Mainland India Research Articles

HCV phylogenetic signature and prevalence of pretreatment NS5A and NS5B NI-Resistance associated substitutions in HCV-Infected patients in Mainland China

Background & aimsResistance associated substitutions (RAS) can reduce the efficacy of some direct-acting antiviral HCV regimens. Here, prevalence of RAS in genotype (GT) 1b, 2, 3, and 6 HCV-infected patients from Asian counties, North America and Europe are described and compared. MethodsPretreatment HCV RAS were assessed with 15% cutoff from patients enrolled in clinical trials of sofosbuvir-containing regimens in Mainland China, Japan, Korea, and India. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to investigating subtype diversity. ResultsIn GT1b patients, the prevalence of NS5A RAS, including Y93H, was similar across Asian countries (18–21%), and North America (15%) or Europe (19%). The prevalence of NS5B NI RAS, including L159F, was lower in Asian countries (1–5%) compared to North America (4%) or Europe (20%). The prevalence of NS3 RAS in patients from China (22%) and North America (28%) were lower than in Europe (40%). For GT2 patients in China, 100% had GT2a subtype with high prevalence of NS5A L31M. For GT3, the prevalence of GT3b was substantially higher in China (54%) than in North America or Europe (<1%); 99% of GT3b patients in China had NS5A RAS A30K+L31M, which confers high levels of resistance to NS5A inhibitors. In GT3a patients in China, the prevalence of NS5A RAS was lower (5%) than in North America and Europe (14–16%). Prevalence of NS5B NI RAS in GT2 and GT3 patients was rare across regions (<2%). ConclusionsDifferences in the prevalence of GT2 and GT3 subtypes and NS5A RAS were observed between Asian and Western countries.

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of PM10 over Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), adjoining regions and Indo-Himalayan Range (IHR) during a winter 2014 campaign

For source identification, a field campaign involving simultaneous sampling of particulate matter (PM10) was conducted at eight sampling sites in the Indian mainland during winter 2014. The sampling sites include Delhi (upper IGP), Lucknow (middle IGP), and Kolkata (lower IGP) in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP); Mohal-Kullu and Darjeeling in the Indo-Himalayan Range (IHR). In addition, Ajmer, located upwind of the IGP in NW-India and Giridih and Bhubaneswar, in the downwind to the IGP has also been chosen. To characterize the sources of the ambient PM10, stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13CTC) and nitrogen (δ15NTN) for the total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) fractions have been considered. Ancillary chemical parameters, such as organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble ionic components (WSIC) mass concentrations are also presented in this paper. There was very small variation in the daily average δ13CTC ratios (- 24.8 to - 25.9‰) among the sites. Comparison with end-member stable C isotopic signatures of major typical sources suggests that the PM10 at the sites was mainly from fossil fuel and biofuel and biomass combustion. Daily average δ15NTN ratios were not observed to vary much between sites either (8.3 to 11.0‰), and the low δ15NTN levels also indicate substantial contributions from biofuel and biomass burning of primarily C3 andC4 plant matter. Graphical abstract Scatter plot of the average (± 1 standard deviation (SD)) δ13CTC (‰) compared to δ15NTN (‰) at the sampling sites.

Genetic Characterization of Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses from Field Outbreaks of the North East Region of India.

In recent years, acute severe outbreaks of infectious bursal disease (IBD) are frequently observed in commercial chicken populations of the North East Region (NER) of India, resulting in huge economic loses to poultry farmers. Field outbreaks of IBD in 30 different poultry farms in the NER were confirmed by clinicopathologic examination and reverse transcriptase PCR. A total of 10 isolates of IBD virus (IBDV) from these outbreaks were characterized by the genetic analysis of VP1 and the hypervariable region of the VP2 gene. Nucleotide sequences, deduced amino acid sequences, and phylogenetic analysis of both VP2 and VP1 genes revealed two genetically diverse strains of very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) and one intermediate strain circulating in the NER. These isolates differ at nucleotide and amino acid levels from vvIBDV isolates of mainland India and are clustered in distinctly separate groups in the phylogenetic tree. Six of the isolates revealed a unique combination of vvIBDV amino acid signatures in the VP2 gene (A222, I256, I294), while bearing the non-vvIBDV amino acid signatures of the VP1 gene (146E, 147G, 242D), but they are clearly classified as vvIBDV in a phylogenetic analysis of both genes. Interestingly, one of the isolates showed 99% sequence homology with attenuated vaccine strains in the VP2 gene and clustered together. This study demonstrates the diversity of IBDVs in India and document for the first time the possible involvement of attenuated vaccine strains in the epidemiology of IBD in India.

