Indigenous Industry Research Articles

Ship recycling process in Bangladesh and a survey-based risk assessment with mitigation proposal

Ship recycling industries play a significant role in the economic development of South Asian countries, including Bangladesh. In the wake of entering the Hong Kong Convention (HKC) in June 2025, the industry aims to improve its overall safety standards cost-effectively. However, due to the restrictive nature of the industry, solutions based on field surveys are limited. This study successfully articulates the indigenous industry knowledge of the recycling process in Bangladesh after carefully studying the practices followed by the existing ship recycling yards in the country. Based on field surveys conducted across 18 ship recycling yards in Bangladesh, the risk patterns inherent in the ship recycling industry are studied; for example, highly hazardous tasks in the ship recycling process are found to be (i) explosion hazards during primary cutting operations at the intertidal zone, (ii) falling hazards during inspections at the outer anchorage, (iii) falling and crushing hazards during block cutting and handling heavy objects. Industry experts and scholars consider the perception of the risk pattern regarding the current practices of ship recycling activities to cover a broader perspective of this issue. The correlation of survey outcomes with actual accident cases is comparable. Finally, practical recommendations for minimising risks have been recommended, especially in high-risk workplace areas. The study adds knowledge to the existing literature by giving a clear picture of evidence-based findings for this sector and helps improve the industry's overall safety standard.

Imports, Exports and Foreign Reserves in Nigeria: Exploring the Long and Short-Run Relationships from the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Approach

The imports of goods and services, a component of international trade, can boost economic progress when carried out on productive commodities. However, excessive imports of goods and services also stifle the growth of indigenous industries. Understanding the short- and long-run relationships between imports and other macroeconomic factors is necessary for planning by managers of the economy. This study examined the relationship between imports, exports, and foreign reserves in Nigeria for 10 years spanning from 2012 to 2021. Monthly time series data were tested for stationarity using the augmented Dickey-Fuller test, which showed that all the variables were integrated at order I (1). The Johansen co-integration test showed a stable long-run relationship between imports, exports, and foreign reserves. The regression estimates from the vector error correction model showed a long-run causal relationship (negative) between imports, exports, and foreign reserves. Furthermore, the foreign reserve has a significant short-run causal relationship with imports. Exports did not show any short-run causal relationship with imports. Both imports and foreign reserves do not have any causal relationship with exports in the short run. However, an insignificant causal relationship exists in the short run between exports and foreign reserves, while imports do not have any causal relationship with foreign reserves. The study recommends an optimum level of foreign reserve, which can be used to check the tendency of excessive importation, which is detrimental to the growth of local industries.

Factors affecting traditional micro business (MB) to continue using E-marketplace from habit and social impact perspective

Purpose This study aims to proposes a theoretical model to understand the intention of Indonesian traditional micro businesses (MB) to continue using an e-marketplace. Design/methodology/approach This research involved the utilization and combination of habit formation and social impact theories to develop the model. A total of 162 responses were retrieved from the owners of traditional MB and used to validate the proposed model. Findings The results showed subjective norms to be the most substantial direct predictor of continuous usage, followed by usefulness, satisfaction and promotion proneness. Meanwhile, compatibility was found to have only an indirect effect through usefulness as a mediator. Moreover, moderating effect analysis also showed that the impact of herd behaviour was only significant for male and younger traditional MB owners. Originality/value The emphasis on the seller perspective using habit formation as well as the social impact theory to explain continuance behaviour is an alternative approach observed not to have been widely explored, especially for traditional businesses such as indigenous industry rather than organizations.

Enhancing Urban–Rural Integration in China: A Comparative Case Study of Introducing Small Rural Industries in Huangyan-Taizhou

