Safety Performance Indicators Research Articles

Assessment of safety culture in radiotherapy facilities using safety performance indicators.

This paper describes the development of the Safety Performance Indicators (SPIs), the methodology for assessment of the safety culture of radiotherapy institutions using SPIs and common strengths and common areas for improvement. SPIs were categorized into eight sections which all together contain 23 attributes and each attribute has scoring criteria from 0 to 2 (in steps of 0.5). The maximum absolute cumulative score of SPIs was 46. A relative cumulative SPIs score of >80% indicates an institution strong commitment towards safety while score <50% indicates need for additional guidance to enhance safety culture. The assessment using SPIs was conducted for 17 radiotherapy institutions. The methodology of assessment includes interactive discussion, direct observations and document analysis. The relative cumulative SPIs score of seven institutions was found to be >80% while it was found in the range of 67.0% to 80% for the remaining ten institutions. Institutions were communicated about the cumulative SPIs score, areas of strengths, and areas for improvement. SPIs were found to be a good tool for safety culture assessment and can be utilized by the radiotherapy institutes for self-assessment to identify the areas of improvement. Based on SPIs score, regulatory body can grade the institutions from a radiation safety compliance point of view.

Assessment tools for evaluating the efficiency of practices to control food safety performance indicators in cereal-based small-medium scale food manufacturing establishments in Bangladesh

Safe production in small-medium enterprises (SMEs)-based food processing industries is a challenge in developing countries due to limited resources and inefficient process control activities. For the development of the situations, we first need to identify the context characteristics and control activities that have an impact on the safety of the finished products. In the present study, a comprehensive target-oriented tool was designed to evaluate the efficiency of control practices with respect to contextual factors to understand the likelihood of common hazards in cereal-based small and medium factories. The identified 18 control activities, based on previous studies, were assigned to three food safety performance indicators, such as allergen contamination, pesticide residue or heavy metal contamination, and fungal contamination. The performance level of activities is a marker of whether the control practices are able to control the food safety performance indicators in cereal-based SME manufacturers. A Venn diagram is used to visually present the efficiency of control activities. Moreover, among the 18 control practices, 7 for mitigating pesticide residues or heavy metal contamination, 9 for allergen control, and 13 control practices for fungal contamination were identified. As comparatively lower control practices (water source, raw material control, testing, etc.) are involved in mitigating pesticide residues or heavy metal contamination, which proves context factors (Good Agricultural Practices, contamination-free soil, etc.) are more important to minimize the risk. We inspected the implementation of the developed tool in 44 cereal-based small-medium manufacturers in Bangladesh and calculated 59.06% efficiency in controlling fungal contamination. Most of the cereal-based SMEs in Bangladesh operate from a poor to a basic level, which is an indication of the high likelihood of occurring hazards.

Determining the Safety Level of State Roads: An Italian Case Study

This study aims to establish an effective approach for evaluating the safety performance of road infrastructure. Road safety levels are typically quantified using safety performance indicators. However, due to the stochastic nature of accidents, many safety performance indicators cannot adequately and completely describe reality. Therefore, predictive methods based on regression models are widely used. This approach also allows for the identification of latent risk conditions in the infrastructure, even in the absence of accidents. Among available approaches, the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) methodology is chosen for its synthesis of validated highway research and best practices for incorporating safety into both new design and rehabilitation. For this study, a preliminary new version of HSM is used. The application of this method, which combines a predictive model with observed accidents through an empirical Bayesian approach, requires a calibration process that is crucial to tailoring this method to the specific study context. In this research, the predictive model is calibrated for single carriageway roads with one lane per direction across the Italian national network. Following calibration, the safety indicators are evaluated. The results obtained according to different indicators are compared to show the importance of adopting this method to counteract the regression to the mean of observed crashes. In fact, the method, supported by empirical Bayesian analysis, enables the identification of high-risk sections of the road network, selecting more sections that would be neglected by traditional indicators based solely on observed crashes. Finally, a possible approach to prioritizing sites for inspection based both on the excess of crashes and the Safety Potential (SAPO) is proposed. In addition, SAPO is adjusted to local conditions to account for the specific context and the decreasing trend of accidents over the years.