The identity of Aplocheilus andamanicus (Köhler, 1906) (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes), an endemic Killifish from the Andaman Islands, with notes on Odontopsis armata van Hasselt.

In his work on the fishes of the Andaman Islands, Francis Day (1870) collected large-sized specimens of Aplocheilus from the south Andamans. Despite differences in the size and dorsal-fin ray counts, Day refrained from recognising the Andaman Aplocheilus as a distinct species and considered it as Aplocheilus panchax, a species distributed in the Ganges delta and across the eastern coast of mainland India. However, Day mentioned the differences in fin-ray counts between these two populations. Subsequently Köhler (1906) described the Andaman population as Haplochilus andamanicus (now in Aplocheilus), referring to the diagnostic characters initially discovered by Day. This species failed to receive recognition from taxonomists, because of the uncertainty regarding the validity of the species and its questionable synonymy with A. panchax. In this study, based on morphological and molecular evidence, we demonstrate that A. andamanicus is indeed a distinct and valid species, which can easily be diagnosed from the widespread A. panchax. While resolving the identity of A. andamanicus, we also demonstrate that the congeners from southeast Asia form a genetically distinct group for which the name Odontopsis armata is available.

New host record of pea crab Arcotheres purpureus (Alcock, 1900) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pinnotheridae) with first description of male

BackgroundArcotheres purpureus, a species of pea crab has been reported from the Red Sea, Maldives and Andaman Sea with no description of the male. According to existing literature the single host for this species is Ostrea.MethodsThe specimens examined were obtained from the dredge hauls.ResultsIn the present study we report Arcotheres purpureus for the first time from the coastal waters of mainland India. The specimens have been observed within the mantle cavity of a venerid bivalve Protapes gallus a new host record for this species. A description of the male specimen is also communicated herein for the first time.ConclusionsBivalve fisheries is an alternative livelihood option for the fishermen of this region. In this context the manifestation of Arcotheres purpureus, from a commercially viable species of bivalve such as Protapes gallus as well as its incidence in waters of mainland, India is a cause for concern necessitating further investigations.

Ancient Human Migrations to and through Jammu Kashmir- India were not of Males Exclusively

Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), the Northern most State of India, has been under-represented or altogether absent in most of the phylogenetic studies carried out in literature, despite its strategic location in the Himalayan region. Nonetheless, this region may have acted as a corridor to various migrations to and from mainland India, Eurasia or northeast Asia. The belief goes that most of the migrations post-late-Pleistocene were mainly male dominated, primarily associated with population invasions, where female migration may thus have been limited. To evaluate female-centered migration patterns in the region, we sequenced 83 complete mitochondrial genomes of unrelated individuals belonging to different ethnic groups from the state. We observed a high diversity in the studied maternal lineages, identifying 19 new maternal sub-haplogroups (HGs). High maternal diversity and our phylogenetic analyses suggest that the migrations post-Pleistocene were not strictly paternal, as described in the literature. These preliminary observations highlight the need to carry out an extensive study of the endogamous populations of the region to unravel many facts and find links in the peopling of India.