Strengthening urban–rural linkages (URLs) has been proposed by UN-Habitat within the framework of ‘Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)’ to narrow down urban–rural differences via shaping new urban–rural relationships. Like URL, the aim of urban–rural integration (URI) has been promoted by the Chinese government since 2019 to address existing urban–rural divides. This concept underlines the ‘rural revitalisation’ strategy and emphasises a two-way flow of urban–rural development factors. Introducing and upgrading ‘appropriate’ rural industries is crucial to stimulate and facilitate the circulation of urban–rural development factors. This research studied three neighbouring villages, situated in urban–rural interface areas in Huangyan-Taizhou, China, each driven by different types of small industries supported by URI. It analyses the impact of small rural industries on the flow of development factors between urban and rural areas. The results showed that small-scale rural industries have been enhanced URL by decreasing urban–rural differences by creating new job opportunities to attract an in-flow population, increasing investments, and upgrading public services and infrastructure. Indigenous industries demonstrated lower profitability but exhibited greater resilience compared to industries linked to global production chains and rural tourism. Thus, this study demonstrates the imperative to carefully consider the opportunities and potential risks associated with pursuing strategies of URI through rural industry development. By providing empirical insights from URI projects in China, this study contributes to theoretical and policy dialogues concerning the concepts of both URL and URI by exploring the localization of SDGs. Furthermore, it offers valuable practical knowledge and experience for other global regions confronting similar challenges to urban and rural development.

COVID-19 Pandemic and the Imperative of Functional Technology Education in Nigeria: A Historical Analysis

Nigeria has recorded great losses since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019. Over-reliance on oil as source of national revenue and inadequate human capital development have impeded the country’s response to the global emergency. This study examines how technology education can stimulate a diversified economy to boost Nigeria’s capacity to withstand future crises. It employed a historical research method, comprising mainly secondary sources. The pandemic exposed the morbidity and inadequacy of Nigeria’s health facilities. In addition, a sharp drop in the global price of crude oil worsened the country’s wobbling economy during the pandemic. At the micro level, the lockdown imposed by government turned many self-employed Nigerians to idlers. The COVID-19 pandemic could have been a platform to enhance researches in medical sciences and health technology but the extant problems in the country’s higher education sector such as poor funding, lack of motivation for teaching and research, brain drain, and poor curriculum prevented meaningful innovation in that regard. The study recommends reforms in technology education to create a work force for non-oil sectors like agriculture, solid minerals, small and medium enterprises, and indigenous industries. This would stimulate self-reliance and a diversified economy to keep Nigeria unperturbed during future emergencies.

Synthesis and Characterization of ZrC Nano-Powder and its Potential Role to Increase the Cladding Material Properties

Nanocrystalline powders of ZrC were prepared by mechanochemical synthesis of elemental Zirconium (Zr) and Carbon (C) powder. Two different Process Control Agents (PCA’s), i.e. Toluene and n-Hexane were used to avoid the agglomeration of the nanoparticles. For the purpose of the present study, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) have been employed. A complete single phase of fcc-ZrC was obtained after 165 ks of milling time. No impurity other than oxygen was detected in the samples. n-Hexane compare to toluene was observed to inhibit the agglomeration more efficiently. ZrC nanoparticles were successfully synthesized indigenously, using mechanochemical synthesis. This can be used as a potential coating agent in indigenous industry specially the nuclear power industry.

ECONOMICS OF RICE VALUE ADDITION AMONG FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN TARABA STATE, NIGERIA

This study evaluated the Economics of Rice Value Addition among Farming Households in Taraba State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 240 respondents for this study and well-structured questionnaires was administered to farming households involved in rice value addition activities. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, budgeting technique and multiple regression analysis. Results revealed that 70.4% of the activities were carried out by women, 53.8% of the respondents were married and 79.6% had some level of formal education. Mean household size and years of experience in activities were 12 persons and 18 years respectively. Only 26.7% and 31.7% of the respondents were members of cooperative society and had access to credit respectively. Respondents were engaged primarily in parboiling and drying. Net income obtained from value addition was ₦370,680.74 per annum and average rate of returns on investment was ₦1.41 indicating that for every ₦1.00 invested in value addition a profit of 41 kobo was made with operating ratio of 0.7 kobo. Cost of milling (-0.626), price of milled rice (0.311) and cost of paddy rice (0.0519) determined rice value addition enterprises’ profit. The major constraints encountered by respondents in rice value addition activities were inadequate funds, lack of appropriate value addition skill due to inadequate capacity building activities, lack of improved technology/method of processing and poor marketing information. The study concluded that rice value addition was a profitable venture. This study thus recommended that indigenous industries should be encouraged to fabricate small/medium capacity milling machines with parboiler, destoner and polisher features that would improve the quality of locally milled rice.

