Indigenous Industry Research Articles

The Fall and Rise of Cotton Yarn ‘Manja’

In the twenty-first century, managing organizational change has become one of the critical issues for the success of any organization. Dynamic changes in the business environment post liberalization, privatization and globalization in India have escalated organizational competition holistically. Moreover, changing government policies, recent technological advancements and increased management pressure to reduce costs have reshaped the entire organizational dynamics. Researchers suggest that creativity and innovation have an important role to play in the transition process of organizations to survive, it is in fact the ‘survival of fittest’ (Chatterjee, 2014). While technological innovation plays the key role in business growth, the success of management depends upon the effective utilization and allocation of resources which are necessary to bring out technological change (Dasgupta, Gupta, & Sahay, 2011). Hence, in order to survive in this competitive market, strategic implementation and management of organizational change have become pivotal for the organization’s survival. This case study explicitly explores and identifies the impact of environmental changes on the small-scale cotton yarn industry in India. Particularly, this study focuses on the changing demand of the cotton yarn ‘manja’ (a specific kind of processed, traditional cotton strings coated with glass to fly kites) in the Indian market against the high competition of the less expensive Chinese ‘manja’ (flying strings for kites made up of nylon and coated with iron, glass and metallic powder) and also as a result of recent favourable government policies to save the indigenous cotton yarn industry of India. Primary data has been collected from the strategic apex as well as from the middle management of the organization through interviews using open-ended and semi-structured questions. Secondary data such as government reports and news articles have also been used to understand the changing business trend in the cotton yarn industry in India. In a sense, the case focuses on two important factors stimulating organizational changes: (a) global competition affecting local business and (b) changes in government policies. Various organizational change models and theories have been used to understand the context of the case and critical strategies have been identified to effectively implement and manage the organizational change in light of the dynamic environmental upheaval.

Extractive industries and Indigenous subsistence economies: a complex and unresolved relationship

ABSTRACT The relationship between Indigenous subsistence activities and extractive industries has been difficult to conceptualise. For many, the development of extractive industries in lands used by Indigenous peoples has a negative impact on traditional subsistence economies. Yet research on the relationship undertaken since the 1970s has often challenged this opinion. This article reviews the research on this question, discussing in particular new findings on the Canadian North. While this research does not find any large-scale decline in subsistence activities as a result of extractive industry development, questions do remain about the long-term impacts.

Nigeria'S Quest for Industrialization: An Inquest on the Nexus between Electricity Provision and Industrial Drive

In examining Nigeria’s quest for industrialisation and the nexus it has with electricity provision, we took a brief look at Nigeria’s journey, and various attempts at industrialising the country. Starting our analysis from the colonial era, it was found that, some initial significant progress such as the construction of the first rail transport system, discovery of coal and the building of the first coal powered electricity station commissioned in 1923; were made before independence. These were followed by the discovery of crude oil and the improvement of the electricity infrastructure which started from 1898. Though the first power failure was experienced in 1918 in Lagos streets, major developments continued when power stations were constructed in Enugu and other cities starting from 1925. The study also examined, how sustainable, energy provision in Nigeria is and what factor characterises a sustainable energy. Though Nigeria has the intention to develop industrially, lack of an accessible energy makes industrial development in the country difficult. In considering the effects of poor electricity provision in Nigeria, and its effect on industrial activities; the study highlighted effects such as: ‘entrepreneurial migration, relocation of multinational firms, loss of foreign direct investment to other countries, premature death of infant and indigenous industries, youth unemployment and migration’ as some pains that are associated with poor energy provision; which in turn culminate into industrial underdevelopment. Finally, possible solutions on how Nigeria can re-trace its steps and walk a new route to attaining industrial development were suggested.

The second coming of the public interest into patent law

The Republic of India, never a stranger to defining its own path of development, realized that different jurisdictions have different needs. The leaders of this populous developing country have made full use of the policy space available to them to make long term decisions to guarantee affordable medicines and create a thriving generics pharmaceutical industry in the process. The book takes the reader from the Indian Patents and Designs Act of 1911 via the Chand and Ayyangar Commitees in the sixties, when medicines were not affordable to most Indians, to the Patents Act 1970 and further. The Patents Act 1970 introduced a prohibition against granting product patents for medicines but allowed process patents for medicines. This prohibition, which lasted until 2005, helped create an indigenous pharmaceutical industry, where generics companies ingeniously worked around patented processes. The generics and active pharmaceutical ingredients were not only in great demand domestically, but also in developing countries that lacked the capacity to manufacture medicines.