Analysis of a balanced safety performance indicator as a key element of operational controlling in the ATS organization

Controlling is considered as a versatile modern focus of management. It is widespread in various fields of human activity but has not found direct application in civil aviation yet. Meanwhile, any aviation organization is subject to the general laws of management, therefore, controlling can and should find its application in the management of an aviation organization. Due to the particular importance of safety management considerations, controlling, as a management concept that allows you to control processes rather than results, fits seamlessly into the procedures of safety management systems (SMS) of aviation service providers. In particular, the development and monitoring of safety performance indicators (SPI) can be considered as a key element of operational controlling. In the SMS, the procedure to deal with the SPI, in conjunction with the risks mitigation procedure for safety, is an essential component of the entire system. To ensure the effectiveness of this procedure in the Air Traffic Service (ATS) organization, it is necessary to develop a balanced overall SPI. As the analysis showed, the indicators applicable in ATS organizations are focused on considering only incidents of the same “weight” and do not objectively reflect a level of safety assurance at ATS and its dynamics. The article presents a variant of developing a revised balanced indicator, which considers less significant deviations from the proper ATS system operation, errors and violations of personnel. The indicator was developed on the basis of the expert survey of ATS specialists. Monitoring and predicting of indicators are also important tasks of operational controlling. These problems can be solved by various methods, the applicability and comparative effectiveness of some of them are discussed in this article. All calculations are based on real data of one of the major ATS organizations of the Russian Federation.

Active suspension hierarchical control with parameter uncertainty and external disturbance of electro-hydraulic actuators

In order to improve the ride comfort and handling stability of the electro-hydraulic active suspension system, a hierarchical control strategy is proposed. For the active suspension system with body mass uncertainty and safety constraints, an enhanced constraint adaptive backstepping controller is designed to generate the target force of body vertical motion. When dealing with constraints, nonlinear filters are introduced, backstepping technology and quadratic Lyapunov function are used to combine the control target and domain constraints, and the vertical displacement of the body and the suspension deflection control index are synthesized into a single controlled variable, so that the control variable converging to zero meets the suspension dynamic displacement limit. The ride comfort and safety of the active suspension system are improved. Secondly, stability analysis is conducted on the zero dynamic error system to ensure that all safety performance indicators are bounded. The effects of external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and modelling errors on the force tracking accuracy of asymmetric cylinder electrohydraulic systems are addressed. A backstepping dynamic surface control method based on a nonlinear perturbation observer is proposed, which estimates the composite perturbation terms such as modelling error and external perturbation, and uses the estimated value of the nonlinear observer to design a feedforward compensating control term to offset the effect of the composite perturbation on the system performance. In addition, the dynamic surface control method is used to calculate the derivative of the target force input, which avoids the derivative explosion phenomenon and reduces the computational complexity of the system. Simulation test results show that this method reduces the computational complexity of the system and improves the control performance. And under random and bumpy road conditions, the root-mean-square value of sprung mass acceleration performance index is reduced by 48.354 % and 72.677 % compared with passive suspension, which improves the ride comfort of the vehicle.

Evaluating Distraction Safety Performance Indicators in an Urban Area of a Low- or Middle-Income Country: A Case Study of Yaoundé, Cameroon

Distracted driving is a major cause of road traffic crashes in Yaoundé. This is partly due to the scarcity of enforcement and a lack of evidence and investigation using the distraction safety performance indicator (SPI), hindering evidence-based interventions. This study aimed to address this evidence gap by evaluating the distraction SPI using a proven methodology. Data on distracted driving (handheld mobile device; interaction; eating/smoking/drinking) were collected from roadside observations on 36 randomly selected road sections carefully spread to cover the city. SPIs were computed and weighted with traffic volume to ensure the representativeness of the values. A total of 41,004 drivers were observed (38,248 in cars; 1116 in vans; 977 in trucks; 663 in buses). The prevalence of distracted driving in Yaoundé is 13.69% for the three distractions type combined. The prevalence is 7.84% for interaction, 4.89% for handled mobile device usage and 0.96% for eating/smoking/drinking. Leveraging these insights, a seven year (2024–2030) fighting strategy aimed at halving the prevalence was developed. The strategy contains interventions including legislation/enforcement, which have been proven to be effective. This study, pioneered in Yaoundé, provides stakeholders with evidence of the issue and measures to implement and can also be used when developing a road safety strategy. Future research should consider investigation at national level.