Coordinating European Human Spaceflight Programmes with UK Space Policy Objectives

With the International Space Station (ISS) coming to the end of its life, the next decade will see significant changes in human spaceflight after a quarter of a century of stasis. America has decided NASA will purchase all its civil Low Earth Orbit (LEO) capability from commercially run space stations. All these companies will be American and as a consequence, foreign participants are in a weaker position than they are with the ISS, which operates under government to government agreements. Europe has to decide whether to accept more American control of its programmes or to create an autonomous capability. Most ESA nations have policies that are driven by prestige motivations and these would be considerably reduced. Also, these nations have decades of investment in a human spacecraft industry which will be at risk in the new post ISS environment. Developing an independent European human infrastructure in LEO is both achievable and probably the best route to meet these national objectives. Although an ESA member, the United Kingdom has different national Space objectives, which emphasise direct economic return; further, it does not have an indigenous industry to protect. However, the future of human spaceflight will have an increasing significant element of economic exploitation, which will be accelerated by the American commercial post-ISS architecture, which the UK cannot ignore. Furthermore, while all ESA members would benefit from an autonomous European capability, there is a potential tension between nations due to differing national policy objectives. Those with prestige objectives just need a working infrastructure that fits a funding corridor, but the British economic objectives will require an economically competitive capability. Keywords: Space Policy, UK Space Programme, Human Spaceflight

The Generating Excess Capacity in Indigenous Industries and the Situation for Offering Foreign Capital in the Underdeveloped and Developing Nations

The Generating Excess Capacity in Indigenous Industries and the Situation for Offering Foreign Capital in the Underdeveloped and Developing Nations

ARIMA modelling of economic variables in the COVID-19 era: A study of the consumer price index

In addition to being fatal to the lives of thousands of people, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was also fatal for corporations, businesses, and the entire global economy. COVID-19 is a pandemic with a contagious medical character, and it can even be fatal for the infected person who may have severe blockage of the respiratory system. From its origin, this virus spread across the globe, infecting hundreds of people of various ages and nationalities. For future occurrences to be understood, mathematical or statistical models with the fewest errors are required. This research is based on the studies of Sahai et al. (2020) and Ribeiro et al. (2020). In this study, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is used to forecast the monthly consumer price index (CPI) in Kosovo. Furthermore, ARIMA (3, 1, 2) projections revealed the potential values for monthly CPI are expected to be on the rise with related implications for Kosovo. The study suggested introducing health, political and economic policies, such as a secure political climate, incentives for indigenous industries, economic diversification, and development of healthcare facilities throughout the world. The relevance of this research lies in the mathematical treatment of this problem which has never been treated in the Kosovar environment.

The problem of job obsolescence and spatial creation of indigenous industries and their economic determinants in Wasit Governorate