Scientific collaboration in indigenous knowledge in context: Insights from publication and co-publication network analysis

Scientific collaboration has been cited as a major stimulant in innovation and a major component for the development of indigenous technologies particularly in countries invested in rapid technological catch-up in East Asia and Southeast Asia. In this study, we assess the comparative advantage of the selected economies and employ a network perspective to drill down to the case study of indigenous knowledge, using the traditional medicine sector – a focus indigenous industry of several Asian economies – to understand how the State, Industry and Universities link to drive innovation in this growing field. From our selected economies in East Asia, we identified three network models that describe the outcomes of the innovation strategies in place, a network-based extension of previous studies. We examine publication output and co-publication network structures to investigate the comparative advantage and composition of the research networks in the various economies. Our results suggest that the university-centric model remains the most popular, with Hong Kong appearing to attain the most functional innovation system with a competitive selection environment and high comparative advantage in this field. We propose this methodology as a means to explore the scientific infrastructure of a specific sector, thereby acting as a precursor to forecasting potential technological spill-over and growth in specific sectors.

A Study on Connecting the Tourism Industry with Local Indigenous Industries

A Study on Connecting the Tourism Industry with Local Indigenous Industries

Whatever happened to the British ‘B’ movie? Micro-budget film-making and the death of the one-hour supporting feature in the early 1960s

The British ‘B’ movie had its heyday from the post-war period up until the early 1960s. ‘B’ movies were cheap feature films of around one-hour long which were shown along with ‘first’ features as part of cinema double-bill programmes. But by 1963, British film companies had ceased production of second features for a number of reasons: they were no longer commercially viable due to rising production costs, their quality was much maligned at a time when American companies were producing higher budget, glossier fare, and by the early 1960s television was producing the kinds of low-budget crime dramas favoured by ‘B’ movie producers. However, the passing of the ‘B’ movie was mourned by some, who had seen it as a potential training ground for talent in an indigenous industry which offered few routes in for film-makers. Some cinema exhibitors also worried about how the decline of the ‘B’s would affect the staple cinema double bill. This article will examine the events which led to the decline of the British ‘B’ movie in the early 1960s, arguing that the demise of this production mode can shed light on the structure of the British film industry in the 1960s, as well as highlighting some of the challenges which faced film producers throughout the decade.

Indigenous Industry and Local Culture in Japan - The Case of Aritacho in the Saga Prefecture -

Indigenous Industry and Local Culture in Japan - The Case of Aritacho in the Saga Prefecture -

Financing for Plants, Equipment and Operations for the Establishment of a Plant for the Manufacturing of Spheroidal Graphite Iron Castings for Automobile Industries

The Steel sector must be developed to meet up with challenges posed by auto parts replacement by developing auto parts production industries such as Inner and outer panels of automotive bodies, wheel housings and peripheral components, fuel tanks automotive exhaust systems, automatic fuel tanks and radiators, Steel cord for reinforcement radials tyres. Steel sector is the backbone of any economic or industrial development of any nation. The industrial revolution of the Government should aim at boosting the steel industry .To is able to produce car components, the establishment of small plants must be encouraged .The raw materials to produce car parts must come from our indigenous steel industry. In the situation of the Country where spare parts and components are not readily available therefore local production and local content must be encouraged. The research paper therefore carried out an Investment analysis to analysis the establishment of a plant for the manufacturing of Spheroidal Graphite iron for the manufacturing of spare parts, components for automobile industry. The analyzed investment proved that the amount to be invested in this plant could be recouped within the stipulated period of three years. Time value of money was considered throughout the implementation of the project. The describe investment analysis present a unique way in handling the establishment of plants of this nature. The work further looked into some areas like market potential of Spheroidal Graphite Iron, its characteristics and its vital role in engineering applications, implementation schedule, technical aspects that include all the necessary details for project execution, quality control and standard, pollution and protection within the plant, the production capacity of the plant were highlighted this shows that the plant can produce about 450 metric tonnes of finished castings in a year. The financial aspects and analysis were discussed in details, revealing the amount that could be involved in floating the plant for meeting the needs and demands that may arise from automobile industry. The overall aim of the project was achieved, this indicated that within a year of the establishment of the plant, a lot of revenue could be generated as shown from the rate of return on investment and the form break – even point. Some recommendations were given to encourage the establishment for such plants in any part of the country, which will continue to meet the demand of our local industries.