PERFORMANCES AND SELF-DECLARED OPINIONS ON HANDHELD MOBILE PHONE USE (DISTRACTION IN TRAFFIC) IN POLAND

This article presents the Motor Transport Institute’s research to set out road safety indicators of behaviors and opinions on one of the increasingly important road traffic problems. Two types of studies on the unsafe use of mobile phones and others on board devices (distraction) by road users in Poland between 2014 and 2023 are presented. Safety Performance Indicators (SPI) on handheld mobile phone use from roadside observations and declared opinions on talking, reading messages, checking social media/news, and listening to headphones while driving, cycling, and walking are presented. Overall, 306,240 passenger car drivers observed on all road types all week long in Poland showed a dropping trend (1.8%) between before the study in 2014 SPI 4.1% distracted drivers to SPI 2.3% after the study in 2022. More drivers used mobile phones on single carriageways both in built-up and outside built-up areas. On motorways outside built-up areas, where vehicles are speeding, drivers of passenger cars rarely talk on their handheld mobiles. Results from the first European Union (EU) Baseline project to collect road indicators produced a Key Performance Indicator of 3.8% distracted passenger car (all types of roads, all weekdays and weekend) from 44,011 observed in Poland in 2021. Results from the EU project E-Survey on Road Users’ Attitude, third edition (ESRA3), showed declared opinions of mobile use while driving, cycling, and walking down the street in Poland in 2023 compared to 2018 (ESRA2). A positive trend is seen among car drivers who declared lower use of handheld mobile phones than in 2018 (a drop of 11.2%). The survey showed Polish cyclist used more often headphones to listen to music, checked news and messages than cyclists in Europe in 2023. More by 10.1% pedestrians in Europe than in Poland declared checking social media/news, reading messages/emailing while walking down the street in 2023. This lower rate in Poland can be explained by pedestrian’s legal prohibition of mobile phone use while crossing the street since 2021. There is strong support for policy measures forbidding all drivers of motorized vehicles to use handheld mobile phone use while driving in all of Europe. Enforcement measures are twice as strong in Europe than in Poland. As the number of accidents and fatalities on distraction is unknown, calculating SPI during roadside observations and questionnaire surveys gives in-depth knowledge of the problem. The authors of the paper represent the Motor Transport Institute’s (MTI’s) research institution, which systematically analyzes trends in road safety in Poland during its own, national, and international projects.

Artificial Intelligence Methods in Automated Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Control Systems

One of the main problems in ensuring the unmanned aerial systems (UAS) safety and control performance indicators is the operational analysis organization of heterogeneous data coming from on-board sensors and the formation of adequate recommendations and decisions on their basis of flight missions implementation. In recent years, there have been many research papers devoted to solving this problem using artificial intelligence (AI) methods. The article discusses AI methods for using in tasks related to UAS. We have described the sources of information to generate the data necessary for the application of AI methods. We have classified typical tasks of computer vision and navigation systems for solving using AI methods. We have analyzed the generally accepted classification of AI methods within the scope of the research subject. At the same time, special attention is paid to the features of AI methods that allow solving many well-known problems of recognition, approximation, optimization for UAS target and navigation tasks realization and effective operator support. In particular, we have considered neural networks, decision trees, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbors, genetic, ant colony algorithms, artificial immune systems. Currently, the hardware allows integrating complex algorithms based on these methods on board and widely using them in flight missions. The results of the study conducted as part of the review are illustrated by examples from the scientific publications.

Analysis of EU Countries’ Capabilities to Achieve Ambitious “Zero Victim” Vision in 2050

The objective of this research paper is to examine and assess the correlation between the economic expansion of European Union member states and the escalating rate of motorization, which subsequently leads to road accidents resulting in significant loss of life and injury. A statistical analysis of economic growth, the rate of motorization, and road incidents in EU member states from 2010 to 2020 constitutes the research methodology. The research paper employs a quantitative approach to analysis and comparison. The research paper demonstrates how an increase in the number of motor vehicles in EU member states contributes to road accidents and human mortality. Varying degrees of economic development are associated with disparities between the rate of motorization expansion and the decline in fatalities. Because the rate of increase in motor vehicle usage surpasses the decline in fatalities per motor vehicle at low-income levels. At increased levels of income, the opposite occurs. Practical Implications: This research paper illustrates the importance for road traffic safety authorities to be aware of safety performance indicators and to incorporate them into legislative deliberations in order to bolster the European Union’s “zero victims” objective and provide enhanced protection for motor vehicle accident victims. Originality – This paper examines the correlation between motorization rates and fatalities in various EU member states with varying degrees of economic development over the past few decades.

