Aspects of Continuity and Change in Leatherwork Indigenous Industry among the Tugen of Baringo County in 1895-1963 in Kenya.

The role of indigenous knowledge on the development of iron industry among the Tugen of Baringo County; Kenya. The study examined two distinctive epochs from which the understanding of how ironwork in Tugen land was conducted. They learnt the skill through their interaction with their physical environments to cope with the changing climatic conditions by making suitable artefacts for the varied demands in all sectors. The study relied on oral traditions and archival sources as primary sources. Secondary sources were utilised, such as unpublished works like articles, books, and thesis. The study described the distribution, methods and techniques and the procedure used in ironwork. It further assessed the types and uses of iron products. This study established the forces that led to the dismantling of the industry during the early periods of colonial rule, such as taxation, forced labour, settler farming, and western education. Ironwork in the 1930s underwent re-organisations in the form of labour innovativeness, cultural transformation, marketing strategies etc. These were analysed to ascertain the forces behind the persistence and resilience of the industry. The Tugen devised ways of survival to compete favourably with the British colonisers, which led to the Tugen transformation of the iron industry from 1945. This paper raised an argument against this position. The study has recorded the Tugen iron industry for posterity purposes. The study recommends the inclusion of indigenous knowledge to any industrial development and innovation in the country.

Editor's evaluation: Dopaminergic challenge dissociates learning from primary versus secondary sources of information

The minimum power output of free field point sources and the active control of sound

Constraints on primary and secondary particulate carbon sources using chemical tracer and 14C methods during CalNex-Bakersfield

Some Western scholars have written that African societies had no laws before the arrival of the Europeans with their legal system. This chapter seeks to debunk the Eurocentric view. The chapter argues centrally that African communities had developed and used their laws even before the coming of the European imperialists and colonizers, who imposed the Western legal system on the Africans to facilitate the European socio-economic aims of colonial rule. This chapter assesses the similarities and differences between the English legal system and the African legal system. The pre-colonial Akwa Ibom area in the present-day South-South Nigeria is used as a case study for the comparison. The bulk of the data used in this work was derived from primary and secondary sources. Primary sources include archival materials, especially Intelligence Reports written in the 1930s by British colonial officials and anthropologists, oral traditions, interviews with knowledgeable persons. The chapter adopts historical descriptive analysis methodology to interrogate the documents and interviews. It briefly defines certain legal terms recognized and used globally. It also analyses certain legal and judicial practices that are common to both the British and the Akwa Ibom people. These universally recognized legal terms and the judicial practices are the bases for the comparison of the two legal systems. The chapter postulates that law originates out of experiences of conflicts, failed aspirations, denial of fundamental rights and desire to exploit and suppress and to keep the peace; and that law is rooted on history of the community, be it a mega or small community, white or black race. Like history, no one community or race has the monopoly of idea of law to the exclusion of all other human beings.

The pursuit to control the villages of Upper Bakweri Land (UBL) by the villages of Soppo Mokongo (Great Soppo) and Gbea (Buea Town) led to a series of wars which erupted in the area between 1880 and 1939. The desire for domination resulted to the formation of two main groups which aligned the other villages of UBL under the leadership of either Soppo Mokongo or Gbea. The creation of competing blocs culminated to the upsurge of indigenous wars among the villages of UBL that dragged the two lead villages to support one side or the other. This paper examines the reasons for, the manifestation and the nature of indigenous wars in UBL between 1880 and 1939. To attain the goals of the paper, the chronological and thematic methods were employed in analyzing and synthesizing data obtained from primary and secondary sources. Information from primary sources came from the National Archives Buea (NAB) and oral interviews. Material gotten from secondary sources was from both published and unpublished works. The findings show that political, economic and socio-cultural factors were the driving force behind indigenous wars in the area. That ritualized combat, the cutting of the head of the leader illustrated the nature of warfare. That the weapons of war used were dane guns, cutlasses and clubs. Although, the wars were classified as either “just” or “unjust’; they never succeeded in establishing a lead village in UBL.