Local Content Requirements in the Oil and Gas Industry in Developing Countries: The Return of ISI?

In the recent years, a growing number of developing countries are adopting local content (LC) requirements as condition for exploring and developing oil and gas resources in their home countries, with Brazil being a leading example and Mexico as the latest follower. Similar to the Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI) model, LC creates incentives to the development of indigenous industries by protecting domestic markets against free imports of goods, like drilling rigs, oil platforms and subsea equipment. Given this similarity, it is worth questioning: Is LC a contemporary reenactment of the ISI development model? ISI has been extensively criticized in the literature and most developing countries – including Latin America nations – had abandoned it in the 1990s after market-driven reforms. This paper will highlight the similarities and differences between LC in the resource sector and the historical experience of ISI. Using a principal-agent framework and Hirschman’s concepts from Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, this paper remarks the monitoring and voice capabilities of oil operators in pressuring suppliers over the quality and time to market of the goods used by the oil industry and limit rent-seeking. Drawing evidence from a recent Petrobras corruption scandal, we show how bribe rates differ from LC contracts in comparison to other Petrobras’ projects, using data from 88 projects signed between 2003-2010, worth over $ 30 billion. This paper advances our theoretical understanding of local content as part of the political effects of resource abundance, how it differs from previous industrial policy efforts, and provides corroborating evidence from a rich dataset of corrupt practices.

How Come Geographic Information Systems are Peripheral in Information Systems Research?

Traditionally, geospatial information systems (GIS) and information systems (IS) tend to refer to different academic disciplines: geography, geology, environmental sciences, food and agriculture the former; organization studies, business, accountancy and social sciences more generally the latter. Probably for historical reasons, the distance between GIS and IS is also remarked by the former being often focused on the public sector, the latter on the private sector. Indeed, geospatial information has always been traditional domain of state and military organizations whereas information processing has been one of the first applications of information science to businesses of all sorts.In this talk I refer to research works of mine in GIS and IS to argue that not only this separation has lost its fundaments but also that it can be detrimental to research, therefore to practice and education. I cluster my illustrations according to three main themes: a) prod-usage, b) information asymmetry, c) governance. While user-generated content is not a new phenomenon any longer, the geo-spatial domain keeps referring to voluntary geographic information, which exceeds consolidated business models. Secondly, large scale lay-people data production may not be rationalizing decision making, but it keeps eroding information asymmetry across all levels, challenging expert knowledge embedded in organizations. Finally, geospatial information has the peculiar characteristic of bridging the finitude of space and indefinitely replicable realm of digital data. Thus it challenges the spatial jurisdictions in which regulators operate.Those three themes apply to two current researches we are working on in Ireland: a spatial analysis of indigenous IT industry and “Coding Space” about the introduction of the new postcode.