Challenges of Quality Assurance in Early Planning and Ramp Up of Production Facilities - Potentials of Planning Automation via Virtual Engineering

The use of Virtual Engineering is getting more and more common in production facility planning in the automotive sector. However, there are still discrepancies between the reality and the software generated models. That is why the process of quality assurance is crucial. This article aims at determining the current challenges in the planning process of production facilities, which are to be processed by means of Virtual Engineering, and limitations that occur in practice during the execution of Virtual Engineering in digital production facility engineering. We strive to maximize the utilization of underlying potentials by seeking out solutions. Our approach involves conducting a systematic literature review as well as seven expert interviews to investigate the current practical implementation of Virtual Engineering at Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Additionally, we aim to validate the influencing variables obtained from the literature in relation to the challenges, limitations, and potentials of Virtual Engineering. We show that there are current challenges in the planning process of production facilities, where the areas of functionality, equipment selection, safety, accessibility, and key performance indicators should already be secured in a virtual environment by means of Virtual Engineering. Our findings reveal significant limiting factors in the application of Virtual Engineering as quality assurance. This limitations arises as a result of the reliance on manual activities, which ultimately hinders progress in terms of time efficiency, quality assurance, and cost-effectiveness. In order to optimize this, we show that the potential of standardization of the work steps is required to define an automation that fully exploits the potentials of Virtual Engineering.

Do safety management system standards indicate safer operations? Evidence from the OHSAS 18001 occupational health and safety standard

Problem definitionGiven the enormous disruptions and costs of occupational injuries, companies and buyers are increasingly looking to voluntary occupational health and safety standards to improve worker safety. Yet because these standards only require implementing certain processes and procedures, it is largely unknown whether certification actually conveys superior safety performance. We examine this relationship in the context of the OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management system standard. Methodology/resultsWe analyze proprietary certification data over 1995 to 2016 from some of the world’s largest certification bodies and establishment-level injury data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, and find that U.S. establishments certified to OHSAS 18001 tend to be safer workplaces. OHSAS 18001 attracts establishments with fewer injury and illness cases than comparable establishments (a selection effect). Using propensity score matching and a difference-in-differences approach, we estimate that OHSAS 18001 certification reduces the total number of illness and injury cases by 20 percent and illness and injury cases associated with job transfers or restrictions by 24 percent. Managerial implicationsOur results indicate that becoming certified to a safety management standard can lead to meaningful improvements in workplace safety, and that OHSAS 18001 certification is a credible indicator of superior average safety performance, an important insight for buyers and suppliers. Given that OHSAS 18001 is the basis for the newer ISO 45001 standard that has quickly become the world’s third-most popular management system standard, this study provides promising evidence that ISO 45001 will also prove effective in distinguishing safer workplaces.

The relationship between labour-only procurement and health and safety performance of construction projects

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the influences of the characteristics of procurement strategies, in this instance labour-only, on project performance concerning health and safety (H&S), a project performance indicator.Design/methodology/approachUsing non-probability purposeful and snowballing sampling methods, questionnaires were used to collect data from construction professionals in Nigeria. This was then analysed using descriptive (frequency and mean scores) and inferential statistics (Mann–Whitney-U and Kendall's Tau_b tests).FindingsThe findings indicate a statistically significant negative correlation between ‘the level of client involvement and ‘fatalities' and a positive one with ‘conducting of health and safety risk assessment' and ‘conducting employee surveys on health and safety attitude’. Poor hygiene is found to be the worst lagging indicator, while conducting of inspection is the most adopted leading indicator of project health and safety performance. It also emerged that there is no significant difference in the health and safety performance of projects procured through the procurement strategy in urban and rural areas.Practical implicationsThe study provides valuable insight into the complexities in H&S management due to the high level of client involvement in labour-only procurement system (LoPS) projects and the level of diversity in their responsibilities therein. It creates a fundamental direction for developing a detailed framework or guidance notes for client involvement in the integration of H&S into LoPS projects.Originality/valueThis is the first study that examines the influence of the characteristics of procurement strategy on project health and safety performance. Evidence in the literature shows that project delivery outcomes significantly improve if procurement is strategically used, including when it is considered early in projects. However, integrating H&S into procurement strategies has received little attention.

