Indian Major Carp Labeo Rohita Research Articles

Sublethal concentration of bisphenol A induces hematological and biochemical responses in an Indian major carp Labeo rohita

Bisphenol A (BPA), an organic compound which is widely used in the production of synthetic polymers, has been detected in surface water, sediments and biota and emerged as a ubiquitous contaminant in the aquatic environment. In the present study, Labeo rohita was exposed to sublethal concentration of BPA and hematological and biochemical responses were studied. The median lethal concentration of BPA to L. rohita was evaluated by probit analysis method and the value was calculated as 7.3mg/L for 24h. Fish were exposed to a sublethal concentration of 0.73mg/L (1/10th of the 24h LC50 value) of BPA for 35 days and hemato-biochemical and marker enzyme assays was performed at the end of 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. The results revealed that there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in hematological (hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin) and biochemical (protein) parameters in the BPA treated fish compared to control groups. White blood cells, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase parameters were enhanced in experimental fish relative to control groups. However, the response of red blood cells, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity were found to be biphasic. In conclusion, the present investigation showed that analysis of hematological and biochemical parameters can be used as biomarkers for monitoring of BPA in the aquatic ecosystem.

Haematological responses of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita to Saprolegniasis

Saprolegniasis (cotton wool disease), due to infestation by Saprolegnia parasitica, is a major fungal disease in fish. Present study was conducted in the Indian major carps, rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Fingerlings of rohu (10.5±2.2 g) were artificially infected with the fungal parasite S. parasitica via injection (T1), cohabitation (T2) as well as immersion (T3) and compared with a control group (T0) with no infection. Blood samples were collected at 15 days interval over a period of 45 days and analysed for haematological parameters. Haemoglobin level in infected fish was lower (p≤0.05) than non-infected fish on 15, 30 and 45 days post-infection (dpi) except in cohabited fish on 45 dpi. Total erythrocyte count (TEC) in infected fish was lower (p≤0.05) than non-infected fish on 15, 30 and 45 dpi. Total leucocyte count (TLC) was higher (p≤0.05) in infected fish on 15 dpi; however no difference (p≥0.05) was noticed on 30 dpi. TLC in injected group was higher (p≤0.05) than control group on 45 dpi. Haematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and leucocrit (Lct) values in infected group were lower (p≤0.05) than control group. There was no difference (p≥0.05) in mortality among the groups on 15 dpi; however, on 30 and 45 dpi, the group subjected to immersion exposure recorded highest mortality followed by injected and cohabitated groups. Varying degrees of histological alterations were observed in the tissues due to the fungal infestation. The results indicated that S. parasitica significantly altererd the blood profile of infected rohu leading to 45-50% mortality. Therefore appropriate management measures need to be adopted for preventing infestation by S. parasitica in carp culture systems for realising sustainable fish production.

Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of a virulent Acinetobacter baumannii associated with mortality of farmed Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton 1822)

Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita (Ham.) is the most preferred cultivable fish species under freshwater aquaculture in India. The present study was conducted to characterize the bacteria at molecular level and to understand its pathogenicity associated with mortality of farmed rohu, Labeo rohita. Diseased fish samples were collected from cultured ponds of Nadia, West Bengal, India for the isolation of the pathogen. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the bacteria revealed that the isolate was 100% identical with Acinetobacter baumannii (NCBI Accession Number KT156752). Intraperitoneal injection with the isolate at the level of 2.1×108cells/ml in fish causes mortality. The challenged fish had loss of mucus and reddish lesion near the pectoral fin, however there was no sign in the gill. The histology of experimentally challenged Labeo rohita showed hemorrhages and shrunken glomeruli with densely basophilic nuclei in kidney whereas degenerated hepatic tissue and increased hepatocyte vacuolation in liver. This study underlines the first time involvement of Acinetobacter baumannii in the disease outbreak of Labeo rohita. The pathology and pathogenesis studies of this emerging pathogen in cultured carps would help in management of the outbreak of disease in aquaculture.

