Indian Major Carp Labeo Rohita Research Articles

Quality deterioration of wet fish caught in Mymensingh farm in different steps of distribution channel towards Dhaka

The fish landed for domestic consumption suffers from serious post harvest loss due to ignorance and negligence of the people involved in the harvest, distribution, processing and trade. Low quality fish is a constraint for food security and public health and is a cause for economic loss. The present study was carried out to identify the cause and to quantify the post harvest loss by a sensory tool. Quality deterioration of some major inland species of wet fish was determined at different steps of distribution channel from the fish farm gate of Mymensingh to Dhaka retail markets in June and July 2010. Five distribution channels i.e. farm gate, transport, arot (commission agent), wholesale and retail markets were studied to find out the deterioration level of the quality of fish. Data were collected by travelling with fish and from the stakeholders in distribution channel through questionnaire interviews. In the distribution channel of wet fish RRA and SWOT analysis were done with fish farmer, arotder, transporter, wholesaler and retailer. The major species studied were Indian major carps (Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhina mrigala), pangas (Pagasius sutchi), silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix) and tilapia (Oriochromis niloticus). Different species showed different levels of deterioration of quality at various steps of distribution channels. The quality of fish was found to be changed in between arot and retail market. Inadequate knowledge and practice in handling, icing and container use were found to be the major bottlenecks to keep the fish in acceptable quality.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14926 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(2): 331-337, 2012

Toxicological Effects of the Antibiotic Oxytetracycline to an Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita

Oxytetracycline (OTC), an antibacterial agent, is extensively used in aquaculture practices all over the world. Despite its use, the toxicity of OTC to freshwater fish has been scarcely investigated. In this study, Labeo rohita were exposed to different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 mg L(-1)) of OTC. Based on the survival-to-mortality ratio, an 80 mg L(-1) concentration was selected for sublethal toxicity analysis. Fish were exposed to the above-mentioned concentration for a period of 25 days, during which fish were killed at the end of every 5 days to analyse certain hematological and enzymological parameters. During the exposure period, a mixed trend was observed in hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cellular Hb, and mean cellular Hb concentration, whereas decreased red blood cell count and increased white blood cell was noted. A biphasic trend was observed in the enzymatic levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase in the vital organs (gill, liver and muscle) of fish. The alterations of these parameters lead to the conclusion that these parameters may be used as biomarkers in monitoring OTC toxicity in aquaculture and fisheries farms.

Outer membrane protein K as a subunit vaccine against V. anguillarum

Vibrio anguillarum has been described as a leading cause of disease in various species of aquatic animals from many parts of the world. Fish vaccination is a useful strategy for several disease problems in aquaculture. Outer membrane proteins of bacteria are considered ideal candidates for vaccine development. In the present study, OmpK gene of V. anguillarum was cloned and sequenced. The recombinant OmpK was overexpressed and purified by affinity chromatography on Ni-NTA Superflow resin. Immunoreactivity of the pure OmpK was studied by western blotting. The fresh water Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) was well protected when challenged with V. anguillarum after vaccination with OmpK compared to non vaccinated fish. Specific antibody against OmpK and bacterial inhibition was detected in the vaccinated fish. Our results suggest OmpK as a candidate vaccine molecule against V. anguillarum.

An Economically Viable Approach for Induced Breeding of Labeo Rohita by Ovatide, Ovaprim And Carp Pituitary Extract.

Indian major carp Labeo rohita was induced breeding in eco-carp hatchery with 3 different inducing agents, viz. ovaprim, ovatide, Carp pituitary extract at fish breeding center at Amloh Distt. Fathegarh Sahib (Punjab) India. Total ten trial doses of ovaprim, ovatide and Carp Pituitary Extract (CPE) used for induced breeding in Labeo rohita. The fertilization was found 61.30% with ovaprim, 58.50% with ovatide and 55.96% with carp pituitary extract treatment. The percentage hatchling was 72.20% with ovaprim, 66.37 % with ovatide and 59.25% with carp pituitary extract treatment.A comparison was carried out for fecundity, fertilization, and hatching rate during the induced spawning of Labeo rohita administered single dose of ovaprim and ovatide while carp pituitary extract double dose to female brooder. Ovaprim performed much better than Ovatide and pituitary gland extract.