Forecasting Trends of Safety Performance Indicators in Aviation

The article concerns the issues of forecasting trends of safety performance indicators (SPIs)in civil aviation. The main objective was to present a proposal for the method of forecasting trends in air traffic safety performance indicators in the future. For this purpose, a SPI forecasting method based on Holt's exponential smoothing model was proposed. To confirm the correctness of the proposed method, a selected, sample safety performance indicator for Airspace Infringement occurrences was forecasted. An analysis of the obtained results was carried out, as well as the directions of further research in this area were presented. The article discusses also the issues of forecasting development trends of selected safety performance indicators and their variability over time for the Polish airspace.&#x0D;

Hazard footprint of alternative fuel storage concepts for hydrogen-powered urban buses

Hydrogen mobility is a powerful strategy to fight climate change promoting the decarbonization of the transportation sector. However, the higher flammability of hydrogen in comparison with traditional fuels raises issues concerning the safety of hydrogen-powered vehicles, in particular when urban mobility in crowded areas is concerned. In the present study, a comparative analysis of alternative hydrogen storage concepts for buses is carried out. A specific inherent safety assessment methodology providing a hazard footprint of alternative hydrogen storage technologies was developed. The approach provides a set of ex-ante safety performance indicators and integrates a sensitivity analysis performed by a Monte Carlo method. Integral models for consequence analysis and a set of baseline frequencies are used to provide a preliminary identification of the worst-case credible fire and explosion scenarios and to rank the inherent safety of alternative concepts. Cryo-compressed storage in the supercritical phase resulted as the more hazardous storage concept, while cryogenic storage in the liquid phase at ambient pressure scored the highest safety performance. The results obtained support risk-informed decision-making in the shift towards the promotion of sustainable mobility in urban areas.

The association between workplace physical environment and nurses’ safety compliance: A serial mediation of psychological and behavioral factors

AimThis study describes Jordanian intensive care unit nurses' satisfaction with their physical environment and investigates the association between workplace physical environment and nurses' safety compliance. Additionally, the study offers serial mediation analyses of psychological and behavioral factors between satisfaction with the workplace physical environment and nurses’ safety compliance. IntroductionCompliance with safety measures is a vital indicator of safety performance, as less compliance directly reflects undesirable safety outcomes among nurses, like occupational accidents, injuries, and fatalities. Social cognitive theory and the safety triad model contribute to understanding safety compliance behaviors to safety procedures. Thus, enhancing safety compliance in healthcare organizations remains a challenge and concern. MethodsA quantitative research method was used based on cross-sectional and descriptive data from eight governmental hospitals in Jordan. The population included all intensive care unit nurses in the Ministry of Health's hospitals (n = 1104). A cluster sampling technique selected 285 nurses to participate. Empirical results were obtained through structural equation modeling (i.e., Smart PLS-SEM), which has become popular in this kind of research. ResultsThe mean of Jordanian ICU nurses' satisfaction with the workplace physical environment was 3.36, which is moderate. Although the Smart PLS findings did not support the direct association between the workplace physical environment and nurses' safety compliance, serial mediation of safety participation in the workplace physical environment and nurses’ safety compliance and perceived safety management commitment confirm the indirect association in the study model. ConclusionThis study fills a gap in available safety and nursing literature, especially when considering the scarce studies that investigated the physical elements in the workplace and both safety compliance and safety participation. The findings are valuable for academicians, health providers, and policymakers and may trigger creative ideas and interventional solutions to improve nurses’ safety compliance in healthcare organizations.

