Independent Sentences Research Articles

A ver (si): diacronía de un marcador del discurso en español

Abstract In this work, the diachronic perspective is used to explain the coexistence in current Spanish of three constructions: a) syntactic structures like a ver (si) + complement, integrated into the sentence framework, b) non-sentence fragments like a ver and c) independent structures, like a ver si + sentence complement. Out-side the sentence framework, both non-sentence fragments and independent sen-tences fulfil pragmatic values (interactive) or discursive values (favoring the construction of discourse). To carry out this diachronic investigation, we start from the syntactic insubordination hypothesis (cf. Evans 2007; Evans/Watanabe 2016), assuming that independence structures are the result of their insubordination from the governing nucleus of the sentence framework. In the first place, according to the documentation provided by the Corpus del Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (CDH), it is verified when the integrated syntactic structures like a ver (si) + complement, which we call experimentation structures, begin to be documented and when they stabilize in the language. The body of documents is subsequently reviewed to verify the first cases of syntactic insubordination and to verify how these syntactic independence processes end up being conventionalized and start to function as procedural marks with pragmatic and discursive value.

Acaso no esté/está todo dicho. Nuevas hipótesis sobre acaso y el subjuntivo en oraciones independientes

This study endeavors to examine the Spanish adverb acaso through a diachronic lens, offering novel hypotheses to elucidate its etymological derivation, the intricacies of its grammaticalization process, and its progressive selection of the subjunctive mood within independent sentences. Etymologically, compelling evidence is presented, establishing a linguistic lineage with late Latin. Concerning its grammaticalization, intricate connections are posited with the expression por (a)ventura. Regarding the selection of the subjunctive mood, the study reveals a recent shift, notably gaining prominence since the 18th century and persisting to the contemporary era. Lastly, an analytical inquiry into the determinants behind the subjunctive mood’s modern trajectory is undertaken, comparing it with the traditional course of the indicative mood.

Syntactic independent sentence without illocutive force

The article deals with the factors which influence the illocutionary force of the sentence. The syntactically independent sentences are in the focus of the discussion. It is shown that illocutionary force is formed by three factors: communicative binary, semantics of the sentence and temporal reference. They are universal. At the level of the deep structure, sentences, which have illocutionary force include three components: topic, focus and modality. The presence of modal component is not possible without the topic. Sentences without any illocutionary force do not have topicalized components and are incompatible with modal indicators. At the level of the surface structure the absence of illocutionary force is marked by the displacement of the predicate to the initial position, the position of the subject after the predicate or the monomial structure of a sentence. Sentences devoid of illocutionary force in the Russian language are always marked. In German the word order is fixed, therefore, in communicatively monomial sentences, the “shift” of the verb to the first position and the displacement of the referential subject is carried out by using the formal subject es in the preposition. In English, in this case, the initial elements there or it can be used. In proposals of this type, local and time indicators are often shifted to the initial position. Neither local nor temporal indicators can be the subject of a statement: at the beginning of a sentence they mark the absence of illocutionary force. Sentences devoid of illocutionary force serve as the background of the main narrative in the text or initiate the text. At the level of semantics, the sentences of this type are characterized by providing descriptions of nature, weather, situation, state, or act as introductory sentences in microtext or text. When describing states and characteristics, we mostly refer to permanent signs or properties of objects/objects/phenomena in the environment. The factors that shape the illocutionary force of a sentence are universal.

Improving biomedical named entity recognition by dynamic caching inter-sentence information.