Seasonal and interannual changes of significant wave height in shelf seas around India during 1998–2012 based on wave hindcast

Present study examines the interannual changes of significant wave height (Hs) in shelf seas around Indian mainland based on the 15-year (1998–2012) wave hindcast data obtained from numerical model. Validation of the hindcast data with buoy-measured data shows that hindcast Hs is reasonably in good agreement with the observation (Pearson correlation coefficient values of 0.92–0.97). Annual average Hs varied from 0.9 to 1.4 m and the wave heights are higher (∼20%) in western shelf seas compared to eastern shelf seas. The analysis reveals seasonal fluctuations of wave climate, with a strong influence of Asian summer monsoon in the western shelf seas compared to the eastern shelf seas of India. Maximum Hs varied from 3.65 to 7.36 m and these maximum values were during the tropical cyclones. During 1998 to 2012, a statistically significant positive trend of 0.8–1.4 cm yr−1 in annual mean Hs is observed and the increasing trend is higher (∼0.7–2.5 cm yr−1) during the Asian summer monsoon period (June–September). The average trend of annual mean wind speed is also positive and is higher (∼1.67 cm s−1 yr−1) for the western shelf seas than that for eastern shelf seas (∼0.93 cm s−1 yr−1).

First record of family Xenasteiidae (Diptera: Brachycera: Cyclorrhapha) from India in association with &lt;i&gt;Aleurodicus rugioperculatus&lt;/i&gt; Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) with cautionary notes on associated parasitoids

First ever record of family Xenasteiidae (Diptera: Brachycera: Cyclorrhapha) from mainland India is provided. Most of the previous records of this family are from coastal sites, as they have usually been found on islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. For the first time biology and life stages of &lt;em&gt;Xenasteia&lt;/em&gt; are illustrated. &lt;em&gt;Xenasteia&lt;/em&gt; members were found associated with an exotic rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) colony of &lt;em&gt;Aleurodicus rugioperculatus&lt;/em&gt; Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the coastal areas of Karnataka in southern India, however no direct obligate association could be diagnosed. Also for the first time &lt;em&gt;Anagyrus&lt;/em&gt; sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was recorded from the genus &lt;em&gt;Xenasteia&lt;/em&gt; as its solitary parasitoid. Worldwide, this is the first ever report of parasitism associated with any member of this little-known family Xenasteiidae.

First record of family Xenasteiidae (Diptera: Brachycera: Cyclorrhapha) from India in association with Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) with cautionary notes on associated parasitoids

First ever record of family Xenasteiidae (Diptera: Brachycera: Cyclorrhapha) from mainland India is provided. Most of the previous records of this family are from coastal sites, as they have usually been found on islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. For the first time biology and life stages of Xenasteia are illustrated. Xenasteia members were found associated with an exotic rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) colony of Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the coastal areas of Karnataka in southern India, however no direct obligate association could be diagnosed. Also for the first time Ooencyrtus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was recorded from the genus Xenasteia as its solitary parasitoid. Worldwide, this is the first ever report of parasitism associated with any member of this little-known family Xenasteiidae.Erratum: The identity of the parasitoid reported as Anagyrus sp. in this article is now corrected as Ooencyrtus sp.

Representation, resistance and cultural hybridity of the Naga Indigenous people in India

Governments have been criticized for being major actors in creating Indigenous identities. This study investigates the Indian Government's official touristic representations of the Naga Indigenous people and how the Nagas endeavor to develop their own self-representations. Findings reveal that the Indian Government represents the Nagas as timeless which rekindles internal colonialism. Conversely, the Nagas articulate cultural resistance towards the hegemonic Indian discourses thus seeking for social justice. They express Naga discourse through their religion (Christianity) to emphasize on modernity and enhance collective identity, but most importantly to oppose the Hindu and Muslim religions in mainland India. This study intends to make a theoretical contribution to tourism literature by revealing the hybridized nature of Naga identity, which contests established categorizations of culture and identity through ‘third spaces’.

Genetic Diversity in Drumstick of Andaman Islands and Their Relatedness with Probable Introduction Sites from Mainland India

The study investigated genetic diversity in Moringa oleifera Lam. samples (63) from nine islands in Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) and their relatedness with samples (5) from their probable source regions in mainland India. The polymerase chain reaction analysis with polymorphic random fragment polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (5) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) (20) markers generated 987 and 4190 amplicons, respectively. The RAPD analysis resulted into two main and eight sub-clusters and ISSR markers generated two main and five sub-clusters. Extent of similarity in 68 samples was revealed to be 49% by RAPDs to 53% by ISSR markers. Average polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.47 to 0.50 for the studied markers. Maximum collections from the islands were grouped along with samples from Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala which suggest high level of genetic relatedness. The information on influence of ‘isle factor’ in genetic divergence of introduced drumsticks is useful for continuance of studies on genetic changes for adaptation.