In this paper, global free-field cancellation in the region exterior to a single compact primary source is discussed. The nature of the secondary source or sources required to achieve such cancellation, either globally or in particular regions, is a subject of current interest. In particular, results are presented that relate to global cancellation of a primary monopole’s sound field by the use of a single, multipole secondary source. The secondary multipole component source strengths required to achieve global cancellation can be found in a number of ways. For example, they may be obtained directly from a multipole expansion of the primary monopole sound field, as originally suggested by Kempton. However, improved attenuation can be achieved by choosing the secondary multipole component source strengths to minimize the total sound power radiated by the combination of primary and secondary sources. Closed form solutions for secondary multipole component strengths have been derived for both the latter case and for Kempton’s approach and are presented here along with formulae for the corresponding reductions of sound power and sound pressure. It will also be shown that it is more efficient in some instances to use a secondary multipole than an array of secondary monopoles for global cancellation. However, the primary conclusion of the present work is that useful levels of global far-field cancellation may be obtained by using secondary sources of higher than monopole order placed at a relatively large fraction of a wavelength from the primary source.

Iruekpen community stands among other communities in Esan society. Before the coming of the Christian missionaries and colonial officials, Iruekpens had their own workable education, which was indigenized and productive in meeting all round needs of the community. The educational system prevalent at the time was it that every member of the community placed high value and emphasis. Thus, patriotism, communalism, respect, honesty, communalism, industriousness, creativity, innovation, inventiveness and spirit of neighborliness and so forth become the characteristic hallmarks of every member of the community. This paper, therefore, examines the social relevance of Iruekpen indigenous education as a panacea to her development and transformation in the period. Again, it examines how the aim of indigenous Iruekpen education is to produce an individual who is skilled, supportive, respectable, and honest and conforms to the social norms of the community. The education structure taught the Iruekpen child to have a sense of belongingness, which thus patterns a child toward an effective and desirable life in the community. It depicts the peace and harmony prevalent at the time whereby unemployment, laziness and corruption were never visible all because every child was educationally equipped in his/her career and vocation. It concluded by recommending that value developments education should be included in all curriculum of education at all levels. Likewise, parents should be role models for their children. The methodology adopted in the writing of this paper is the historical method. The main sources for this study will be primary and secondary sources. The primary sources constitute documents, oral traditions, and field notes. The secondary source is a work of historical reconstruction based on the interpretation of primary sources. Examples of secondary sources include scholarly journal article, encyclopedia, dictionaries, interpretation of a diary, biogr

PurposeThis paper seeks to provide instructional methods for using simulations to teach primary and secondary sources within a social studies classroom. Classroom simulations provide students with authentic opportunities to engage in meaningful learning experiences that are both hands-on in nature and promote the use of critical thinking.Design/methodology/approachThis paper opted to describe an approach to teach students about primary and secondary sources through a classroom simulation. Step-by-step instruction was provided via an included table, so that readers can recreate the lesson in their own classrooms.FindingsThis paper offers insights about how simulations can be used to provide students an authentic experience with primary and secondary sources. These experiences include opportunities to critically think about the benefits and limitations that both primary and secondary sources offer students while engaging in historical inquiry.Practical implicationsThis paper is designed for teachers to utilize and replicate in their own social studies classrooms.Originality/valueThis paper recognizes the important role that primary and secondary sources have in the social studies classroom. Through an original approach, using simulations, the authors present a unique perspective on how to teach about primary and secondary sources in a manner that supports historical inquiry.

The mechanisms of active noise control in a duct are examined. Acoustical measurements are used to determine directly the acoustic power flow associated with both primary and secondary sources as a function of secondary to primary source strength ratio and volume velocity relative phase angles. A complete analytical model is also developed which allows calculation of individual source power flows and total downstream power flow as a function of source strengths and relative phase angles for finite size sources. It is evaluated for monopole and dual secondary source arrangements, but can be extended easily to any number of secondary sources. The model considers a finite size primary source in the plane of the duct cross section and evaluates the effect that the secondary sources have on the primary source power output. Measurements of individual source output powers and total downstream acoustic powers agree well with theoretical predictions. It is demonstrated that, for the monopole system, sound attenuation is achieved primarily by suppression of the primary source acoustic power output, with a little remaining power being absorbed by the secondary source. For the dual secondary source system, it is shown that the power is primarily absorbed by the secondary sources, but that, at phase and amplitude values slightly different to optimum, noise reduction is achieved by a combination of energy absorption and primary source power suppression. The analysis also demonstrates the dependence of the achievable noise reduction on secondary source size and location with respect to the primary source.

