Indian Context Research Articles

Validation of Abbreviated Science Anxiety Scale in the Indian Context

The abbreviated science anxiety scale1 was validated in the Indian context with 290 secondary school students of grade 8 as the sample subjects. Exploratory factor analysis revealed the original two factors explaining 54.778 % of total variance in science anxity construct. Confirmatory factor analysis validated the factor structure of the construct with excellent goodness of fit estimates like CMIN/DF = 1.830, CFI = 0.969, TLI = 0.957, RMSEA = 0.054 and SRMR = 0.0392, conducted using the estimator maximum likelihood (ML). The floor and ceiling effect estimation for content validity showed that both the effects are absent with estimates way lesser than the benchmark of 15 % at 6.55 % and 0 % respectively. The internal consistency reliability estimation using Cronbach’s alpha found that the five items of the first factor “Learning science anxiety” and four items of the second factor “Science evaluation anxiety” had this estimate at 0.803 and 0.678 respectively, both of which fairly indicate good measurement of reliability of the scale. The education implications of the study are discussed.

Understanding Role of Digital Asset and LOSI for Rural Areas: An Evidence-based Study in Indian Context

Digital assets (DAs) are growing to be one of the most promising utilities due to the emerging digital transformation opportunities for society to harness. The innovations in contemporary DAs have led to the use of mobile computing, internet of things, edge computing and services like software as a service, platform as a service and desktop as a service. DAs have the potential to leverage and support other assets defined by the International Fund for Agricultural Development to enhance livelihood prospects in rural areas. The E-government services, aimed at mitigating digital divides and enhancing rural–urban continuum, need appropriate DAs. The UN has been conducting periodical E-government readiness assessments with a focus on Local Online Services Index (LOSI). All the countries participating in this readiness exercise are creating and upgrading through their E-government policies. LOSI is largely dependent on the availability of desired DAs, supply of digital transformation-based services and an emerging demand. The LOSI, introduced in 2018, is currently limited to the municipalities, providing a scope to assess rural areas where digital divides are still prevalent. This article presents a framework to discuss the associated DAs to develop LOSI for the rural areas in the Indian context. The article also presents a use case in the Indian context to understand how the Indian E-government efforts are poised to leverage the DAs to deepen rural digital services. Through the use cases, it is observed that the rural DAs need converged effort of policymakers to have a better LOSI.

Feminist Pedagogy in Women’s Studies Classrooms: Some Critical Reflections

Based on a study of five women’s studies degree programmes, this article attempts to discuss pedagogical issues that are surfacing in higher education on account of the changing social composition of students since the implementation of reservations for Other Backward Classes in higher education. Critical pedagogy has not found much space in discussions on higher education in the Indian context. The exception has been reflections on feminist pedagogy that primarily draw on Freirian thought and the scholarship of bell hooks. Against this background, the article brings out how the epistemic principles of critical disciplines like women’s studies generate ethical expectations of the feminist teacher, particularly in relation to caste in this case. It goes on to discuss the limits imposed on these ideas of feminist pedagogy by the institutional and structural inequalities in higher education and how the dominant social composition of teachers necessarily limits possibilities of feminist pedagogy.

Association between migraine and pre-eclampsia among pregnant women: a single hospital-based case–control study in India

BackgroundPre-eclampsia and migraine share some similar aspects of pathophysiology such as vascular function, platelet activation, and enhanced clotting. A few observational studies from different demographics showed that pregnant women with a history of migraine were at higher risk of developing pre-eclampsia. However, there is no such evidence available from the Indian context. Hence, a hospital-based case–control study was conducted among Indian women to determine the association between migraine and pre-eclampsia.MethodIt was a single-centre case-control study in a tertiary care hospital in India. Cases were pregnant women with clinically diagnosed pre-eclampsia, and controls were normotensive pregnant women. Migraine was diagnosed with a questionnaire adapted from the “International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD), 3rd Edition” by the International Headache Society, (IHS). We performed logistic regression to explore the association between migraine and pre-eclampsia.ResultOne hundred sixty-four women (82 women per group) were enrolled. The mean age among the cases (24.5 years, standard deviation of 2.4 years) was slightly higher than the mean age of the controls (23.5 years, standard deviation of 2.5 years) with a p-value of 0.006. We found that women with a history of migraine were more likely to develop pre-eclampsia (Adjusted Odds Ratio 6.17; p-value < 0.001, 95% Confidence Interval of 2.85 to 13.62).ConclusionThe current findings suggest a significant association between migraine and pre-eclampsia aligning with previous study findings; nevertheless, larger follow-up studies including women from different states in India are needed.