Development of Regional Maritime Networks during the Early Metal Age in Northern Maluku Islands: A View from Excavated Glass Ornaments and Pottery Variation

ABSTRACTIn this paper we discuss the results of excavation at the Aru Manara site in the Northern Maluku islands along with a description of the recovered pottery assemblage and results of compositional analysis of glass ornaments. By comparing our data to those from other sites in the area, we suggest the possible development of regional maritime networks in and around the Northern Maluku Islands during the Early Metal Age. The lowest level of the site contained a large number of secondary human burials, burial pots, and jars with distinctive anthropomorphic and zoomorphic motifs (including human faces and lizards), and possible baked clay ornaments. These all date to between ca. 2100 and 1900 years BP, corresponding to the Early Metal Age in Island Southeast Asia. The site also produced numerous glass beads and bracelets. X-ray fluorescence analysis confirms a high proportion of potash glass that possibly originated from China, Mainland Southeast Asia or India and is common in sites in Thailand and Vietnam dating to between 2500 and 2100 years BP. There was a minor occurrence of high alumina-soda glass beads known as Indo-Pacific beads that originated from India to Southeast Asia and which are commonly found in sites dated between 2300 and 1500 years BP or later. The glass ornaments from different areas, combined with variable pottery, indicates the possible development of maritime and cross-regional networks to the Northern Maluku Islands.

REP-PCR DISTINGUISHES RICE BACTERIAL BLIGHT PATHOGEN (XANTHOMONAS ORYZAE pv. ORYZAE) STRAINS OF INDIAN MAINLAND AND BAY ISLANDS

Thirty-two strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) representing 12 pathotypes from major rice growing Indian mainland states and Andaman Islands were analyzed using RepPCR and IS1112-based PCR approaches. All four PCR primers (BOX, REP, ERIC and JEL primers) confirmed the presence of high genetic variability among the Xoo strains studied. The REP primers generated more PCR fragments than other set of primers and the amplification pattern of BOX, REP, ERIC and JEL primers were 277, 171, 147 and 149 respectively with the band size varying from 200 to 3000 base pairs. Cluster analysis of 32 Xoo strains revealed that the combined dendrogram constructed using Rep–PCR analysis was effective in distinguishing Islands Xoo strains from Indian mainland strains with the similarity index of Islands clusters of about 53%. In case of IS1112 repeat element based PCR approach, the two of the mainland strains (DX_027 and DX_143) were grouped with one mainland isolate ANBB_4 in one sub cluster whereas remaining three mainland isolates grouped separately in a main cluster. This indicated that Islands strains were genetically distinct from mainland strains. Also, the Rep-PCR approach was found to be more precise and thus suitable for discriminating the variability among Xoo strains emanating from geographically diverse locations.

Thismia (Thismiaceae): the first record of the mycoheterotrophic genus to the Flora of India with a new species revealing the phytogeographical significance of Western Ghats

Thismia, a genus of mycoheterotrophic plants, is reported for the first time from mainland India, from Neryamangalam forests in Idukki district of Kerala, along with a new species, T. sahyadrica. Thismia sahyadrica, described and illustrated here, is unique within Thismia in having a mitre with a single opening; five perianth lobes are fused into a mitre-like structure, while the sixth one is free, forming a lateral single opening of the flower. Due to its unique morphological characteristics, the taxonomic placement of the new species remains obscure, although some root and flower characters suggest an affinity with species from the sections Glaziocharis, Sarcosiphon, Geomitra, and Scaphiophora. Ecological specificity and phytogeographical peculiarities of the new species are also discussed.

