel combustion synthesis to advance photocatalytic degradation and electrochemical sensing applications.

Effect of dietary Arthrospira platensis phycocyanin on broiler chicken growth performance, physiological status, fatty and amino acid profiles.

Natural antioxidants are crucial for preserving and enhancing the health, survival, reproduction, and reproductive function of poultry. Phycocyanin (PC) is a natural blue food colorant with various health benefits. The aim of this study was to extract Arthrospira platensis phycocyanin (ApPC) from A. platensis using simple and economical methods and investigate the impact of phytocyanin supplementation on the performance and fatty and amino acid profiles of broiler chicks. PC was extracted from A. platensis by freezing and thawing, and optimization conditions such as pH and temperature were applied during storage periods. A total of 270 1-week-old Ross breed broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the following three treatment groups: basal diet supplemented with 0 mg of PC/kg diet (control), basal diet supplemented with 1 g PC/kg diet (T1), and basal diet supplemented with 2 g PC/kg (T2). In a completely randomized design, three cage replicates (30 birds each) were assigned to each of the three groups. The dietary effects of ApPC on growth performance (body weight gain [BWG], body weight [BW], feed intake, feed conversion ratio, serum constituents, and antioxidant indices) in broiler chickens, free amino acids, and fatty acids in muscles were evaluated. Total BWG and BW increased without a significant effect on the total feed consumption. Serum levels of total proteins and albumin increased with increasing ApPC supplementation. In addition, globulin levels significantly increased. There was a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol levels among the treatments. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity) is significantly increased. In contrast, an increase in ApPC caused a significant decrease in malondialdehyde. The content and quantity of fatty acids and amino acids in the meat of broiler chicks supplemented with PC varies. The addition of PC to broiler chicken diets enhances antioxidant activities, BW, BWG, and meets quality requirements.

BREWERY WASTE FOR INDIGO BLUE ADSORPTION

Brewery waste (BW) is among the natural adsorbents that have been evaluated for different chemical pollutants removal present in the aqueous medium. In this work, we investigated the BW capacity to remove the commercial indigo blue dye (IB) from laboratory aqueous solutions and river water samples. Results utilizing laboratory distilled water showed a satisfactory maximum capacity (166.94 mg/g) of BW for IB. The ∆G value (-16.53 Kj/mol) and other parameters reveal a favorable adsorptive process. Furthermore, tests in glass columns using river water samples enriched with IB (1,000 mg/L) revealed high BW efficiency for IB removal (96.0 %). These results are important to demonstrate that BW can be more a new alternative for IB removal from water. In addition, this study provides an alternative for the reuse of BW.

Identification of the anthocyanin profile from butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) flowers under varying extraction conditions: Evaluating its potential as a natural blue food colorant and its application as a colorimetric indicator

This study aims to extract anthocyanins from BPF (Butterfly Pea Flower) to determine an effective solvent combination resulting in higher total anthocyanin content. Various solvent combinations were utilized to discern crucial characteristics of the obtained BPFE (Butterfly Pea Flower Extract). The BPFE from the optimal treatment was utilized as a pigment in colorimetric indicators, which were then evaluated for their initial response to seafood spoilage stored at room temperature for 24 h. The color change response of the colorimetric indicators employing BPFE pigment was compared with the pH and TVBN (Total Volatile base Nitrogen) values of the seafood initially and after 24 h. The highest total anthocyanin content was achieved with the combination of 96 % ethanol/1.5 N HCl (85:15, v/v) at 551.06 mg/L, followed by the combination of 96 % ethanol/distilled water (70:30, v/v) with pH adjustment to 1 using 1.5 N HCl at 484.27 mg/L. Subsequent combinations, in decreasing order, were 96 % ethanol/1.5 N HCl (99:1, v/v), 96 % ethanol/distilled water (70:30, v/v), and lastly, 96 % ethanol/distilled water (30:70, v/v), with total anthocyanin content of 275.53 mg/L, 200.39 mg/L, and 125.24 mg/L, respectively. BPFE applied in colorimetric indicators demonstrated responsiveness to seafood spoilage through color changes, with tested spoilage indicators being pH and TVBN. The initial (first hour) pH and TVBN values for each tested seafood were 5.5 and 9.42 mg/100 g (Scylla serrata), 6.4 and 4.23 mg/100 g (Litopenaeus vannamei), 5.4 and 11.29 mg/100 g (Uroteuthis sibogae), and 6.5 and 10.26 mg/100 g (Restrelliger kanagurta). Meanwhile, the pH and TVBN values after 24-h storage at room temperature became 7.9 and 57.01 mg/100 g, 7.4 and 76.65 mg/100 g, 7.5 and 216.44 mg/100 g, and 7.8 and 51.86 mg/100 g, respectively. The conclusion drawn is that the extraction of BPFE is more efficient when utilizing acidified ethanol solvent, and the resulting BPFE holds promise as a reliable pH indicator.