Impact of sublethal concentration of a fungicide propiconazole on certain health biomarkers of Indian major carp Labeo rohita

Abstract The present study was conducted to determine the 96 h LC50 of propiconazole (PCZ), to the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita and to investigate hematological, biochemical, ionoregulatory and gill Na + /K + -ATPase responses to sublethal concentration of PCZ. The 96 h LC50 value of PCZ to the fish Labeo rohita was found to be 8.9 µl L −1 . Fish were exposed to 1/10th of 96 h LC50 value (0.89 µl L −1 ) of PCZ for 28 days and the hematological, biochemical, ionoregulatory and gill Na + /K + -ATPase responses were evaluated at the end of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The results revealed a significant ( p p p + /K + -ATPase activity. These results clearly indicate that that fungicide PCZ at sublethal concentration alter the hematological, biochemical and ionoregulatory parameters of fish and alterations of these parameters can be used as biomarkers for environmental monitoring of PCZ in aquatic environment.

Evaluation of pollution of Ganga River water using fish as bioindicator.

Ganga River, life line of millions of people got heavily polluted due to uncontrolled anthropogenic activities. To monitor the effect of pollution of the river on its aquatic life, a field study was conducted by analyzing the different biomarker enzymes and biochemical parameters in the various tissues (muscles, liver, gills, kidney, brain, and skin) of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita collected from the River Ganga from different study sites of Varanasi district. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and level of lipid peroxidation were found to be higher in the fish collected from the river showing pollutant-induced oxidative stress in the fish. Disturbed health status of the river fish was also manifested by increased activities of aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Concentration of nutritionally important biomolecules (proteins, lipids, and moisture) and energy value were also found to be significantly lower in the tissues of the River fish indicating its decreased nutritional value due to oxidative stress caused by different pollutants.

Preliminary study on diminution level of RNA/DNA ratio in tissue of Labeo rohita by exposure to some endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs)

Effects of EDCs particularly on RNA/DNA ratio are yet to be investigated to manage the effluents in natural waters. We investigated exposure effects of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) phthalic acid ester (PAE) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) on the RNA/DNA ratio in tissue of an Indian major carp Labeo rohita. Fish were exposed to pre-determined sublethal concentrations of phthalic acid ester (Di-methyl phthalate (DMP), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), and di-(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and also HCH for determining the tissue RNA/DNA ratio after 30, 60 and 90 days of exposure in the doses of 0.2 mg L-1, 0.3 mg L-1, and 0.5 mg L-1 respectively. All these tested chemicals significantly (P0.05) inhibited RNA/DNA ratio. The ratio gradually significantly (P0.05) decreased after DEHP where it was 1.9±0.51 F1, 18=15.8 P=0.014 n=19; in case of DBP it was 1.92±0.62 F1, 20=6.5 P=0.012 n=19 and for HCH it was 0.94±0.21 F1, 18=18.08 P=0.0012 n=19 at treatments concentrations of 0.3 mg L-1 and 0.5 mg L-1, compared to control (2.9±0.2) after 90 days. However, there was no statistical significance (P0.05) in RNA/DNA ratio after the DMP (F1, 20=2.4 P=0.15n=21) treatment.

A review on Labeo calbasu (Hamilton) with an emphasis on its conservation

Labeo calbasu is a freshwater fish species and is the most important carp species next to three Indian Major Carps Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala. It is a popular food fish and also is admired as a sport fish. Recently this fish species has also made its entry in ornamental fish markets of India and abroad. In last few years, the natural populations of this fish species has seriously declined due to over fishing and other anthropological reasons. In India it has been reported as Lower Risk near Threatened and in Bangladesh as endangered species. Earlier number of works has been conducted on different aspects of Labeo calbasu including food and feeding habit and reproductive biology. This report has been prepared with a view to sum up all those previously documented information along with pointing out the missing information further study of which will be beneficial for its fishery. Apart from this, it has been tried to note down some possible measures which should be considered for its conservation.

A review on Labeo calbasu (Hamilton) with an emphasis on its conservation

Labeo calbasu is a freshwater fish species and is the most important carp species next to three Indian Major Carps Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala. It is a popular food fish and also is admired as a sport fish. Recently this fish species has also made its entry in ornamental fish markets of India and abroad. In last few years, the natural populations of this fish species has seriously declined due to over fishing and other anthropological reasons. In India it has been reported as Lower Risk near Threatened and in Bangladesh as endangered species. Earlier number of works has been conducted on different aspects of Labeo calbasu including food and feeding habit and reproductive biology. This report has been prepared with a view to sum up all those previously documented information along with pointing out the missing information further study of which will be beneficial for its fishery. Apart from this, it has been tried to note down some possible measures which should be considered for its conservation.