Selection for improved resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Indian major carp Labeo rohita: Survival and innate immune responses in first generation of resistant and susceptible lines

Selection for disease resistance in fish may be performed directly on basis of survival data obtained in controlled challenge trials, or indirectly using information from immunological or molecular markers linked to differential survival. In the present study, several key innate immune parameters were measured in aeromoniasis resistant and susceptible lines of rohu Labeo rohita to assess their suitability as immune markers for use in indirect selection for increased resistance. Experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila (9.55 × 10 6 cfu g −1 fish) through the intraperitoneal route produced higher survival in the resistant line (73.33%) as compared to the susceptible line (16.67%). Blood and liver tissue samples from both lines were collected to study some of the innate immune parameters and immune-related gene expression. The respiratory burst activity of blood phagocytes, serum myeloperoxidase activity and ceruloplasmin level were significantly ( p < 0.05) higher in the resistant line compared to the susceptible line. Lower level of blood glucose and serum natural haemolysin titre were marked in the resistant line as compared to the susceptible line. No significant difference was measured in total serum protein concentration, antiprotease activity and bacterial agglutinin level between two lines, while the expression of transferrin, complement factor C3 and TLR 22-like transcripts were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in liver samples of the susceptible line. However, no such difference was found in β 2-microglobulin and lysozyme gene expression between lines. The study demonstrated the possibility of using some of the investigated innate immune parameters as indirect marker traits for selection for improved resistance to aeromoniasis in rohu.

Oral administration of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) acts as a growth promoter and immunomodulator in Labeo rohita (Ham.)

The effect of baker’s yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ), in the diet of the Rohu ( Labeo rohita ) innate immune response were investigated. Indian major carps Labeo rohita were fed with four different diets for eight weeks: a formulated diet as control diet and the same diets supplemented with 5%, 7.5% and 10% baker’s yeast as an experimental diets. After every fifteen days interval different growth parameters ( such as ADG, SGR, FCR and PER), Serological parameters ( such as TSP,TSA, TSG and A:G), different Hematological parameters ( such as TLC,TEC, Hct, MCV and MCH ) and different Non- specific immunological parameters ( such as PR, PI, Respiratory Burst activity) were evaluated during experimental trial. At the end of the experimental period, fishes of all the tanks were challenged with pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila . The results show that, yeast cell wall able to enhance the innate immunity and also have a positive co-relation with growth parameters. Through the absorption of yeast wall particle, the immune function and disease resistance of the entire organism is stimulated. These results support the possible use of baker’s yeast as natural immunostimulants in common fish diets.

Effect of calcium and magnesium on copper, cadmium, and some essential elements of Indian major carps Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and Catla catla (Hamilton) treated with copper and cadmium

The effect of calcium and magnesium either singly or in combination on accumulation of cadmium and copper in Labeo rohita (rohu) and Catla catla (catla) was investigated in this study under laboratory conditions. The investigation showed that copper accumulation in rohu exposed to 0.25 mg L−1 of copper for 14 days reduced from 31.0 ± 0.4 mg kg−1 at no calcium/magnesium treatment to 3.5 ± 0.2 and 2.2 ± 0.1 mg kg−1, respectively, at 75 mg L−1 calcium or magnesium treatment. The copper level in catla exposed to 0.20 mg L−1 of copper for 14 days reduced from 5.7 ± 0.1 mg kg−1 at no calcium/magnesium treatment to 3.4 ± 0.2 and 3.3 ± 0.1 mg kg−1, respectively, at 300 mg L−1 calcium or magnesium treatment. The cadmium accumulation in rohu exposed to 0.20 mg L−1 of cadmium for 14 days reduced from 1.7 ± 0.1 mg kg−1 at no magnesium treatment to 1.4 ± 0.1 mg kg−1 at 120 mg L−1 magnesium treatment. The cadmium accumulation in catla exposed to 0.20 mg L−1 of cadmium for 14 days reduced from 0.8 ± 0.2 mg kg−1 at no magnesium treatment to 0.6 ± 0.2 mg kg−1 at 80 mg L−1 magnesium treatment. Copper and cadmium treatments also reduced some essential microelements of rohu and catla. Both the fishes restored these elements at different levels of calcium and magnesium.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Treatment for Vibriosis in Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Treatment for Vibriosis in Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita

Acute toxicity of metal cyanides to Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

Static renewal bioassay tests were carried out to determine the acute toxicity (LC50) of metal cyanides to the Indian major carp Labeo rohita. The 96 hour LC50 value for the sodium cyanide, zinc cyanide and copper cyanide to the fish L. rohita were 0.32 mg/L 0.35 mg/L, and 1.1 mg/L respectively. Among the metal cyanide tested, sodium cyanide is found to be more toxic than the other cyanide complexes. In general behavioral responses of the fishes exposed to cyanide included uncontrolled swimming, erratic movements, loss of balance, moving spiral fashion with sudden jerky movements, vertical movements lying on the sides of the test chamber and rapid flapping of the opercular movements with opened mouth finally settles to the bottom.