Medical Rescue System

India's vast and diverse landscape presents significant challenges for delivering timely medical assistance to remote and inaccessible regions, particularly during emergencies and natural disasters. In response to this critical need, this paper introduces a specialized Medical Rescue System (MRS) designed specifically for the Indian context. In conclusion, the Medical Rescue System represents a promising solution to address the unique challenges of emergency medical response in India, contributing to the nation's efforts to ensure equitable access to healthcare for all its citizens. Continued research, development, and deployment of the MRS are essential to realize its full potential and save lives in emergencies across the subcontinent.

FER-BHARAT: a lightweight deep learning network for efficient unimodal facial emotion recognition in Indian context

Humans' ability to manage their emotions has a big impact on their ability to plan and make decisions. In order to better understand people and improve human–machine interaction, researchers in affective computing and artificial intelligence are investigating the detection and recognition of emotions. However, different cultures have distinct ways of expressing emotions, and the existing emotion recognition datasets and models may not effectively capture the nuances of the Indian population. To address this gap, this study proposes custom-built lightweight Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models that are optimized for accuracy and computational efficiency. These models are trained and evaluated on two Indian emotion datasets: The Indian Spontaneous Expression Dataset (ISED) and the Indian Semi Acted Facial Expression Database (iSAFE). The proposed CNN model with manual feature extraction provides remarkable accuracy improvement of 11.14% for ISED and 4.72% for iSAFE datasets as compared to baseline, while reducing the training time. The proposed model also surpasses the accuracy produced by pre-trained ResNet-50 model by 0.27% ISED and by 0.24% for the iSAFE dataset with significant improvement in training time of approximately 320 s for ISED and 60 s for iSAFE dataset. The suggested lightweight CNN model with manual feature extraction offers the advantage of being computationally efficient and more accurate compared to pre-trained model making it a more practical and efficient solution for emotion recognition among Indians.

A Mobile-Based System for Detecting Plant Leaf Diseases Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network

Plant diseases pose a significant challenge to agriculture in India, causing substantial losses in crop production each year. Limited-resource farmers often struggle with diagnosing these diseases accurately, especially when relying on visual observation of leaf symptoms. Hence, there is an urgent need to enhance the detection, monitoring, and prediction of crop diseases to mitigate agricultural losses effectively. To address this challenge, we propose a mobile-based system empowered by Machine Learning (ML) and computer vision tailored for the Indian context. Our system utilizes Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) as the core deep learning engine to classify 37 disease categories commonly found in Indian crops. We have curated a comprehensive dataset comprising 96,206 images of plant leaves, encompassing both healthy and infected, for training, validation, and testing purposes. The user interface of our system is designed as an Android mobile application, enabling farmers to capture images of diseased plant leaves effortlessly. Upon image capture, the system swiftly identifies the disease category and presents it to the user along with a confidence percentage. This functionality empowers farmers to take timely action to protect their crops, thereby reducing reliance on incorrect fertilizers that may exacerbate plant stress. Furthermore, we evaluated the performance of our system using various metrics, including classification accuracy and processing time. Our results indicate an impressive overall classification accuracy of 94% across the 37 disease classes prevalent in 14 different crop species commonly cultivated in India. In essence, our ML-powered mobile-based solution offers Indian farmers a robust tool for efficient crop disease diagnosis and management, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of agricultural productivity and sustainability in the country.