Introduction: Back and Beyond—The Context

WHILE CARIBBEAN FILMMAKING HAS BEGUN TO FLOURISH, there is little published research. Ex-Isles: Essays in Caribbean Cinema, published in 1992,1 remains the seminal text. Nonetheless, Caribbean filmmakers have been insistent about the need to theorise their filmmaking and to depict the lived spaces and specific experiences of the Caribbean. Films such as Pim de la Parra's Wan Pipel (1976), and Hugh A. Robinson's Bim (1974) which fictionalises political developments of independence politics in Trinidad and Tobago, as well as Euzhan Palcy's Rue Cases-Negres (1983), suggest that initially filmmakers focused on issues of race and identity in their attempts to create counterdiscourses and to localise filmmaking.The development of an indigenous industry in the Francophone Caribbean is usually attributed to Christian Lara because his film Lorque l'herbe (1968) provided the impetus for a wave of filmmaking by native-born filmmakers. These include Jean-Paul Cesaire, Gabriel Glissant and Willy Rambeau. This movement is marked in the first instance by Cesaire's negritude movement. At the Caribbean Tales Festival in Toronto in 2009, Euzhan Palcy spoke movingly about the influence of Cesaire and called him her father.Francophone filmmakers reflect on historic ills in different ways. Raoul Peck's Lumumba: La mort du prophete (1992) is about memory and the ghosting of the past and uses a ghost (Lumumba, voiced by the director himself ) to reconstruct a history of the assassination of the politician whose ascension to power lasted two months. Peck's revolutionary use of archival and home movie footage and the shooting of the film in Brussels give a peculiar quality to the work that Laura Marks has analysed in depth in her book, The Skin of the Film.2 Peck's analyses of power and terrorism in Moloch Tropical (2009) suggest the importance of the haunting of the past in the Caribbean. Hauntology, for example, is evident in Rue Cases-Negres in the shadowy shapes that hover at the back of Medouze's hut and the retained sounds and movements from an African ancestral presence. In her essay in this issue, focusing especially on Peck's 1994 L'homme sur les quais, Meredith Robinson dissects the ways in which Peck revolutionises traditional film techniques to interrogate memory's function in addressing historic trauma.The work of Guy Deslauriers from Martinique is also about the effect of a past in need of exorcism and uses a ghost to narrate the journey through the Middle Passage. Deslauriers, in the making of the film Passage du milieu (1999) and the filming of the political documentary based on the murder of the journalist Andre Aliker (Andre Aliker, 2008), uses filmic devices to probe the residues of history in specific ways. His use of montage techniques, for example, creates a profound sense of the presence of the past in Martiniquan and Caribbean history as a whole. Some of the most evocative scenes image the bodies of slaves as subhuman in their positioning within the cramped space of the ship's hull and juxtapose such atrocities with idyllic scenes of Africa. The narrator insists on the need for remembrance, thereby invoking the persistence of the effects of these traumas. Montage sequences also create conflictual lines that serve to refute imposed authority as in the frenzy of feet dancing to an inner spiritual music from Orisha rituals.Rachel Moseley-Wood also suggests that music and dance are integral to the representation of place and the experiences of the region. Her essay examines and problematises the ways in which Jamaican cinema has shaped reception to cultural products. For her, the exploitation of ghetto-based culture both constructs an often-stereotyped idea and image of Jamaican reality and, paradoxically perhaps, provides for a critique of class-based systems within the city space. Her enquiry plunges her into cultural debates about the ways in which films such as Dancehall Queen (Rick Elgood and Don Letts, 1997) engage with the female body and ideas of 'slackness'. …

University–industry links in R&D and consultancy in Ireland's indigenous high-tech sector

Between 1995 and 2007, the Irish Government implemented a variety of measures designed to enhance the infrastructure and profile of research activities in Irish Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The aim was to foster a culture of innovation-led academic entrepreneurship and, thereby, develop links between HEIs and indigenous industry in Ireland, with particular emphasis on research and development (R&D) links. This paper analyses the barriers and stimulants to the creation and maintenance of links between HEIs and industry and focuses specifically on R&D and consultancy links. The findings indicate that indigenous high-tech firms are not the key benefactors of Ireland’s science and technology (S&T) base. Whilst firms are engaging in innovative activities, HEIs are excluded from such developments. Teaching and training links constitute the most common form of interaction, not R&D links and consultancy links, as might have been expected.

Fusing East and West Leads a Way to Global Competitiveness in Emerging Economy: Lessons from China’s Leap in Wind Energy Development

China has demonstrated world leading wind energy development in the last five years which can be attributed to the fusion between its design and manufacturing strength in indigenous wind turbine industry and newly emerging wind energy industry in absorption of global best practices. An empirical analysis of China’s wind energy development trajectory over the last decade focusing on the technology sourcing from foreign firms in support of domestic players for accelerating functionality development through enhanced knowledge identification, absorption, assimilation and acclimatization was attempted. Important lessons learned include (i) importance of supply chain in the technology diffusion, (ii) effective technology acquisition and assimilation through early domestic firm engagement, (iii) effect of relevant domestic firms involvement in technology transfer partnership to induce inter-industry spillovers, and (iv) a framework for an emerging nation to develop new functionalities. Similarity and disparity with similar success of fusion in solar industry (JTMGE 3, 2) were also identified.