Effect of Acid Ensiling on the Stability of Visceral Waste Proteases of Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita

ABSTRACT The effect of acid ensiling on the stability of different classes of proteases present in the visceral wastes of a major freshwater carp is presented. The changes in moisture, fat and ash content were not significant (P ≥ 0.05) during the storage period of 4 weeks at ambient temperature of 27 ± 2°C. Fresh visceral waste of the freshwater major carp Labeo rohita had considerable protease activity and buffer extractable proteins (2.7% w/w). There was a significant reduction in buffer extractable proteins (BEP) immediately after acidification (P ≤ 0.05), which later increased in the first two weeks before decreasing further during storage. Marked decreases (P ≤ 0.05) in specific activity (Umg−1 protein) of acidic, neutral and alkaline proteases were observed during storage. The stability of proteases was negatively affected by acid ensiling, even with the use of weak acids like propionic and formic acid.

Organization of the olfactory system of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Ham.): A scanning and transmission electron microscopy study

Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala represent important alimentary fish in India. Their reproduction/breeding depends on seasons. Fish perceive external factors-stimuli and chemical signals through the olfactory system that plays the key role in central regulation of reproduction. However, no electron microscopy data are available on organization of olfactory components of these fish. We studied organization of the olfactory organ in male L. rohita using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This organ consists of olfactory epithelium, a short nerve, and olfactory bulb. The olfactory organ is ovoid in shape and consists of about 47–52 lamellae in adults and about 14–20 lamellae in fingerlings. These lamellae originate from the midline raphe. By SEM, microvillar sensory and ciliated non-sensory cells were observed in the lamellae. TEM revealed microvillar receptor cell with rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus towards apical end. Basal cells were present at the base of receptor cell, supporting cells were located adjacent to the olfactory receptor neurons, while epithelial cells—in the nonsensory part of olfactory epithelium. Mast, blastema, and macrophage cells were also found at the basement membrane. This work is the first publication on ultrastructural organization of the olfactory system of the Indian major carp, which provides information about morphological and ultrastructural organization of the olfactory system and opens new avenues for further investigation of chemical neuroanatomy, sensory signal processing, and neural regulation of reproduction in the Indian major carp.

Total aromatic amino acid requirement of Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fry

An 8-week growth trial was conducted to quantify the total aromatic amino acid (phenylalanine + tyrosine) requirement of Indian major carp Labeo rohita fry (3.5 ± 0.2 cm; 0.18 ± 0.04 g) by feeding isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.90 kJ g − 1 gross energy) amino acid test diets containing casein, gelatin and l-crystalline amino acids with graded levels of phenylalanine (0.40, 0.65, 0.9, 1.15, 1.4 and 1.65% dry diet, with 1% tyrosine fixed in each diet) to apparent satiation in triplicate groups, twice a day at 07.00 and 17.30 h. Specific growth rate (SGR) 2.53%, feed conversion ratio (FCR) 1.41, protein efficiency ratio (PER) 1.77 and body protein deposition (BPD) 33.69 were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in fish fed the diet containing 1.15% phenylalanine. Second-degree polynomial regression analysis of SGR, FCR, PER and BPD data indicated the dietary phenylalanine requirement at 1.21, 1.22, 1.22 and 1.16% of the dry diet, corresponding to 3.02, 3.05, 3.05 and 2.90% of the dietary protein, respectively. On the basis of the quadratic regression analysis of SGR, FCR, PER and BPD data, it is recommended that the inclusion of total aromatic amino acid (phenylalanine + tyrosine) in the range of 2.16% (1.16% phenylalanine + 1.0% tyrosine) of the dry diet, corresponding to 5.40% (2.9% phenylalanine + 2.5% tyrosine) of protein to 2.22% (1.22% phenylalanine + 1.0% tyrosine) of the dry diet, corresponding to 5.55% (3.05% phenylalanine + 2.5% tyrosine) of the dietary protein is essential in developing total aromatic amino acid balanced diets for intensive culture of fry L. rohita.