A deaf researcher in an Indian and Norwegian context – an autoethnographic journey

By taking an autoethnographic approach I intend to explore my epistemological and ontological experiences as a deaf Norwegian PhD candidate on a data collection journey in an Indian context. The aim of this article is to delve into challenges in a research process with a complex and multilinguistic environment, with barriers occurring, and how they could be understood and met. I identify and discuss barriers and possibilities in my research journey, describe how I faced challenges with gaining access to the field, and with recruitment issues, and share my process of finding solutions regarding communication. The autoethnographic analysis reveals a complex research situation with dynamic relationships and displays intersectionality in action. This analysis illuminates how knowledge production is linked to epistemological and ontological concerns. The reflexivity of the researcher is crucial, but the power of definition is also of interest and points to my shifting positionality as a deaf researcher.

The effect of structural oil shocks on stock returns of Indian renewable energy companies across market conditions

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the structural oil shocks effect on stock returns of Indian renewable energy companies across market conditions. Design/methodology/approach This study applies the structural vector autoregression model to estimate sources of oil shocks such as oil supply shock, aggregate demand shock and oil price-specific demand shock. In the next step, the panel quantile regression model estimates the effect of these oil shocks on stock return across market conditions. Monthly data are collected from January 2009 to December 2019. All renewable energy companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India are considered for the analysis. Findings In the whole sample analysis, this study finds that oil shocks negatively affect stock returns in most of the market conditions except oil price-specific demand shock. In sub-groups, oil shocks driven by supply and aggregate demand also negatively affect stock return in most market conditions. This study finds the positive interaction of oil price-specific demand shock. A majority of these positive interactions happen in bearish market conditions. In the whole sample, the asymmetric effects of shocks driven from oil supply and oil price-specific demand are seen in most quantiles or market conditions. At the same time, aggregate demand shock does not affect asymmetrically. In the sub-group analysis, standalone renewable energy companies stock returns are least asymmetrically affected by these oil shocks. The asymmetries of oil supply-driven shock on stock returns of the renewable energy sub-group companies are found in most quantiles. Originality/value First, this is a company-level study of the stock returns response to the structural oil shocks in the renewable energy sector. Second, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this type of study is the first in the Indian context. Third using panel quantile regression model along with capital asset pricing model framework, the authors investigate these effects across market conditions.

Owned-Dog Demographics, Ownership Dynamics, and Attitudes across Three States of India.

This paper presents the demographics, dynamics, and attitudes of dog ownership across three states in India. The background of this research is set against the increasing significance of pet ownership in urban Indian contexts, with a particular focus on understanding the variations in dog-ownership patterns and their implications for public health and animal welfare. We employed a survey-based approach, gathering quantitative survey data from dog owners (n = 563) and non-dog-owners (n = 9282) across different socioeconomic and geographic backgrounds in seven Indian settlements. The results reveal notable differences in dog-ownership patterns, influenced by regional state. In particular, settlements in Gujarat were found to have significantly fewer dog-owning households than those in Tamil Nadu, with no differences found according to settlement size. Dog ownership was found to be more common in households of higher socioeconomic standing, and settlements in Uttarakhand were found more frequently to possess dogs for reasons other than companionship. Data from Ahmedabad and Vadodara, specifically, also indicate rapidly increasing rates of pet ownership. Sterilisation and rabies vaccination proportions were typically low and high, respectively, across all settlements, with few significant differences found among settlements. Confinement of owned dogs at night was significantly lower in Nainital than all other settlements. Differences in attitudes towards roaming dogs between dog owners and non-dog-owners were also examined, with the results indicating both positive and negative trends accordingly. Our results emphasise the need for region-specific strategies in public health and animal welfare policies, acknowledging the diverse nature of pet ownership in India. This research provides valuable insight for policymakers and animal welfare organisations, underlining the importance of tailored approaches to address the unique challenges and opportunities in the Indian context.