Economic Crisis during the second World War and the Response of the Market Traders in Ibadan, Nigeria

The soaring prices of imported goods that accompanied the Second World War led to the increase in demand for locally made goods, indigenous industries like the textile and tinsmith therefore thrived. However, the most severe problem created by the Second World War was the acute shortage of food all over Nigeria due to the fact that promotion of export crops had already attracted farmers away from food crop production. This phenomenon was badly felt in Lagos, Ibadan and other major producing centres were not left out. This shortage consequently resulted in high prices of food. The Colonial government tried to rescue the situation by restricting the movement of foodstuffs from producing centres and pegging the prices of such commodities. But, rather than putting an end to the ugly situation, the attempt aggravated it. The market women in Ibadan viewed the colonial government’s intervention as undermining their economic position. Traditionally, they controlled the distribution of foodstuffs and had established a very efficient system of marketing and pricing. They responded by ignoring the scheme and devising a method of selling their goods at a price that guaranteed their own profit. The market traders experience therefore provided an important opportunity to explore women’s relationship to the Colonial State.

Building South Africa's naval capability: heyday, decline and prospects

Up to the abrogation of the Simon's Town Agreement in 1975, the South African Navy acquired the bulk of its equipment from Britain. Efforts to purchase corvettes and submarines from Portugal and France were cancelled during the 1970s as a result of the pariah status of apartheid South Africa. An indigenous naval shipbuilding industry developed in South Africa and succeeded in the building six Israeli-designed missile strike craft under licence and a locally designed replenishment vessel (the SAS Drakensberg) amongst others. After the end of apartheid South Africa purchased frigates and submarines from Germany, while on-board installation and integration of weapon systems and sensors were done in South Africa in cooperation with local and international armaments companies. As South Africa retains a small commercial shipbuilding industry it is anticipated that some of the naval vessels the South African Navy would require in future might be channelled to local shipyards.

Policy Intervention in Small Scale Industries: A Historical Perspective

The Small Scale Industry sector provides a panacea for less developed countries which aspires for higher growth in the face of shortage of capital, infrastructural bottlenecks, and a dearth of resources. The development of this sector hinges on the synchronized efforts of the governments, financial institutions and the entrepreneurs. There have been policy interventions undertaken by the state to promote this sector both in the pre-independence period and also after India secured its independence. Although some opportunities emerged for indigenous entrepreneurship in selected areas under the patronage of the colonial government however there was no systematic or deliberate approach on part of the British to revive, promote or develop Indian indigenous industries. After independence, state intervention for the development of the small-scale industries in India was policy-specific aiming at varied objectives. The broad policy thrusts was to expand the capability of small and micro enterprises, to generate employment, promote exports, further the process of rural industrialization, and facilitate the development of appropriate technologies and new enterprise. Post-independence, SSI sector has been assigned a special status partly due to ideological reasons and partly due to social realities that created political compulsions. Successive state policies were implemented to inject more vitality and growth impetus to the SSI sector so that it could contribute to the economy in terms of output, employment and exports. Deregulation, de-bureaucratization and simplification of rules, regulations and procedures in establishing and maintaining small units were made. The MSMED Act, 2006 provided for the first ever legal framework for recognition of the concept of ‘enterprise’ and integrated the three tiers of micro, small and medium enterprises. The Act aimed at imparting greater vitality and growth impetus to the three categories of enterprises in terms of output, employment and exports and instilling a competitive culture based on heightened technology awareness. The enactment of this historic MSMED Act represents a paradigm shift where the policy of protection has now been replaced by the policy of promotion of SSI sector.

EDITORS’ INTRODUCTION

Among the many broadcasting achievements recognised at the 25th anniversary of UK television’s Channel 4 in 2007, relatively little attention was paid to its contribution to British film culture. This neglect was surprising for a number of reasons. Chief among these was that Channel 4 was the first British broadcaster to establish a commissioning structure underpinned by financial subsidy, which provided a significant lifeline to an indigenous film industry in the doldrums in the early 1980s. This cultural-subsidy model has since been replicated, with differences, by the BBC, and together with grant-in-aid from the UK’s National Lottery, these public service broadcasters (PSBs) have become the mainstay of a resurgent British film culture.