Population genetic characterization and family reconstruction in brood bank collections of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Cyprinidae:Cypriniformes).

The founder stock of a captive breeding program is prone to changes in genetic structure due to inbreeding and genetic drift. Genetic characterization of the founder population using suitable molecular markers may help monitor periodic changes in the genetic structure in future. To develop benchmark information about the genetic structure we analyzed six microsatellite loci in the Brodbank collections of rohu (Labeo rohita) originated from three major rivers—the Jamuna, the Padma and the Halda. A total of 28 alleles were detected in 90 individuals with an average of 4.6 alleles per locus. The average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.655 to 0.705 and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.702 to 0.725. The mean FIS values were 0.103, 0.106 and 0.018 for the Jamuna, Padma and Halda fishes respectively. The population pair-wise FST values ranged from 0.0057 to 0.0278. Structure analysis grouped the fishes of the three rivers into two clusters. The numbers of half-sib families were 5, 5 and 4 and the numbers of full-sib families were 12, 10 and 18 for the Halda, Jamuna and the Padma samples respectively. Bottleneck was detected in all the river samples. We recommend to collect more fish from different locations of the major rivers to broaden the genetic variability of the founder stocks of the Brood bank.

Description of a myxozoan parasite Myxobolus sp.n PKB2014 from an edible fish, with emphasis on its molecular characterization.

In India, more than 104 species of Myxobolus have so far been reported infecting freshwater as well as marine fishes. The study focuses on the description of a new myxosporean species, Myxobolus sp.n PKB 2014 from the gill lamellae of an Indian major carp Labeo rohita. The species have been described on the basis of morphological characterization of the spores, tissue architecture and 18S rDNA sequence data. The plasmodia of Myxobolus sp.n PKB 2014 were round in shape measuring, 50 to 70 μm in diameter and spores were ellipsoidal in frontal view measures 14.7 ± 0.51 μm. The 18S rRNA nucleotide sequence with 806 bp of Myxobolus sp.n PKB 2014 (Accession number KJ652226) clustered phylogenitically with other Myxobolus spp. infecting cyprinid gills with 90-99% similarity. According to the phylogenetic study we concluded that M. wulli was the closest relative having 99% similarity with the species under description but the sequence was distinct in each species which additionally exhibited different morphological features. The infection rate was low to moderate. After through comparison it can be concluded that the species being described here is new to science which is designated as Myxobolus sp.n. PKB 2014.

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Carbon Budgets in Polyculture Ponds of Indian Major Carps and Giant Freshwater Prawn in Orissa State, India

A nutrient budget was quantified for six polyculture ponds of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and Indian major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala). The initial stocking size of prawn postlarva was 16.50 ± 0.54 mm with a body weight of 0.05 ± 0.001 g. Body weight of major carps was 9.0 ± 0.89 g. The duration of culture was 280 days. Feed accounted for 82% of total nitrogen (N), 93% of total phosphorus (P), and 95% of organic carbon (OC) inputs. Harvest of prawn and carps recovered 44% N, 1% P, and 19% OC. N, P, and OC accumulated in sediment were 47%, 73%, and 69%, respectively. Nutrient load in the harvest water was 0.67 ± 0.21 kg inorganic N, 0.15 ± 0.01 kg P, and 7.72 ± 0.62 kg OC per ton of Indian major carps and prawn.

Iron oxide nanoparticles induced alterations in haematological, biochemical and ionoregulatory responses of an Indian major carp Labeo rohita

The wide use of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) in various applications has raised great concerns worldwide. In this work, we measured the potential harmful effects of Fe2O3 NP (<50 nm) at concentrations of 1 and 25 mg/L on haematological, biochemical, and ionoregulatory responses in an Indian major carp, Labeo rohita for a short-term period of 96 h. The results revealed significant (P < 0.05) decreases in haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cellular volume, mean cellular haemoglobin, protein, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl−) and gill Na+/K+-ATPase levels in both the concentrations. White blood cell, mean cellular haemoglobin concentration and glucose levels were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in response to both concentrations during the study period. However, no significant changes in red blood cell count and gill Na+/K+-ATPase (25 mg/L) activity were noticed compared to those of the respective control groups. Based on this study, it was found that the Fe2O3 NPs do have prominent effects on freshwater fish L. rohita. Our data suggest that the alterations of these parameters can be used as nonspecific biomarkers to monitor the environmental risks arising from nanoparticles in aquatic ecosystem and also regulate the use, production and release of nanoparticles.