Effects of dietary vitamin C on immunity, growth and survival of Indian major carp Labeo rohita, fingerlings

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dietary L-ascorbic acid (AA) dosages on immunity, growth and survival of the fingerlings of Labeo rohita. AA was supplemented at 0, 100, 200 and 500 mg kg )1 basal diets. Each diet was fed for 8 weeks to duplicate groups of fingerlings of rohu with initial body weight of 35 ± 5 g. Selected biochemical and haematological analyses were evaluated every second week. At the end of the feeding trial of 56 days, fish were divided into two subgroups under each major treatment group for challenge with two pathogens, Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda. The mortality (%) and agglutinating antibody titre were recorded on 28th day postchallenge. Non-specific immune parameters like superoxide anion production, lysozyme activity and complement activity increased independently of the levels of AA in the diet. Whereas phagocytic ratio, phagocytic indices, lymphokine production indices and serum bactericidal activity were better in the group of fish fed with 200 mg AA kg )1 feed for 42 days. However, growth parameters such as specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and survival were better in the group of fish fed with the highest level of AA through feed for 56 days. These data indicated that elevated levels of dietary AA could be recommended for optimum immunity, growth and survival of fingerlings of L. rohita.

Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis as a probiotic to Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Ham.)

Bacillus subtilis, a Gram-positive, aerobic, endosporeforming bacterium, was evaluated for its probiotic potential in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. Labeo rohita (15 � 2 g) were fed a feed containing B. subtilis in three concentrations for 2 weeks, e.g., 0.5 (T2), 1.0 (T3) and 1.5 (T4) � 10 7 CFU g � 1 feed. The control group (T1) was fed feed without B. subtilis for the same period. Haematological and serum parameters were monitored at weekly intervals. The response variables were total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count (TLC), haemoglobin, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin^globulin ratio, alkaline phosphatase activity, alanine aminotransferase activity and aspartate aminotransferase activity. Fish were challenged intraperitoneally with a virulent strain of Aeromonas hydrophila after 2 weeks of feeding to the treatment groups and positive control group, while the negative control group was challenged with phosphate-buiered saline only. Clinical signs and symptoms, and mortality/survival percentage were noted in each group. The haematological and serum parameters were monitored each week and during post challenge on the third and tenth day. The B. subtilis-treated ¢sh (T4,1.5 � 10 7 CFU g � 1 feed) showed maximum per cent survival (87.50%), weight gain (35.5%), TLCs (3.23 � 10 4 cells mm � 3 ), haemoglobin content (7.4 g%), total protein (2.37 g dL � 1 ) and globulin content (1.28 g dL � 1 )d uring the pre-challenge. Enzymes showed higher activities during post challenge (Po0.05). The result suggests that B. subtilis can be used eiectively as a commercial product for use in aquaculture.

Non-specific immune parameters of brood Indian major carp Labeo rohita and their seasonal variations

Different non-specific immune parameters and their seasonal changes in brood Indian major carp Labeo rohita reared in two major freshwater aquaculture regions of India viz. West Bengal and Orissa were investigated. It was undertaken for 2 consecutive years and included three main seasons of a year such as summer (March–May), rainy (July–September) and winter (November–January). Total serum protein, albumin and globulin levels were not significantly different throughout the year ( p > 0.01). Serum lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities were lower (7.26 ± 0.87 mg/ml and, 0.54 ± 0.11 OD, respectively) in winter as compared to any other season of the year. The bacterial agglutination titer was higher ( p < 0.01) in the rainy season (8.70 ± 1.70) compared to summer and winter seasons (3.40 ± 0.60 and 4.00 ± 0.89, respectively). Haemagglutination and haemolytic activities did not vary ( p > 0.01) throughout the year. In blood smears, lymphocyte percentage was higher (75–80%) as compared to those of neutrophil (10–15%) and monocytes (5–10%) but eosinophilic granulocytes were present only in few cases. The differential leucocyte count did not vary significantly ( p > 0.05) in any season. This study indicated that certain non-specific immune parameters of this species can be modulated at certain times of the year.

Secondary stress responses in Indian major carps Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Catla catla (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) fry to increasing packing densities

Glycogen content and metabolic enzyme activities viz. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) in Indian major carps, Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala, were investigated after a 6 h transportation trial to compare the species-speci¢c variation and the eiect of increased packing density on the metabolism. Fish (45 5m m, 0.5 0.1g) were packed in three densities (100, 150 and 200 L 1 ) for the experiment, and 12 specimens of each species were randomly sampled from all the treatments at the end of transportation. The glycogen content of L. rohita ingerlings decreased signi¢cantly (Po0.05) with increasing packing density. The activities of enzymes LDH, MDH, AST and ALT showed a rising trend with increasing packing density in all the three species. Species-speci¢c diierences were observed in various tested parameters at the lowest packing density (100 fry L 1 ). Alanine amino transferase and LDH activities were signi¢cantly (Po0.05) lower in C. mrigala as compared with the other two species. However, glycogen reserves and MDH activity were not signi¢cantly diierent (P40.05) among the species. The present study reveals that the optimum packing density for Indian major carp fry (100 fry L 1 )f or transportation up to 6 h and metabolic regimes are species speci¢c during transportation.