Study on Lean Six Sigma methodology from the Indian context: an investigation of literature

Purpose India liberalized its economy in 1991, which resulted in intense global competition, quality-conscious and demanding customers. Additionally, significant technological advancements lead to enhancements in products and processes. These forced Indian organizations to adopt innovative business strategies in the past 30 years. Meanwhile, the Lean Six Sigma methodology has significantly grown with vast applicability during the past 30 years. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop the learning on Lean Six Sigma methodology in the Indian context through investigation of literature. Design/methodology/approach A three-stage systematic literature review approach was adopted to investigate the literature during the present study. In total, 187 articles published in 62 journals/conference proceedings from 2005 to 2022 (18 years) were shortlisted. The first part of the article summarizes the significant milestones towards the quality journey in the Indian context, along with the evolution of the Lean Six Sigma methodology. The second part examines the shortlisted papers on Lean Six Sigma frameworks, their applicability in industrial sectors, performance metrics, outcomes realized, publication trends, authorship patterns and leading researchers from the Indian perspective. Findings Lean Six Sigma has emerged as a highly acclaimed and structured business improvement strategy worldwide. The Indian economy has seen remarkable growth in the past decade and is one of the fastest-growing economies in the 21st century. Lean Six Sigma implementation in India has significantly increased from 2014 onward. The study revealed that researchers have proposed several different frameworks for Lean Six Sigma implementation, the majority of which are conceptual. Furthermore, the balanced applicability of Lean Six Sigma in manufacturing and service sectors was observed with the highest implementation in the health-care sector. Additionally, the widely adopted tools, techniques along with performance metrics exploring case studies were reported along with a summary of eminent and leading researchers in the Indian context. Research limitations/implications This study is confined to reviewed papers as per the research criteria with a significant focus on the Indian context and might have missed some papers due to the adopted papers selection strategy. Originality/value The present study is one of the initial attempts to investigate the literature published on Lean Six Sigma in the Indian context, including perspective on the Indian quality movement. Therefore, the present study will provide an understanding of Lean Six Sigma methodology in the Indian context to graduating students in engineering and management and entry-level executives. The analysis and findings on Lean Six Sigma frameworks, research approach, publications details, etc., will be helpful to potential research scholars and academia. Additionally, analysis of case studies on Lean Six Sigma implementation by Indian industries will assist the managers and professionals in decision making.

Early Childhood Care and Education: A Systematic Literature Review in Indian Context

Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) is often regarded as A key element of universal education. This study delves into the landscape of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) in India through a systematic review of literature. After extensive attempts, several nations throughout the world are making strides toward securing ECCE. Despite this, the majority of them were unable to reach or compromise on this aim owing to insufficient resources, bad planning, and weak strategies for implementation, particularly in a large and populated nation such as India. The development of quality standards and curriculum frameworks, plans, acts, constitutional amendments, schemes, and flagship programmes like, District Primary Education Programme (DPEP), Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan are just a few of the initiatives the Indian government has launched to improve quality. It has resulted in both anticipated and unexpected concerns and obstacles due to India's compromise on the non- negotiable ECCE quality requirements. Consequently, the government's objective of guaranteeing quality in ECCE was not fully achieved. However, recent research indicates significant advancements in quality improvements. Of course, there are unsatisfactory results in certain areas and components, but there has also been progress in other areas, suggesting that maintaining quality is a realistic objective. This research aims to present an overview of the Government of India's operations, assess the situation on the ground, pinpoint the primary hurdles to ECCE quality development and offer workable solutions to overcome those hurdles.

Adoption Factors of Blockchain in Indian Agriculture Supply Chain Management Analysis using EFA

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 10pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;"&gt;The global agricultural supply chain grapples with inherent challenges, including opacity, inefficiency, and ethical concerns, necessitating innovative solutions, particularly within Indian Agriculture Supply Chain Management. Despite these challenges, a notable research gap emerges due to the limited exploration of adoption factors specific to the Indian agricultural context. To bridge this gap, a comprehensive investigation is initiated to delve into the nuanced dynamics of blockchain technology adoption in the Indian agricultural supply chain. The primary aim of this study is to provide insights into these adoption dynamics, employing a three-stage methodology. Starting with an extensive literature review to identify key adoption factors, the study then distributed a well-crafted questionnaire to 200 respondents, yielding 150 complete and analyzable responses. The chosen methodologies, including a one-sample t-test and exploratory factor analysis, allow for a quantitative assessment of the significance of various factors. The study's findings reveal crucial dimensions influencing blockchain adoption, such as perceived benefits, ease of use, trust, efficiency, ethical considerations, data security, integrity, regulatory compliance, and collaboration and stakeholder engagement, providing a comprehensive understanding of the adoption landscape. In conclusion, this research significantly contributes to comprehending the nuanced adoption dynamics of blockchain technology in the Indian agricultural supply chain, supported by a substantial sample size and robust methodological choices. The implications extend to stakeholders navigating the evolving agricultural supply chain, offering valuable insights for future research, policy considerations, and practical strategies, with a central focus on fostering transparency, efficiency, and ethical standards to address global agricultural supply chain challenges.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Analysis of Market Entry Strategies for Foreign Multinational Corporations in India A Market Research Study