Biomedical Named Entity Recognition (BioNER) aims to identify biomedical domain-specific entities (e.g. gene, chemical and disease) from unstructured texts. Despite deep learning-based methods for BioNER achieving satisfactory results, there is still much room for improvement. Firstly, most existing methods use independent sentences as training units and ignore inter-sentence context, which usually leads to the labeling inconsistency problem. Secondly, previous document-level BioNER works have approved that the inter-sentence information is essential, but what information should be regarded as context remains ambiguous. Moreover, there are still few pre-training-based BioNER models that have introduced inter-sentence information. Hence, we propose a cache-based inter-sentence model called BioNER-Cache to alleviate the aforementioned problems. We propose a simple but effective dynamic caching module to capture inter-sentence information for BioNER. Specifically, the cache stores recent hidden representations constrained by predefined caching rules. And the model uses a query-and-read mechanism to retrieve similar historical records from the cache as the local context. Then, an attention-based gated network is adopted to generate context-related features with BioBERT. To dynamically update the cache, we design a scoring function and implement a multi-task approach to jointly train our model. We build a comprehensive benchmark on four biomedical datasets to evaluate the model performance fairly. Finally, extensive experiments clearly validate the superiority of our proposed BioNER-Cache compared with various state-of-the-art intra-sentence and inter-sentence baselines. Code will be available at https://github.com/zgzjdx/BioNER-Cache. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

SATZSTRUKTUREN IM TONYUKUK DENKMAL

In this article, based on the Tonyukuk monument, we will determine the level of sentence structures in Turkish languages 1300 years ago, which sentence structure is used more, and which compound sentences are used differently from the compound sentences used in contemporary Turkish languages. Examining the sentence structures in the language of the ancient Turkish written monuments is essential in determining the sentence forms in both the mid-century and contemporary Turkic languages. In the modern era, when the problems related to syntax in Turkic languages are eliminated, the first source we will refer to is the ancient written monuments. As we know in Gokturk, Uygur and other ancient Turkish written monuments, punctuation marks are absent. This creates difficulties in transcribing original texts, especially in determining where compound sentences begin and end. These monuments, which have long gone a long way, have been translated by different language experts until now, and in this translation process, punctuation marks that are written in the wrong place have led to the creation of independent compound sentences, for example, simple sentences written between independent compound sentences or vice versa. In order to eliminate this problem, of course, it is necessary to rely on the original text and to be able to analyze it correctly. In this article, we will try to pay attention to the correct punctuation of the sentences used in the Tonyukuk monument based on the original text and determine which sentences are more or less statistically in terms of structure. Keywords: Orkhon monuments, Tonyukuk monument, compound sentence, simple sentence.

A joint FrameNet and element focusing Sentence-BERT method of sentence similarity computation

As one of the fundamental research areas of natural language processing, sentence similarity computation attracts researchers’ attention. Considering two single independent sentences, it is difficult to measure the similarity between them without sufficient context information. To solve this issue, we propose a joint FrameNet and element focusing Sentence-BERT method of sentence similarity computation (FEFS3C). Considering the actual meaning of sentences, we adopt the frame semantics theory and adapt FrameNet in FEFS3C. Moreover, focusing on critical information conveyed in sentences, FEFS3C takes the superiority of deep learning technologies and proposes a new sentence representation model element focusing Sentence-BERT (EF-SBERT) which improves traditional sentence representations. Two primary considerations of sentences in FEFS3C “sentence meaning” and “critical sentence information” aim to better utilize the influence of sentences context. To evaluate the performance of FEFS3C, we carried out experiments on the standard test set “STS-B”. Results show that FEFS3C has obtained better Spearman correlation compared with traditional methods.

Speech chain and repeated nomination in different system languages

This article studies the syntactic meaning of the speech chain in different structural languages and the repeated nominations reflected in different lexical units. In the process of analyzing the relationships between complete sentences which concepts related to the syntax of simple or complex sentences, acting on assumptions that are less acceptable. Similarly, it is inappropriate to transfer the connections specific to simple and complex parts of speech to the analysis of the relationships between independent sentences, as has unfortunately been observed in some scientific sources. Practice shows that the most common syntactic form of the chain is "object-subject" (the previous object is similar to the next in the lexical order). However, other structural forms of the chain (subject - object, object – object) are also widely used. Thus, lexical repetition is undoubtedly syntactic. This is a unique means of demonstrating the connection of independent sentences in a coherent speech.