History, culture, infrastructure and export markets shape fisheries and reef accessibility in India's contrasting oceanic islands

SUMMARYIslands offer unique model systems for studying fisheries development in relation to the growing global seafood trade. This study examines how export-driven fisheries in India's oceanic islands (Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands) differ significantly as a result of their varied history, culture, available infrastructure and market access. Despite being geographically closer to export centres on the Indian mainland, processing and transport infrastructure in the Lakshadweep Islands are limited. This only allows for the trade of non-perishable commodities like dried tuna that are caught using traditional pole-and-line fishing techniques, restricting reef exploitation to local preference-based consumption and opportunistic export. The Andaman Islands, on the other hand, with multiple daily flight connections and large private and government processing facilities, are better connected to export markets. The relatively recent and multicultural fisheries of these islands supply marine commodity chains for reef fishery goods such as dried shark fins, frozen snapper fillets and chilled groupers. The Nicobar Islands are furthest away from mainland export centres and are mostly populated by indigenous communities – fishing here is mostly for subsistence and local sale. Revised estimates of travel times to export market centres are counterintuitive in terms of geographical distances and are significantly different from travel times to local markets.

&lt;b&gt;Diversity and new records of intertidal hermit crabs of the genus &lt;I&gt;Clibanarius&lt;/I&gt; (Crustacea: Decapoda: Diogenidae) from Gujarat coast off the northern Arabian Sea, with two new records for the mainland Indian coastline&lt;/b&gt;

The present study reports seven hermit crab species of the genus Clibanarius, viz., C. infraspinatus, C. longitarsus, C. rhabdodactylus, C. rutilus, C. signatus, C. virescens, and C. zebra, from the intertidal zone of Gujarat State on the west coast of India. With the exception of C. zebra, the remaining six species are the first records from the west coast of India, and two species, C. rutilus and C. rhabdodactylus are new records from mainland India. All the recorded species were found inhabiting rocky, sandy and muddy intertidal habitats. We have appended the diagnostic descriptions and live coloration of all species based on the observations of our voucher specimens. Comments are provided where they differ slightly from the published records of that species, enriching the available identification keys for the intertidal hermit crabs of the Indian Ocean.

A functional evaluation of the spatiotemporal patterns of temperature change in India

ABSTRACTThe present endeavour aims to identify the spatiotemporal footprints of temperature change in India by analysing monthly temperature data pertaining to the period of 1901–2005. Functional data analysis (FDA) has been implemented for detecting the temporal manifestation of mean change years. The estimated change years have been observed to largely pertain to the latter half of 20th century and to fall in close proximity to the previously reported global change years 1963 and 1976. Large portions of the Indian mainland have been observed to exhibit significant temperature changes after approximately every 12 years since 1940. The all‐India temperature rise is estimated to be 0.53 °C during 1901–2005. It has also been observed that, temperature rise has primarily occurred during post‐monsoon and winter seasons. An index, consolidating the results of FDA such as change years and temperature rise, has been developed to quantify temperature‐change severity. Based on the spatial distribution of index values, the hot‐spots have been found to cluster over the north‐central and eastern parts of the country.

Asian representation in clinical trials of new drugs for the treatment of cancer.