Optical CuAl2O4 used as photocatalyst for IC dye degradation

ABSTRACT The nanocrystalline copper aluminate (CuAl2O4) has been successfully synthesized by a simple, economical, and environmentally friendly solid-state mechanochemical (MCH) method. The prepared sample was characterized by a variety of suitable methods employed, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The material's average particle size was 55 nm and stoichiometric. CuAl2O4 has been found to exhibit potent photocatalytic activity toward indigo carmine (IC) when subjected to UV light. Under UV radiation, 10 mg CuAl2O4 leads to 99 ± 1% degradation of an 8 ppm IC dye solution among 2 ppm, 4 ppm, 6 ppm, 8 ppm, and 10 ppm in 25 min. In addition, a prospective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique is identified in the current work, which provides potential routes for the photocatalytic breakdown of IC. Even after five consecutive cycles, the photocatalyst showed remarkable reusability and stability.

Understanding the Effect of Saturated Gases on Catalytic Performance of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g‐C3N4) for H2O2 Generation and Dye Degradation in the Presence of Ultrasound

In this article, the effect of saturated gases on H2O2 generation and dye degradation is examined using graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) as a piezoelectric catalyst. A detailed catalytic evaluation is carried out using a double‐bath sono‐reactor, where the performance of g‐C3N4 for H2O2 production and degradation of rhodamine B and indigo carmine dyes is evaluated for a range of catalyst dosage levels and saturated gases. Specific gases are selected to understand their role in the sonochemical production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and to elucidate the catalytic mechanism. The use of an Ar–O2 gas mixture leads to the highest yield for H2O2 production and dye degradation due to the positive effect of argon and oxygen in the generation of H2O2 and ROS, respectively. The presence of nitrogen in both air and in an Ar–air mixture increases H2O2 generation since RNS improves the conversion of •OH into H2O2. In contrast, air and Ar–air negatively influences the generation of ROS, which results in a low rate of dye degradation. In this work, new insights of the mechanisms of sonochemical and piezocatalytic processes in the use of graphitic carbon nitride in catalytic applications are provided.

NiAlFe LTH /MoS2 p-n junction heterostructure composite as an effective visible-light-driven photocatalyst for enhanced degradation of organic dye under high alkaline conditions

Designing of an effectual heterostructure photocatalyst for catalytic organic pollutant exclusion has been the subject of rigorous research intended to resolve the related environmental aggravation. Fabricating p-n junctions is an effective strategy to promote electron-hole separation of semiconductor photocatalysts as well as enhance the organic toxin degradation performance. In this study, a series of n-type NiAlFe-layered triple hydroxide (LTH) loaded with various ratios of p-type MoS2 was synthesized for forming a heterostructure LTH/MoS2 (LMs) by an in situ hydrothermal strategy. The photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM&EDX, TEM, FT-IR, XPS, as well as UV–vis DRS. The photoactivity of photocatalysts was tested by the degradation of Indigo Carmine (IC) dye. The optimized catalyst (LM1) degrades 100% of indigo dye in high alkaline pH under UV light for 100 min. Besides, the degradation rate of LM1 is 15 times higher than that of pristine NiAlFe-LTH. The enhanced photoactivity is attributed to the synergistic effect between NiAlFe-LTH and MoS2 as well as the p-n junction formation.