Эмотивное выражение в тексте и пути его перевода

Research relevance: there are isomorphic features of the investigated interjections in semantics, pragmatic terms and in structure. Research objectives: to reveal the emotional meaning of the Russian interjection Tsyts and the way of its translation into English and Kyrgyz languages. Research materials and methods: the authors use the method of translation and comparison of interjections in The Quiet Don by M. Sholokhov, Farewell to Gyulsary by Ch. Aitmatov and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by M. Twain literary works. Research results: the isomorphic features of the studied interjections coincide in their pragmatic characteristics, structure, meaning and nominative function. Conclusions: In the languages under consideration, by their syntactic nature, they can act as independent sentences.

Latin Aphoristics in the Poetics of F. M. Dostoevsky

. The article analyzes the role of Latinisms in the literary and journalistic texts of F. M. Dostoevsky. By virtue of his education, the writer was wellacquainted with Latin literature, which undoubtedly affected his poetics. Multilingualism becomes one of the polyphonic tools of the latter: combination of languages performs a characterological function, enriching the characters’ speech portrait and expanding the linguocultural context of their worldview. Latin quotations are either provided by Dostoevsky as independent sentences, or integrated into the text and adjusted to the Russian syntax and grammar. Truncated or modified aphorisms integrated in the characters’ words are an attempt to substantiate their beliefs through an appeal to cultural constants. Most often, a change of this sort takes on a parodic character and turns into an alteration of meanings and a denial of spiritual values. Expressions from the Catholic culture occupy a special place in Dostoevsky’s poetics. On the one hand, Latin Catholic names complement the figurative embodiment of the Christian faith. On the other hand, while being the object of irony, ridicule or criticism, for Dostoevsky church Latin formulas illustrate an important topic in Roman Catholic Christianity: using the example of the so-called “Roman question,” the writer develops the idea of the life and death of religion in Europe.

Изоморфизм как системообразующий фактор коммуникативности в тексте

Isomorphism is one of the key factors of the communicative organization of the text. This article considers the isomorphism phenomena of the functional perspective of complex sentences and beyondphrasal unities with the semantic-syntactical relations of addition. Beyondphrasal unities are studied as communicative ones. The functional approach to the analysis of these unities showed certain regularities in the area of syntactic connections and semantic relations between both independent sentences and parts of complex sentences.

Comparative analysis Case (Haal) in Arabic syntax and semantic equivalents role of grammar in Persian

Comparative analysis Case (Haal) in Arabic syntax and semantic equivalents role of grammar in Persian

STYLISTIC DEVICES AS BASIC ELEMENTS OF ENRICHING ENGLISH LANGUAGE

The article deals with the study of stylistic techniques and means of expression characteristic of English speech expression, the study of means and methods of communication of independent sentences, as well as phrasal units, ways to combine them into fragments and whole speech texts. The paper identifies and generalizes scientific approaches to the study of stylistic syntax techniques, analyzes syntactic constructions that have expressive potential and pragmatic orientation. It is established that the subject of syntactic stylistics is also the study of the specifics of the functioning of expressive means and techniques in complex linguistic texts. It is found that the stylistic technique is realized, as a rule, in the context of phrasal units, paragraph and whole text, and the interaction of sentence models in these contexts gives emotional and expressive meaning to the segments of speech that they form. Thus, stylistic devices based on formal and semantic interactions of several syntactic constructions or sentences in a particular context, is one of the richest sources of speech expression. These stylistic devices serve as a means of poetic syntax, and are widely used in fiction, journalism and are found in scientific language. Despite the fact that each stylistic device individually contributes to the overall expressiveness of the text, a greater effect is achieved through their interaction, and with the help of these stylistic devices, contact with the addressee is established, the emotional background and emphaticity of the text are enhanced. Therefore, expressive means and stylistic techniques of syntax, which are created both with the use of stylistically marked constructions and without their participation, are one of the richest means of stylistics of the English language. The considered cases of violation of the usual logic of syntactic connection of parts of a complex sentence, semantic differences between their usual and occasional use bring subjective motives into the text and are used with certain stylistic purposes, which due to functioning together have a greater effect.