HISTORY TEACHERS have long had their students work with documents and taught them the difference between primary and secondary sources as well as other skills needed to interpret these correctly. At first there were problems books and printed collections of documents, nonwritten sources were added, and now there is a plethora of sources both verbal and non-verbal available on the internet. This paper will argue, however, that there is a special value to having students do handson work with original primary sources of all kinds in an archival collection. The use of archival material takes them into an environment differ-

The choice of the parameters of the secondary sound source which contain the number、 position and strength is a key part in the design of active noise control system of power transformer. Countering the practical applications environment of noise control of transformer, acoustic radiation model in half-free space is established. After selecting the sum of the squared sound pressures of the observation points as the objective function, the genetic algorithm is used to optimize the position of secondary sound source and the optimal source intensity can be resolved by using the analytical method. By single frequency experiment, the availability of applying optimization scheme of the secondary sound sources to practical transformer noise control is verified. Introduction With the rapid development of the national economy and the city extensions, the high voltage transmission line is introduced into the urban area, and many large capacity and high voltage power transformers are also entered into the urban area. The noise generated by the normal operation of power transformer will have a serious impact on the daily life and rest of the nearby residents, so people pay more and more attention to the noise pollution caused by this problem[1]. The problem of noise control is becoming more and more important. In principle, active noise control (ANC) can be viewed as the superposition of a secondary sound field, generated by the control system, on a primary, disturbing sound field such that the residual sound field is as small as possible. So, basically, the objective of the active control system is to generate a secondary sound field that matches the primary sound field as closely as possible, both in time and in space. Compared with the traditional passive technology, active noise control technique is especially suitable for low frequency noise. An active noise control system is mainly divided into physical and electronic part. The purpose of the physical design is to determine the number of secondary sound sources and its locations and strength in the acoustic field. The choice of the parameters of the secondary sound source not only affects the stability of the whole control system, but also affects the control effect of the noise.A great amount of literature has focused on the control strategies or algorithms, but little research has been conducted in addressing the optimized design of the ANC physical system. In practical engineering applications, there are only some areas have the requirement of noise control such as residential building near the substation. In order to achieve the purpose of local spatial noise cancellation, Mazzanti [5] proposed to use the array type secondary source to achieve the purpose of local spatial noise reduction. In paper[6], the influence of the relative parameters of the secondary sound source array, such as the number of the secondary sound source, the distance between the secondary sound source, and the distance between the secondary sound source and the noise source, is analyzed in theory, and the numerical simulation is carried out. The simulation studies the influence of the relative parameters by a single variable method. A multi-level sub array active control theory is proposed and applied to the local spatial control of the low frequency noise in[7]. In this paper, the influence of the number 3rd International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Information Technology Applications (ICMMITA 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 1206 of secondary sound sources and the spatial position of the secondary sound source is obtained by calculation and simulation based on the noise data of the transformer. In paper [8-9], a typical control arrangement with multiple secondary sources and multiple error sensors equally spaced in two parallel lines is proposed and results from computer simulation and experiments in an anechoic chamber show that there exists a range of optimal spacing for the secondary sources and error sensors. But the primary sound source can’t simply be considered as a point sound source, so it is difficult to achieve the design goal in the practical engineering applications. Through referring existed literature, being aimed to the application environment of transformer noise cancellation, the optimization parameter of different number secondary source is obtained by the combination method of analytical method and Genetic algorithm. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the optimization scheme. Acoustic radiation model of transformer noise field Model of primary and secondary sound sources Given that the noise of power transformer radiated mainly by surface outward, and the size of power transformer is close to the half wavelength of acoustic wave, the radiation model of power transformer can be simplified to the model of the pulse spherical sound source neglecting the harmonic time factor j t e  .And the radiation pressure can be expressed as Eq. 1:

In an ordinary approach to three-dimensional active noise absorption (ANA) the degree of noise cancellation will increase with the increasing number of small secondary sources used. Here, a three-dimensional ANA is formulated as an inverse source problem and acoustical holography is used to realize the secondary (absorbing) sources. The advantage is that one does not have to approximate the number of secondary sources used to obtain identical field to the primary source which is a prerequisite for ANA. The use of generalized holography is proposed. Here, the generalized hologram is constructed by recording the field and its normal derivative over a closed surface surrounding the primary noise source. This gives the Huygens' sources. The required secondary sources are obtained by the reconstruction of the generalized hologram, by allowing the recorded field and normal derivative to backpropagate into the space region containing the primary source. To test the theory, computer simulation is proposed. The three-dimensional primary noise source chosen is a transformer noise source. The required simulation algorithm is derived in terms of a deconvolution process.

Development of a frequency-domain filtered-x intensity ANC algorithm

Rationality of using phosphorus primary and secondary sources in circular economy: Game-theory-based analysis