State and Foreign Involvement in the Development of Indian Petroleum Industry between 1970 and 1989

In the post colonial period India wanted to establish its national identity through rapid economic development under state control. The future development of all the major industries including petroleum was put under state sector. But the government had to depend on foreign capital and technology to achieve the desired growth. The aspiration of self-reliance and simultaneous dependence on foreign economic interest had resulted in a relation of conflict and cooperation between the state and foreign interests. In the present study on 'State and Foreign Involvement in the Development of Indian Petroleum Industry Between 1970 and 1989', an attempt has been made to address a few major issues relevant to the petroleum industry of that period. The following issues have been identified for detailed analysis: (i) Performance of public sector oil companies in production, distribution and marketing of petroleum, (ii) Role of the state during the global petroleum crisis of 1970s, (iii) Influence of foreign interests on the petroleum policy of the Government, (iv) Involvement of foreign companies at different operational stages of the industry, (v) Participation of Indian private companies in the industry during the 1980s and (vi) Self sufficiency attained by the industry in terms of technology, equipment and services.The performance of the national companies in production of crude was controversial. Over exploitation of the basins during late eighties, when international crude price was lower than the domestic crude price, had proved costly to the nation in the long run. Moreover, reliance on few proved basins had kept other potential basins unexplored. In refining the state had consolidated their control through nationalization of foreign refineries. Existing public sector refineries were expanded and few more were also built. Apart from the conflicts between the state and foreign companies, the other two major reasons for nationalization of foreign companies were trade union pressure and realignment of the world market among oil majors which resulted in strategic pullout of few US companies from refining and marketing activities of this subcontinent. In transportation activities, the state exercised almost total control on crude transportation which was vital for efficient functioning of the refineries. An elaborate distribution network was established throughout the country for distributing petroleum products. Through efficient marketing efforts, national companies had successfully established petroleum as the major source of commercial energy. However, proper utilization of natural gas which was abundant in supply could not be made due to lack of proper marketing policy. The study also reveals that national companies and research organizations had failed to make any breakthrough in petroleum research. In technical consultancy service, efforts to reduce dependence on foreign companies did not succeed.It has been observed that in spite of the national efforts to evolve an independent identity, the state policies on Indian petroleum sector were influenced by external factors. India’s decision to explore mainly the offshore basins without proper assessment of onshore capability was not based on technical and economic logic. In offshore exploration and production, the state had to depend more on foreign assistance due to lack of indigenous expertise in that area. The World Bank had a strong influence on the choice of refining technology and transportation pricing policies of the government. Improper refining technology had created product imbalance in the country resulting in import of substantial amount of crude and petroleum products. The Bank had formulated the freight rates for Indian marine tankers which made the tanker industry inefficient and uncompetitive. On the demand side, the state followed a petroleum consumption policy similar to the policy followed by the European states after the Second World War. The marketing strategy of the national oil companies had made petroleum, a scarce resource, the most popular energy, replacing coal which was abundant in India. Thus the entire economy became almost dependent on petroleum. That was not a rational choice considering the limited reserve of petroleum resources in the country.For the development of indigenous industry, government followed the British experience in offshore development of their North-Sea project. Since eighties, the government took active initiative to involve more and more indigenous companies both public and private in different operational activities of the industry. Few Indian companies had entered into the industry primarily as local partners to their foreign collaborators. A beginning had been made towards indigenization of equipments, materials and services. However, due to lack of research activities, almost all the critical technology was imported.The thesis concluded that during the period of the study (1970-89), apart from few minor conflicts, there existed a relation of cooperation between the state and foreign interest in the development of Indian petroleum industry.

Industry–academic links: A new phase in Ireland’s FDI-led industrialisation strategy

We analyse industry–academic links in the context of a dual economy (or disarticulated industrial structure) in Ireland, as an example of a peripheral territory in the EU. The duality found in the Irish industrial structure is the result of a FDI-led industrialisation strategy which has resulted in two distinct economic sectors – foreign and indigenous, respectively – with weak interactions between the two. Through increased public funding of academic research, the Irish government aimed to attract and embed new waves of higher-value foreign direct investment and increase the dynamism of its indigenous enterprise base. Based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative data, the paper analyses a crucial aspect of Ireland’s recent emphasis on STI policy – industry-academic linkages – and finds that the measures introduced reproduce in the public research system the uneven development found in Ireland’s productive system between indigenous industry and the foreign-owned industrial base.