Constructive truth and falsity in Peano arithmetic

Abstract Artemov (2019, The provability of consistency) offered the notion of constructive truth and falsity of arithmetical sentences in the spirit of Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov semantics and its formalization, the logic of proofs. In this paper, we provide a complete description of constructive truth and falsity for Friedman’s constant fragment of Peano arithmetic. For this purpose, we generalize the constructive falsity to $n$-constructive falsity in Peano arithmetic where $n$ is any positive natural number. Based on this generalization, we also analyse the logical status of well-known Gödelean sentences: consistency assertions for extensions of PA, the local reflection principles, the ‘constructive’ liar sentences and Rosser sentences. Finally, we discuss ‘extremely’ independent sentences in the sense that they are classically true but neither constructively true nor $n$-constructively false for any $n$.

Ku Waru Clause Chaining and the Acquisition of Complex Syntax

How do children learn to understand and use complex syntactic constructions? In English, Diessel (2004) shows that they do so in two different ways. Complex sentences with dependent clauses (e.g., ‘Peter promised that he would come’) develop out of simple sentences that are gradually expanded into multi-clause ones. Complex sentences with coordinate clauses (e.g., ‘He tried hard, but he failed’) develop by integrating two independent sentences into a single two-clause unit. Here we expand on that research by focusing on the acquisition of a kind of complex syntactic structure which involves both dependency and coordination – the clause chain – in Ku Waru, a Papuan language spoken in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Clause chains are constructions coordinating multiple clauses in sequence, where the non-final or ‘medial’ clauses are in a dependent relationship with the final clause. One function of clause chains, which is often taken to be the prototypical one, is to refer to a series of events in sequence. Some Ku Waru clause chains do refer to sequential events. Other Ku Waru clause chains containing particular verbs refer to single events, sometimes with the particular verb providing aspectual or adverbial qualification (‘keep doing’, ‘do quickly’, etc.). In this article, we track their acquisition of several different kinds of clause chains based on longitudinal recordings of four children acquiring Ku Waru as their first language between the ages of 1½ and 5. We show that, although there are differences among the children in the ages at which they acquire the various kinds of clause chain, all four of them follow the same series of steps in doing so. In conclusion, we compare our findings to Diessel’s for English. We find that they are similar in some ways and different in others, which may be related to the differences between subordinate constructions, coordinate non-dependent constructions and coordinate-dependent constructions.

Bimodal Emotion Recognition Using Audio and Facial Features

A multimodal emotion recognition system is proposed using speech and facial images. For this purpose a video database is developed, containing emotions in three affective states viz. anger, sad and happiness. The audio and the snapshots of facial expressions acquired from the videos constituted the bimodal input for recognizing emotions. The spoken sentences in the database included text dependent as well as text independent sentences in Malayalam language. The audio features included short-time processing of speech to obtain: energy, zero crossing count, pitch and Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients. For facial expressions, the landmark features of face: eyebrows, eyes and mouth, obtained using Viola Jones Algorithm is used. The supervised learning methods K-Nearest Neighbor and Artificial Neural Network are used for emotion analysis. The system performance is evaluated for 3 cases viz. using audio based features and facial features separately and for both features taken together. Further, the effect of text dependent and text independent audio is also analyzed. The result of the analysis shows that text independent videos (utilizing both modalities) using K-Nearest Neighbor (highest accuracy 82.78%) is found to be more effective in recognizing emotions from the database considered.