Assessment of mosquito larvicidal potency of cyclic lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis strains

In this study, mosquito larvicidal potency of cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) secreted by two Bacillus subtilis strains were determined. LC 50 of the crude CLPs secreted by B. subtilis DM-03 and DM-04 strains against third instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus was 120.0 ± 5.0 and 300.0 ± 8.0 mg/l respectively post 24 h of treatment. Physico-chemical factors such as pH of water, incubation temperature, heating and exposure to sunlight hardly influenced the larvicidal potency of these CLPs. Present study provided the evidence that B. subtilis lipopeptides were safe to Indian major carp Labeo rohita, a non-target aquatic organism. These properties of B. subtilis CLPs can be exploited for the formulation of a safer, novel biopesticide for effective control of mosquito larvae.

Potentiation of antibody production in Indian major carp Labeo rohita, rohu, by Achyranthes aspera as a herbal feed ingredient

Labeo rohita, rohu (200±17 g), were fed with two types of diets; an experimental diet, containing root extract (0.5%) of Achyranthes aspera ( Amaranthaceae) as an ingredient and control diet without the root extract. After 4 weeks of feeding, fish were immunized with chicken RBC. Antigen-specific antibody response, total serum globulin and RNA/DNA ratio of spleen were determined for 4 weeks after immunization. Antigen-specific antibody and total serum globulin levels peaked on day 14 after immunization and gradually decreased towards day 28. Though hemagglutination antibody (HA) titers were always higher in the test group than the control group, total serum globulin level was significantly higher only on days 14 and 21. The sequential relationship between RNA/DNA ratio and protein level was found in the present study, as the RNA/DNA ratio was maximum on day 7 followed by higher serum protein level on day 14 in both groups. The RNA/DNA ratio was significantly ( P<0.05) higher in test group of fish than the control group on days 7 and 14. These results showed the immunostimulatory activity of the prepared diet containing root extract of A. aspera.

Relationship Between Feeding Frequency and Growth of One Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita (Ham.) Fingerlings Fed on Different Formulated Diets

Relationship Between Feeding Frequency and Growth of One Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita (Ham.) Fingerlings Fed on Different Formulated Diets

Seasonal changes in plasma steroid levels in Indian major carp Labeo rohita: influence of homologous pituitary extract on steroid production and development of oocyte maturational competence

Circannual variations in plasma levels of testosterone (T), 17β-estradiol (E 2), and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) as well as seasonal fluctuations in ovarian steroid synthetic potential were observed in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. A study was also conducted to examine the mechanism of the development of gonadotropin-induced maturational competence in oocytes of this fish. The present study recorded the lowest values of plasma E 2 and T in L. rohita during the period from October to January. A mild increase in the levels of these steroids observed in February was followed by their rapid rise reaching peak values in April, when the ovary contained mostly the vitellogenic follicles. In the month of May, as the postvitellogenic follicles predominated in the ovary, there was a decline in plasma concentrations of both T and E 2. Low levels of these steroids in plasma remained until January, except a small elevation detectable during June and July (spawning stage). DHP was not detected in the plasma of this fish collected during the period from August to March. Existence of DHP was first recorded in blood in the month of April (vitellogenic stage) and it quickly reached the peak value in May (postvitellogenic stage), followed by a sudden decline in the month of June. Under stimulation of fish pituitary extract (FPE), as a source of gonadotropin, in vitro production of E 2 and T by the vitellogenic follicles was shown to be highest compared to their production rate in other stages, while the postvitellogenic follicles recorded the highest rate of DHP synthesis. Acquisition of oocyte maturational competence (OMC) was shown to develop either by priming the vitellogenic stage fish with a single dose of FPE or by in vitro addition of FPE in culture. In vitro treatment of trilostane, an inhibitor of 3β-HSD, blocked the FPE-stimulated steroid production but not the development of OMC. Presence of cycloheximide and actinomycin D in the incubation was shown to inhibit FPE-induced development of OMC, indicating the requirement of de novo protein synthesis for this process.