Responses of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita to deltamethrin at acute and sublethal concentrations

The effects of deltamethrin at acute and sublethal concentrations on some hematological and biochemical profiles in the Indian major carp Labeo rohita have been examined. The lethal concentrations (LC50) of deltamethrin for 24 and 96 h were found to be 0.44 and 0.38 mg L−1, respectively. During acute treatment (24 h), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), mean cellular volume (MCV), mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were significantly increased compared to control group. Plasma glucose, protein, cholesterol, albumin, globulin, triglyceride, and glycogen in gill and muscle were significantly decreased. Upon sublethal treatment (0.044 mg L−1, 10th of 24 h LC50), RBC and the biochemical parameters, except glucose and cholesterol, decreased significantly, while MCV, MCH, and MCHC values increased up to the 28th day and then declined. Cholesterol level was significantly increased throughout the study period. A biphasic response in the levels of Hb, Hct, WBC, and glucose were observed during sublethal treatment.

Toxic Impact of Phenthoate on Protein and Glycogen Levels in Certain Tissues of Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

The organophosphorus pesticide Phenthoate is one of the most widely used insecticide in agriculture sector to control the varieties of pests and ectoparasites. The acute toxicity bioassay tests were conducted at various concentrations ranging from 0.4 and 4.0 mg/l with an interval of 0.4 mg/l on Indian major carp Labeo rohita for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The acute toxicity values were determined as 3.0, 2.6, 2.3 and 2.1 mg/l under laboratory conditions respectively. These LC50 values showed that the chemical is highly toxic to the fish. Then the fish were exposed to sub lethal concentrations (1/10 th of 96 h LC50) for 1, 4 and 8 days and studied the significant changes in total proteins and glycogen levels of the fresh wet tissues. The total protein content reduced in various tissues like Liver, muscle, kidney, brain, gill and gut by the percentage of 22.46%,17.91%,12.39%, 8.66%, 8.36% and 8.16 % and glycogen content depletion in the order of kidney, liver, muscle, gill, gut and brain tissues by 57.92%, 49.11%, 48.75%, 34.88%, 32.00% and 28.81% respectively when compared to control group. It was noticed that Phenthoate resulted in the gradual decrease of glycogen and protein levels in the vital organs of fish L. rohita, which led increase in the mortality rate.

Expression Pattern of Myogenic Regulatory Transcription Factor mRNAs in the Embryo and AdultLabeo rohita(Hamilton, 1822)

Understanding the regulation of skeletal muscle development is important to meet the increasing demand of Indian major carpLabeo rohita. Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) along with myocyte specific enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) play the pivotal role in the determination and differentiation of skeletal muscle. The majority of skeletal muscle genes require both MRFs and MEF2 family members to activate their transcription. In this study, the expression pattern of MyoD, myf-5, myogenin, and MEF2A was observed from 6 h after fertilization to 12 months of age using semiquantitative RT-PCR as well as real-time PCR method. MyoD and myf-5 mRNAs were expressed at high level at the early embryonic stages. Myogenin and MEF2A were expressed after MyoD and myf-5 and remained active up to adult stage. Expression of MyoD was lower than that of Myf-5 after the 5th month. Partial sequencing of MyoD, myf-5, and MEF2A was done to draw phylogeny. In phylogenetic study,LabeoMyoD, MEF2A and myf-5 were found to be closely related to those of common carp. The present investigation suggests that the four transcription factors play pivotal role in the regulation of muscle growth ofLabeo rohitain an overlapping and interconnected way.