A Step toward Machine Recognition of Complex Sentences

Abstract – This paper presents theoretical and technological background of a model for machine recognition of complex sentences. It is based on the Syntactic and Semantic Framework (SSF) which implements fundamental linguistic fields network resources and encyclopedias. It can be used to extract subject, predicate and object, as well as other sentence's parts (e.g. NP/VP/PP), and in some cases even semantic roles. In compound sentences the machine can easily recognize independent sentences, whereas in complex sentences the machine recognizes the main clause and the related subordinate clauses as well as sentence types (subject, object, predicate, etc.). Using stored patterns various theories can be tested. Keywords –complex and compound sentences, machine recognition, syntactic patterns, frequency analysis, computer model.

Unconditional readings and the simple conditional tense in Spanish: inferentials, future-oriented intentionals, future-in-the-past

AbstractThis paper offers a compositional interpretation of Spanish simple conditional morphology (cantaría‘would sing’) in independent sentences set within the semantic situations framework. It proposes that Spanish simple conditional morphology is composed of (a) a past component that encodes a topic situation, (b) a universal future operator with either an epistemic flavor or a temporal (i.e. historical) flavor /accessibility, and (c) a universal imperfective operator with a variety of flavors. Based on the interactions of these three components, the paper develops derivations for (1) past-oriented inferential readings that distinguish Spanish from French and Italian, (2) future-oriented conditionals involving past plans, which are apparently shared with French and Italian, and (3) future-in-the-past conditionals, where Spanish appears to resemble French and differs from Italian.

Automatic Abstractive Summarization Task for New Article

Understanding the contents of numerous documents requires strenuous effort. While manually reading the summary or abstract is one way, automatic summarization offers more efficient way in doing so. The current research in automatic summarization focuses on the statistical method and the Natural Processing Language (NLP) method. Statistical method produce Extractive summary that the summaries consist of independent sentences considered important content of document. Unfortunately, the coherence of the summary is poor. Besides that, the Natural Processing Language expected can produces summary where sentences in summary should not be taken from sentences in the document, but come from the person making the summary. So, the summaries closed to human-summary, coherent and well structured. This study discusses the tasks of generating summary. The conclusion is we can find that there are still opportunities to develop better outcomes that are better coherence and better accuracy.

On constructivity and the Rosser property: a closer look at some Gödelean proofs

The proofs of Kleene, Chaitin and Boolos for Gödel's First Incompleteness Theorem are studied from the perspectives of constructivity and the Rosser property. A proof of the incompleteness theorem has the Rosser property when the independence of the true but unprovable sentence can be shown by assuming only the (simple) consistency of the theory. It is known that Gödel's own proof for his incompleteness theorem does not have the Rosser property, and we show that neither do Kleene's or Boolos' proofs. However, we show that a variant of Chaitin's proof can have the Rosser property. The proofs of Gödel, Rosser and Kleene are constructive in the sense that they explicitly construct, by algorithmic ways, the independent sentence(s) from the theory. We show that the proofs of Chaitin and Boolos are not constructive, and they prove only the mere existence of the independent sentences.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: A novel approach for ranking customer reviews using a modified PSO-based aspect ranking algorithm

Buyer suggestions are helped customers to consider the qualities and shortcomings of various items and find resources that best suit their requirements. However, the suggestions are a challenge for different organizations, because of the veracity, velocity, variety, and volume veracity. Consequently, the customers looks at the indicators of readership and support of client audits, utilizing a sentiment mining approach for big data analytics. Consumer reviews for products are submitted on the web. Since the criticisms are improper it is difficult to gather all the information. This work recommends a new method particle swarm optimization for investigate the aspect-sentiment analysis. The objective of this method is to acquire a rundown of the best and the most undesirable attributes of a specific item, given an accumulation of free-text client audits. This method begins by coordinating user suggestions carefully assembled in independent sentences to discover assessments communicated towards hopeful aspects. We implement a probabilistic ranking aspect method to deduce the significant aspects while understanding the impact to common purchaser sentiments and viewpoints. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm gives the best result compared to the existing work.