6564 Background: In the US, statistics for Asians are often aggregated with other racial groups. This poses challenges in estimating the cancer burden and in defining cancer clinical trial enrollment targets in this demographic subgroup. ‘Asian‘ refers to persons with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian sub-continent. Asians comprise 6% of the US population and the largest Asian subgroups in the US are of Chinese (22%), Filipino (19%), Asian Indian (19%), Vietnamese (10%), Korean (9%), and Japanese (7%) descent. The representation of Asian patients in global clinical trials may not be reflective of the Asian subgroups in the US. FDA conducted an analysis to describe patients categorized as ‘Asian’ in clinical trials supporting the approval of new drugs. Methods: We reviewed the marketing applications of 33 new molecular entities approved for the treatment of solid tumor malignancies between 2011- 2016 to identify trials that provided the primary evidence of safety and efficacy. Results: A total of 29,941 patients were enrolled; 17 % were Asian. Most Asian patients were enrolled in Korea (20%), Taiwan (20%), mainland China (20%), Japan (16%), and US (5%). Few patients were enrolled in India (3%); the Philippines (1%); Vietnam (0). In the US, Asian patients comprised 3% of the total number of patients enrolled. Conclusions: Asian patients represented a heterogeneous mix. A large proportion was enrolled in Taiwan (20%) and Korea (20%), whereas the largest proportion of US Asians have origins in mainland China (22%), the Philippines (19%), India (19%), and Vietnam (10%). Nevertheless, although Asians share a common ancestry, it is not clear whether data from global clinical trials are generalizable to Asian patients in the US. Therefore, strategies to improve the enrollment of US Asian patients in clinical trials are needed. Among patients enrolled in the US, 3% were Asians, a proportion that is below US Asian population estimates (6%). While most site-specific cancer incidence and death rates are lower in US Asians compared to Whites, the rates of some cancers (e. g., stomach and liver) are higher in this group. Therefore, studies are needed to determine adequate enrollment targets in this demographic subgroup.

Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: Case Study of Manipur

The Indian army, from the colonial era has been trained for conventional warfare. They have been used to curb the internal disturbances caused by non-state actors especially against insurgencies in Kashmir and the Northeast. Currently in northern part of India insurgency is the main problem and creates the war like situations like curfew and strike, sometimes which clearly challenges the model of democracy. Insurgency is an organized movement aimed to overthrow or destruct the constitutional government by the use of subversion, terrorism as well as armed conflict. And similar attempts by the state to crush them is known as counterinsurgency. This counterinsurgency often changes its nature to repression and human right violations. The northeast region of India comprised of eight states: Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Tripura and Sikkim and all eight states have been poorly connected to the mainland India. but all of them has been surrounded by major countries like China, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Bhutan. it is very unfortunate to see that the numbers and information of the entire region is not sufficiently analyzed and communicated to the center, which creates the further misinformation, mismanagement and alienation. At another level, these all conflicts contribute to the violent forms, it has not only affects the Indian sovereignty but also affects the life of various people living in the entire region. As of now, among all of the eight states Manipur remains the most violent states in the north-east India. Manipur comes under the armed forces special power act, 1958. which had made the situation of Manipur from bad to worst. In this paper, I will critically analyze the history of Manipur with respect of AFSPA,1958 violations of human rights, role of Irom Chanu Sharmila also known as the "Iron Lady" or "Mengoubi” who has been on hunger strike for the 16 years to safe guard the rights of people of Manipur from the draconian law of AFSPA and the actions of Indian government.

Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: Case Study of Manipur

The Indian army, from the colonial era has been trained for conventional warfare. They have been used to curb the internal disturbances caused by non-state actors especially against insurgencies in Kashmir and the Northeast. Currently in northern part of India insurgency is the main problem and creates the war like situations like curfew and strike, sometimes which clearly challenges the model of democracy. Insurgency is an organized movement aimed to overthrow or destruct the constitutional government by the use of subversion, terrorism as well as armed conflict. And similar attempts by the state to crush them is known as counterinsurgency. This counterinsurgency often changes its nature to repression and human right violations. The northeast region of India comprised of eight states: Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Tripura and Sikkim and all eight states have been poorly connected to the mainland India. but all of them has been surrounded by major countries like China, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Bhutan. it is very unfortunate to see that the numbers and information of the entire region is not sufficiently analyzed and communicated to the center, which creates the further misinformation, mismanagement and alienation. At another level, these all conflicts contribute to the violent forms, it has not only affects the Indian sovereignty but also affects the life of various people living in the entire region. As of now, among all of the eight states Manipur remains the most violent states in the north-east India. Manipur comes under the armed forces special power act, 1958. which had made the situation of Manipur from bad to worst. In this paper, I will critically analyze the history of Manipur with respect of AFSPA,1958 violations of human rights, role of Irom Chanu Sharmila also known as the "Iron Lady" or "Mengoubi” who has been on hunger strike for the 16 years to safe guard the rights of people of Manipur from the draconian law of AFSPA and the actions of Indian government.