أن دراسة التقادم الوظيفي والاستحداث المكاني للصناعات الأصلية ومحدداتها الاقتصادية من الدراسات الجغرافية الصناعية التي تعتمد على المنهج التطبيقي والإحصائي ،لذا تساعد في إعطاء مؤشرات رقمية وكمية للتغيرات الطبيعة والبشرية والتكنلوجية للصناعات الأصلية ،وكيف يمكن الاستفادة من التجاذب والاستقطاب والاختلافات المكانية والبيئة في أنتاج منتجات جديدة تقوم على اساسها الصناعات البديلة التي تم استحداثها وفق مقومات المكانية التي تبين مدى أهمية وجود مواقع صناعية مستحدثة ،وبالتالي تنشيط الحركة الصناعية في مناطق ومدن المحافظة، لذا يتطلب دراسة هذه المواضيع تعاون معلوماتي علمي كبير بين الجهات المختصة للحصول على البيانات التنموية والصناعية ,فضلا عن البيانات الاقتصادية التي تمكن الباحثين من استخراج مستويات الاستدامة الفعالة، واستخراج نسب التقادم الوظيفي والاستحداث المكاني للصناعات الاصلية من خلال تطبيق البرامج الإحصائية ومنها البرنامج الإحصائي spss-v17 ،و برمجية القياس الصناعي الاقتصادي EVIEWS 10.5 ،لاستخراج النتائج الرقمية ، وبالتالي اعطى أهمية كبيرة للبيانات المستخلصة من التحليل الجداول المذكورة ادناه ، كما ساعد استخدام برامج الكمية Excel ، وبرنامج v14- minitab ،للوصول الى مؤشرات صناعية دقيقة والخروج بمخرجات رقمية أنية ومستقبلية ،لكيفية تحديد ألية المحددات الاقتصادية المؤثرة على الصناعات الأصلية واستحدث أخرى تنموية للصناعة في المحافظة ،مما يجعلها أكثر فعالة لتحقيق نسب اقتصادية تنموية عالية ، ركز البحث على موضوعات تتعلق بالتوزيعالمكاني للصناعات الأصلية وأثره على التقادم والاستحداث والتوزيع النسبي المكاني للسكان والعاملين في الصناعات المتنوعة ،اذ جاءت لأقضية كالاتي (588221،243076،286288،156370،142614،52526) على التوالي, فضلا عن السكان الناشطون اقتصاديا في محافظة واسط حسب الجنس للمدة(2018– 2020 ) ,واظهار مؤشرات واقع الهيكل الصناعي للصناعات الأصلية وتأثير المحددات الجغرافية والصناعية والعقبات المؤثرة على التقادم الوظيفي والاستحداث المكاني للصناعات الأصلية في محافظة واسط ,وجاء التحليل الاحصائي لنسب معاملات التركز الكمي في الأقضية للصناعات الاغذية (1,2، 1,1, 0,1, 0,3, 1,3, 0,4) % على التوالي، وحجم التباين والاختلاف الهيكلي ومعاملات أعادة التوزيع للتركيب الحجمي المستحدث , وكذلك نسب الكثافة وقوة الصناعة ومستوى الاستحداث الأَقل والأكثر بحسب الصناعات الأصلية اذ سجلت نسبها (0.68،0.40،0,57،0,31،،0,20 ،0,34،0,39،0.27،0,55 ،0,56) على التوالي ،وبالتالي انعكاسه على نسبة حجم الترابط الصناعي للصناعات الأصلية باستخدام برنامج v17 spss و v14- minitab ،وكيفية الإفادة من الصناعات الرديف والمستحدثة لتحسين القياس التنموي الاقتصادي في محافظة واسط لعام 2020، وجاءت النسب المئوية للمؤشرات التناسبية والتكاملية والاعتمادية والكفاءة للصناعات الأصلية والرديف المستحدثة في منطقة البحث لتساعد في استخراج النتائج بالاعتماد على برمجية القياس الاقتصادي EVIEWS 10.5 للقياس الاستدامي و v14- minitab في المحافظة من 2020 حتى عام 2030م

Vocal for Local Growth of Domestic Supply Chain

One of the positive fallouts of the Covid crisis seems to be the policy initiatives of GOI in line with PM’s clarion call for Vocal for Local targeted to expand the efficiency and competitive edge of the indigenous industries. Basically it may be in line with the Swaraj calls during the pre-independence India or the earlier steps like Make in India but there were obvious risk minimization steps necessitated by the dislocation of the international supply chain as a result of the world wide shut down due to covid impacts. Many segments of the economy have already started benefitting from the policy and it seems to be on a firm course for greater good for the overall economy.

Mahatma and Mahamana: Agreement within Differences

Mahatma Gandhi and Mahamana Malaviya were the two giants of the Indian public life, leading the national movement in their own ways, largely together, and at times through different paths. By the time Gandhi came back to India in January 1915, having proven himself as a Satyagrahi and crusader against oppression, Malaviya had established himself as a leading light of the national movement, a great patriot who was also committed to the cause of Sanatanism and Hindu unity. Both knew about the activities of each other with Malaviya vocally supporting Gandhi’s Satyagraha in South Africa, his struggle for securing equal rights for Asian immigrants and putting in a combined endeavour in fighting the laws related to indentured labour. From 1916 onwards began a long journey of camaraderie that spanned beyond the temporary hiccups reflected at times in the differences of methods to be followed in the anti-imperialist struggle. Gandhi was enamoured by Malaviya’s ascetically simple life, his patriotism, his devotion to swadeshi, his will to mitigate the evils of untouchability and his ability to mobilise funds for the cause that lay close to his heart, while Malaviya showed strong faith in Gandhi’s selfless struggle to achieve Swaraj, his desire to unify people, his emphasis on indigenous handicraft industries, and leading the movement for eradication of untouchability. Notwithstanding the temporary strains owing mainly to Malaviya’s non-conformism to the idea of boycott in the non-cooperation movement or his disenchantment with Congress’s position of neutrality on Communal Award, they continued to share an extremely warm relationship.