This research paper explores market entry strategies for foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) in India, aiming to provide actionable insights for navigating the complexities of this dynamic market landscape. Through a qualitative research design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key industry experts and executives of foreign MNCs operating in India. The findings reveal that joint ventures are the preferred entry mode, with factors such as access to local knowledge, regulatory requirements, and cultural compatibility influencing entry mode selection. Performance evaluation metrics primarily focus on revenue growth, market share, and customer satisfaction, while adaptation strategies include product localization, marketing customization, and supply chain optimization. Challenges faced by foreign MNCs in market entry include regulatory compliance, cultural differences, and competition. Overall, this study contributes to filling the identified literature gap by providing a nuanced understanding of market entry strategies and their effectiveness in the Indian context. The implications of these findings extend to both academia and practice, offering opportunities for further research and guiding strategic decision-making for MNCs seeking to establish and expand their presence in India.

Nexus between total natural resource rents and public debt within symmetric and asymmetric framework: Fresh insight from resource-rich economy

Many economies abundant in natural resources often leverage the rents from these resources as collateral for borrowing during periods of economic boom, intending to repay debts during periods of windfall. However, this practice can cultivate irresponsible borrowing tendencies, potentially leading to debt trap scenarios when global resource prices decline. Thus, our study delves into the interaction between public debt (PD) and total natural resource rents (TNR), examining both aggregate and disaggregate forms, with a specific focus on India spanning from 1980-81 to 2021–22.Our aggregate analysis reveals that PD exhibits heightened responsiveness to negative shocks in TNR compared to positive shocks, indicating an asymmetric impact of TNR on PD within the Indian context. Additionally, disaggregate analysis uncovers that both positive and negative shocks in coal rents (CR), natural gas rents (NGR), and forest rents (FR) significantly and adversely affect PD. Furthermore, a positive shock in mineral rents (MR) demonstrates a negative and significant impact on PD, while a negative shock in MR yields a positive but insignificant impact on PD. Overall, barring oil rents (OR), other forms of resource rents such as CR, NGR, FR, and MR showcase asymmetric and negative effects on PD. These findings underscore the importance of prudent institutional behavior and sound economic policies in overseeing and managing debt sustainability in resource-rich economies.

Non-communicable diseases, digital education and considerations for the Indian context – a scoping review

IntroductionThe increasing ageing of the population with growth in NCD burden in India has put unprecedented pressure on India’s health care systems. Shortage of skilled human resources in health, particularly of specialists equipped to treat NCDs, is one of the major challenges faced in India. Keeping in view the shortage of healthcare professionals and the guidelines in NEP 2020, there is an urgent need for more health professionals who have received training in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of NCDs. This paper conducts a scoping review and aims to collate the existing evidence on the use of digital education of health professionals within NCD topics.MethodsWe searched four databases (Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO Education Research Complete, and PsycINFO) using a three-element search string with terms related to digital education, health professions, and terms related to NCD. The inclusion criteria covered the studies to be empirical and NCD-related with the target population as health professionals rather than patients. Data was extracted from 28 included studies that reported on empirical research into digital education related to non-communicable diseases in health professionals in India. Data were analysed thematically.ResultsThe target groups were mostly in-service health professionals, but a considerable number of studies also included pre-service students of medicine (n = 6) and nursing (n = 6). The majority of the studies included imparted online learning as self-study, while some imparted blended learning and online learning with the instructor. While a majority of the studies included were experimental or observational, randomized control trials and evaluations were also part of our study.DiscussionDigital HPE related to NCDs has proven to be beneficial for learners, and simultaneously, offers an effective way to bypass geographical barriers. Despite these positive attributes, digital HPE faces many challenges for its successful implementation in the Indian context. Owing to the multi-lingual and diverse health professional ecosystem in India, there is a need for strong evidence and guidelines based on prior research in the Indian context.