Hematological, biochemical and enzymological responses in an Indian major carp Labeo rohita induced by sublethal concentration of waterborne selenite exposure

Selenium (Se) pollution in aquatic ecosystem is an environmental issue throughout the world. Elevated concentrations of inorganic Se from agricultural and industrial processes may cause adverse biological effects in aquatic organisms such as fish. In the present study, Labeo rohita an Indian major carp were exposed to sublethal concentration of Se (sodium selenite) for 35days and certain hematological, biochemical and enzymological parameters were estimated. The median lethal concentration of waterborne sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) to L. rohita was found to be 23.89mgL−1 for 96h. During sublethal (2.38mgL−1) treatment, hematological and biochemical parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb) (except 14th day), hematocrit (Hct), erythrocyte (RBC) count and protein levels were found to be decreased in Se treated fish whereas leucocyte (WBC) count and glucose level increased in Se treated fish throughout the study period. The enzymatic parameters such as glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were found to be increased in liver of Se treated fish L. rohita. A biphasic response was observed in the value of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The alterations of these parameters can be used as suitable biomarkers in monitoring of selenium in the aquatic environment and to protect aquatic life.

Changes in biochemical parameters of freshwater fish Labeo rohita exposed to lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of indoxacarb

The Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton) was exposed to the new generation pesticide Indoxacarb for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and the acute static LC 50 values were determined as 0.0589, 0.05669, 0.05522 and 0.0531 respectively. These LC50 values indicate that the indoxacarb is highly toxic to fish. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentration (1/10 th 96 h LC 50 ) for 8 days and the changes in the biochemical constituents of the vital organs viz, Gill, Liver, Brain, Muscle, and Kidney were studied. Significant changes in these organs of fish were observed. The changes were noted as tissue specific and time dependent. Several behavioral changesduring the period of exposure were also observed and noted. The results obtained were discussed at length with the available literature.

Effect of exposure to sublethal concentrations of sodium cyanide on the carbohydrate metabolism of the Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

Experiments were designed to study in-vivo effects of sodium cyanide on biochemical endpoints in the freshwater fish Labeo rohita. Fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (0.106 and 0.064mg/L) for a period of 15 days. Levels of glycogen, pyruvate, lactate and the enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), phosphorylase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (AcP) were assessed in different tissues (liver, muscle and gills). Result indicated a steady decrease in glycogen, pyruvate, SDH, ALP and AcP activity with a concomitant increase in the lactate, phosphorylase, LDH and G6PD activity in all selected tissues. The alterations in all the above biochemical parameters were significantly (p<0.05) time and dose dependent. In all the above parameters, liver pointing out the intensity of cyanide intoxication compare to muscle and gills. Study revealed change in the metabolic energy by means of altered metabolic profile of the fish. Further, these observations indicated that even sublethal concentrations of sodium cyanide might not be fully devoid of deleterious influence on metabolism in L. rohita.

Synergistic effect of organophoshate chlorpyrifos and synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin in freshwater commercially cultivable fish Labeo rohita

In the present study freshwater commercially cultivable Indian major carp Labeo rohita fingerlings was used to evaluate the synergistic effect of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide and cypermethrin , a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide widely used in agricultural fields. The fishes were maintained at sublethal concentration for a period of 14 and 21 days. Histological examination was carried out in gills, liver and muscle at the end of exposure period to study the extent of damage at safe concentration.

Quality deterioration of wet fish caught in Mymensingh farm in different steps of distribution channel towards Dhaka

The fish landed for domestic consumption suffers from serious post harvest loss due to ignorance and negligence of the people involved in the harvest, distribution, processing and trade. Low quality fish is a constraint for food security and public health and is a cause for economic loss. The present study was carried out to identify the cause and to quantify the post harvest loss by a sensory tool. Quality deterioration of some major inland species of wet fish was determined at different steps of distribution channel from the fish farm gate of Mymensingh to Dhaka retail markets in June and July 2010. Five distribution channels i.e. farm gate, transport, arot (commission agent), wholesale and retail markets were studied to find out the deterioration level of the quality of fish. Data were collected by travelling with fish and from the stakeholders in distribution channel through questionnaire interviews. In the distribution channel of wet fish RRA and SWOT analysis were done with fish farmer, arotder, transporter, wholesaler and retailer. The major species studied were Indian major carps (Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhina mrigala), pangas (Pagasius sutchi), silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix) and tilapia (Oriochromis niloticus). Different species showed different levels of deterioration of quality at various steps of distribution channels. The quality of fish was found to be changed in between arot and retail market. Inadequate knowledge and practice in handling, icing and container use were found to be the major bottlenecks to keep the fish in acceptable quality.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14926 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(2): 331-337, 2012