Challenges and Prospects of the Igala Movie Industry (Igawood) in the Quest for Global Relevance

Beyond the more popular indigenous movie industries from the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria; Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba, the Nigerian Movie Industry has witnessed the upsurge and establishment of more indigenous regional and ethnic movie industries. This development is born partly, out of the desire of indigenous Nigerian ethnic groups to tell their own respective stories; an effort towards sustaining the diverse culture which together, make one Nigeria, and also promote respective cultures globally. Adopting a qualitative design, this article examines the prospects and challenges of the Indigenous movie industry of the Igala ethnic group in Nigeria: Igawood in the quest for global relevance. The article projects that Igawood is an efficient tool for cultural integration, propagation, and sustenance, firstly, among people of the Igala ethnicity spread across the globe and also among other tribes of the world with an interest in the Igala culture. Among other challenges, the paper points at finance, the quest to make a profit, the star actor syndrome, relatively poor presence on satellite TV Networks, and lack of requisite technical know-how as factors militating against Igawood. The paper identifies the need for re-orientation and adequate technical training for players in the industry to meet up with the standard and global best practices.

Pivoting Online: The Case of the Agri-food Sector

The debate concerning e-Commerce adoption is an evolving one that in the context of the current COVID-19 Pandemic has come centre stage. Although the shift towards e-Commerce platforms has been an increasing trend in recent years, Curtin (2020) states the current pandemic has accelerated consumers’ shifts toward e-Commerce by five years.
 As store closures and new enforcements became a reality, it forced many companies to pivot their online strategies overnight (Shadler et al, 2020). Since its inception in the late 90’s, e-Commerce adoption and research has championed the rise and the significant benefits of e-Commerce. Industries as diverse as financial, retail, manufacturing, and hospitality (Josanov, 2011; Kremez et al, 2019; Helper and MacDuffie, 2000; Hua, 2016) have embraced e-Commerce. By contrast, research into the use and level of adoption by Agri-food businesses indicates that this sector has not kept pace with this digital revolution. This is surprising given the importance of this sector worldwide. Indeed, it is one of the most important indigenous industries in Ireland in terms of employment, economic output, and export performance. However, there is scarce research found in the case for Irish Agri-food e-Commerce development, with limited industry reports available. Previous research elsewhere called for government support to encourage the move to online territory (Sparkes and Thomas, 2001; Sturiale and Scuderi, 2016), and the onset of COVID-19 furthered this. Numerous support agencies expanded on their current offerings in relation to digital support, although little is known around Agri-food businesses adoption of these. 
 For this reason, this paper intends to add to the limited studies surrounding this important indigenous industry in Ireland within the widely dynamic topic of e-Commerce platforms. The focus of this paper is directed toward the adoption and integration of these online platforms during COVID-19, the benefits and challenges faced, the role of support agencies and further support suggested by SMEs through survey data. This study has both an academic and industry focus and hence aims to improve our understanding of online activity and digital support within this sector.

Aspects of Continuity and Change in Leatherwork Indigenous Industry among the Tugen of Baringo County in 1895-1963 in Kenya.

The study examined the approaches that were employed by the Tugen in their knowledge, skills and attitudes acquisition before and during the colonial period of Kenya. The study examined two distinctive epochs from which the understanding of how leatherwork in Tugen land was conducted. The work relied on oral traditions as a primary source. Secondary sources were utilised, such as unpublished works like articles, books, and thesis. Archival sources from Kenya National Archives were extensively used to supplement the sources from primary and secondary. The study described the distribution, methods, techniques, and procedures used in leatherwork. It further assessed the types and uses of leather products. This study established the forces that led to the dismantling of the industry during the early periods of colonial rules, such as taxation, forced labour, settler farming, and western education. Leatherwork in the 1930s underwent re-organisations in the form of labour innovativeness, cultural transformation, marketing strategies etc. These were analysed to ascertain the forces behind the persistence of the industry. The Tugen devised ways of survival to compete favourably with the British colonisers, which led to the Tugen transformation of the leather industry from 1945. The main problem that this study advanced is that Tugenland, like other African societies, is regarded by some people as having not had any form of industry or organisation before the arrival of the colonialists. This paper raised an argument against this position. The study has recorded the Tugen leather industry for posterity purposes.