Preventing fatal accidents in construction through the management of barriers

The research presented in this article addresses the construction industry's need for a real-time safety performance indicator for use in managing the risk of fatal accidents. It involves the development and testing of an indicator of the availability of barriers against fatal accidents when carrying out construction work. In designing the indicator, knowledge and experience from different fields have been utilized including classic barrier theory, barrier management in major-accident hazard industries, quality management, and safety performance measurement in construction. The main aim of the research has been to evaluate the barrier indicator in practical use. The evaluation is based on results from field tests of the barrier indicator at two construction sites and on data from fatal accidents in the construction industry. It provided support for the assumption in the design of the barrier indicator that a few types of hazards dominate the statistics of fatal accidents. The field tests demonstrated the usefulness of the barrier indicator, both in checking the status of the barriers in individual construction activities and in measuring the overall standard of barriers against fatal accidents on the construction site. The possibilities and limitations of the method are discussed based on general criteria for assessing safety performance indicators. Another aim has been to use the experiences from the field tests as input to the design of a method for barrier management through the phases of a construction project. This work resulted in a model that integrates the barrier indicator and underlying methods and tools into a barrier management system. There is significant potential for effective barrier management by integrating the indicator and associated methods and tools into the management systems in the construction industry utilizing digital technology.

Road Safety Efficiency on Interurban Roads in Spain.

The slowdown in economic development caused by traffic accidents in Spain, together with the disparity in the risk of death or injury due to traffic accidents in its provinces, makes it necessary to evaluate their road safety performance. Therefore, the objectives of the present research are, on the one hand, to find out the level of road safety efficiency of Spanish provinces in the period 2014-2018. On the other hand, it is also aimed to determine to what extent the annual efficiency change is originated by pure changes in efficiency or by technological changes. To achieve both objectives, the nonparametric technique of Data Envelopment Analysis and the Malmquist Index have been used based on the consideration of the Safety Performance Indicators (SPI) as the inputs of the process. The research findings show changes in the level of road safety efficiency in each of the years of the study period. Thus, it is possible to identify a geographical delimitation of the causes that generate changes in efficiency in recent years. A contraction in efficiency and technological progress is identified in part of the Spanish provinces in the north, northeast, and south of Spain.

Online Process Safety Performance Indicators Using Big Data: How a PSPI Looks Different from a Data Perspective

This work presents a data-centric method to use IoT data, generated from the site, to monitor core functions of safety barriers on a batch reactor. The approach turns process safety performance indicators (PSPIs) into online, globally available safety indicators that eliminate variability in human interpretation. This work also showcases a class of PSPIs that are reliable and time-dependent but only work in a digital online environment: profile PSPIs. It is demonstrated that the profile PSPI opens many new opportunities for leading indicators, without the need for complex mathematics. Online PSPI analyses were performed at the Syngenta Huddersfield Manufacturing Centre, Leeds Road, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom, and shared with their international headquarters in Basel, Switzerland. The performance was determined with industry software to extract time-series data and perform the calculations. The calculations were based on decades of IoT data stored in the AVEVA Factory Historian. Non-trivial data cleansing and additional data tags were required for the creation of relevant signal conditions and composite conditions. This work demonstrates that digital methods do not require gifted data analysts to report existing PSPIs in near real-time and is well within the capabilities of chemical (safety) engineers. Current PSPIs can also be evaluated in terms of their effectiveness to allow management to make decisions that lead to corrective actions. This improves significantly on traditional PSPI processes that, when reviewed monthly, lead to untimely decisions and actions. This approach also makes it possible to review PSPIs as they develop, receiving notifications of PSPIs when they reach prescribed limits, all with the potential to recommend alternative PSPIs that are more proactive in nature.

Developing Airport Safety Performance Indicators and Index

Developing Airport Safety Performance Indicators and Index

Crucial safety performance indicators in high rise buildings- case study of Bengaluru

The construction industry is accountable for a significant number of safety lapses, making it one of the sectors with the highest occurrence of accidents within our country. While there has been a noticeable shift towards prioritizing safety in the construction field, the mortality rate at work sites has not shown a substantial decrease. Notably, the urban regions have experienced a higher mortality rate due to the surge in infrastructure development, rapid population growth, and limited land availability. These factors have led to an increased demand for constructing high-rise buildings to address these challenges. This research paper presents a comprehensive study accomplished through statistical analysis, data collection, and interviews with various stakeholders at diverse construction sites in Bengaluru, particularly those involving high-rise buildings. Additionally, on-site observation surveys were conducted to evaluate the safety performance of these projects. The study's findings encapsulate critical factors contributing to the lack of safety performance. These insights hold the potential to assist construction stakeholders in enhancing health and safety measures at work sites, thereby facilitating a safer environment for all involved.