Impact of COVID-19 on Small Domestic and Inbound Travel Agencies and Tour Operators in West Bengal, India: Perspectives of Offline Owners-Managers

Purpose: This article delves into the mindset of small family business owners in tourism during the COVID-19 crisis, their strategies, and the barriers they faced in recovery. The study is particularly significant as it sheds light on the experiences of entrepreneurs in both urban and backward/rural areas of West Bengal, providing valuable insights for policymakers and professionals in the tourism and hospitality industry. Methodology: The qualitative research approach involved semi-structured interviews with thirteen family-owned tour operators or travel agency owners/managers. A fixed semi-structured questionnaire was used to explore their views on management operations during and after the crisis, allowing for open discussion and new insights. Principal Findings: The findings underscore the remarkable resilience of small family-operated tour operators and travel agencies. Despite facing multiple challenges, including threats of existence, the pressure of fixed costs, non-performing travel inventories, feeling unethical, uncertainty about the future, and feelings of loss of goodwill with lenders, these entrepreneurs have shown remarkable adaptability and determination. Originality: This research offers unique insights into the mindset of family business owners in the Indian context, particularly the urban-peripheral context. The study also highlights the gap between the government's measures and the needs of entrepreneurs in this post-COVID-19 era, providing a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities in the tourism industry.

Micronutrient Deficiency in Indian Diet

Micronutrient deficiency in the Indian diet poses a significant health challenge, impacting millions across the nation. The inadequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals, such as iron, zinc, vitamin A, and iodine, can lead to severe health issues, including anaemia, impaired cognitive development, and compromised immune function. One crucial factor contributing to micronutrient deficiency is soil pollution, which directly affects the nutritional content of vegetables and fruits. Soil pollution results from the presence of contaminants like heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial waste, negatively impacting soil health and composition. As plants absorb nutrients from the soil, polluted soil leads to diminished nutrient uptake by crops, exacerbating the micronutrient deficiency in the food chain. The contamination of soil with heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, can inhibit the absorption of essential minerals by plant roots. Consequently, vegetables and fruits grown in polluted soil may exhibit lower concentrations of vital micronutrients, even if individuals consume the same quantity of produce. This compromised nutritional quality directly contributes to the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in the Indian population. Addressing this issue necessitates a multi-faceted approach. Implementing sustainable agricultural practices, such as organic farming and soil remediation techniques, can help reduce soil pollution and enhance soil fertility. Additionally, promoting awareness about the importance of diversified diets and dietary supplements can empower communities to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Government initiatives, research collaborations, and public-private partnerships are essential to developing and implementing strategies that tackle both soil pollution and micronutrient deficiency in the Indian context, fostering a healthier and more resilient population. Keywords: Nutrients, Micronutrients, Indian diet, Vitamins, Supplements.

Object Theatre and the Indian Context

Object Theatre and the Indian Context

Climate governance and carbon emission disclosure

Purpose The purpose of this study is to shed light on the influence of climate governance on carbon emission disclosure. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on S&amp;P BSE 500 Indian firms over six years, i.e. from 2016–2017 to 2021–2022. The panel regression has been used to determine the association between climate governance and carbon emission disclosure. Findings The results of this study suggest that climate governance exerts a significant influence on corporate carbon emission disclosure. Moreover, results corroborate that climate governance elements such as the environment committee, carbon strategy and environment management system are critical contributors to carbon emission disclosure. Practical implications This study adds to the emerging literature on climate change, carbon emission disclosure, corporate governance and climate governance. Social implications This work provides valuable insights to corporate managers and policymakers as the study concludes that climate governance enhances firms’ carbon emission disclosure. Originality/value Earlier literature has examined the influence of corporate governance on carbon emission disclosure. However, this study extends to the corporate governance literature by providing novel insights into how integrating climate governance elements into corporate governance can influence carbon emission disclosure. Moreover, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to explore the association between climate governance and carbon emission disclosure in the Indian context.