Investigating the Quality Performance of Production of Some Selected Drinks using Hotelling T-Square Control Chart

Consumers make complaint about the state of home-made goods. Some of the consumers claim that foreign goods are of high quality compared to home-made goods. We discovered that many indigenous industries are no more in existence and so this brought the desire to carry out this research work so as to find out whether products from our indigenous brewery industry fall within the acceptance region and devoid of the consumers’ complaint. For clarity and easy handling of this topic, data were collected on the four major components that are produced [STAR, MALTINA AND GOLDBERG] for months. The data collected covered a period of four months and the readings were twice a day. This was culled from the company’s register and averaged. Control charts, Standard Deviation charts and Cumulative Sum Technique charts (CUSUM) and Hotellings T-square were used in the analysis. The results were presented with the use of chart and tables. The results indicated the three beer product considered fall within the acceptance region considering their fill height and the level of carbon iv oxide [co 2 ]. Keywords : Control charts, Cumulative Sum Technique charts, Hotellings T-square, fill height, level of carbon iv oxide [co 2 ]. DOI: 10.7176/IEL/12-1-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2022

Effect of handicraft education on urban life relations

As an independent and indigenous industry, the most prominent applied art of Iran and one of the top three handicraft poles in the world, Iran’s handicraft has been deeply rooted in the rich and fertile culture of Islamic Iran. This was an applied study performed by an exploratory and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) method. The statistical population included all individuals who visited the art centers of Tehran, Iran in 2019 and also people who educated in this field. Subjects were performed by multistage stratified sampling and convenience sampling using interviews. An 18-item questionnaire with cognitive, cultural and social dimensions was prepared based on data obtained from interviews and theoretical foundations. According to the results, the revival and promotion of handicraft use affected all three components of urban life relations. According to the regression analysis results, handicraft revival and promotion predicted 23%, 23%, and 19% of cognitive, cultural and social components of urban life relations, respectively.

The effect of handicraft education on urban life relations

As an independent and indigenous industry, the most prominent applied art of Iran and one of the top three handicraft poles in the world, Iran’s handicraft has been deeply rooted in the rich and fertile culture of Islamic Iran. This was an applied study performed by an exploratory and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) method. The statistical population included all individuals who visited the art centers of Tehran, Iran in 2019 and also people who educated in this field. Subjects were performed by multistage stratified sampling and convenience sampling using interviews. An 18-item questionnaire with cognitive, cultural and social dimensions was prepared based on data obtained from interviews and theoretical foundations. According to the results, the revival and promotion of handicraft use affected all three components of urban life relations. According to the regression analysis results, handicraft revival and promotion predicted 23%, 23%, and 19% of cognitive, cultural and social components of urban life relations, respectively.

Indonesia’s Cigarette Culture Wars: Contesting Tobacco Regulations in the Postcolony

AbstractThis article juxtaposes representations of Indonesia’s tobacco control as temporally backwards with a counter-discourse defending its clove-laced cigarettes—called kretek—as a form of distinctive cultural heritage. These opposing discourses, which I characterize as public health evolutionism and commodity nationalism, structure clashes over Indonesian tobacco regulations. Public health evolutionism can take the form of voyeuristic, exoticizing, and Othering representations, but it can also be used to argue for more equitable access to global tobacco control knowledge and practices. Commodity nationalists insist that the kretek industry should be a source of pride rather than shame, depicting tobacco control as a neocolonial plot to destroy an indigenous industry that benefits small farmers, factory workers, and home industries. This subaltern emphasis obscures the fact that a few large companies dominate the industry, which is increasingly foreign-owned and mechanizing to increase production while reducing employment. The cigarette industry takes advantage of both discourses by marketing supposedly safer products to consumers alarmed by public health messaging, while also promoting the cigarettes-as-national-heritage narrative and undermining regulations. The stakes of these debates are high in the world’s second largest cigarette market, with over three hundred billion sticks smoked each year and more than two hundred thousand tobacco-related deaths.