Independent Sentences Research Articles

Développement d'une épreuve franco-québécoise de lecture labiale

To date, there has been no validated speech-reading test available for the French-Canadian population. In the context of rehabilitative services for persons with noise-induced hearing loss, it was felt necessary to develop and validate a speech-reading screening test. Thirty young adults having normal hearing bilaterally and good vision underwent the test. It involved a familiarization list and two lists of 25 independent sentences each. The validation concerned mainly the internal consistency and the equivalence of the lists. Two lists satisfying these criteria are proposed.

The Semantics of the Spanish Conditional in Discourse

The Spanish Conditional has not received the attention of other grammatical features in recent years. Yet it plays an important role in Spanish syntax and appears as a part of informal everyday as well as formal written and spoken discourse. It is much more complex than the grammaticalization of subsequence within a context of past tense, one of its major uses. Hadlich (1971) followed Stockwell et al. (1965) in describing the conditional as subsequence ( + past, + subsequence) in relation to past tense, similar in analysis to subsequence demonstrated in future tense (-past, + subsequence). Distinct from Hadlich (5152), we note that future tense appears in subordinate and independent sentences while the subsequence conditional appears only in subordinate sentences following a matrix verb in past tense. Thus, although both share the feature of subsequence, their status in independent and subordinate clauses is entirely different. The other equally important meaning of the conditional which incompasses unreality and hypothesis has not been studied adequately as a grammatical feature or as it is used in spoken and written passages. The purpose of this study is to reveal the scope of unreality and hypothesis as distinct from subsequence as manifested in the Spanish conditional, and to demonstrate the use of this hypothetical conditional (known as potencial in earlier studies) in spoken and written discourse. To this end, passages are included from El habla de la ciudad de Mixico and from works by Carballido and Borges. As distinct from the subsequence usage, the hypothetical conditional may be used to express conjecture, hypothesis, doubt, speculation, possibility, probability, potentiality, unknown futurity, supposition, vagueness, speculation, irreality, uncertainty or indeterminacy. As distinct from the subsequence conditional, the hypothetical conditional appears both in independent and subordinate sentences.

Particles of concatenation and of reference in Amharic

Stimulated by Z. Harris's ‘Discourse analysis’ which raised the problem of continuing linguistic analysis in a particular connected discourse beyond the limits of a single sentence and by K. L. Pike's hints at the existence of a formal and semantic supra-sentence unit, such as the paragraph, American linguists produced some systematic and coherent descriptions of larger stretches of discourse, pointing towards certain grammatical, lexical, and stylistic relations reaching across sentence boundaries. Although most of these works deal with Amerindian languages, the method of analysis and the terminology they use can readily be applied to other languages, as was done, for instance in English, by V. Waterhouse in ‘Independent and dependent sentences’. This author draws a parallel between independent and dependent morphemes, phrases, and clauses on the one hand, and independent and dependent sentences, on the other, pointing out that ‘not all sentences are independent’ and that ‘there are in fact grammatical constructions which indicate that some sentences are dependent and therefore to be included in some larger linguistic form such as paragraph or discourse’.

New Imperative and Jussive Formations in Contemporary Hebrew

ONE OF THE MOST interesting developments in the domain of the jussive-imperative in contemporary Hebrew is the emergence of new jussive and imperative formations, composed of seand ?prefixed respectively to the regular future form,' at the beginning of an independent sentence.2 As stated by Gesenius-Kautzsch-Cowley,3 the jussive expresses a definite desire that something should or should not happen. In the affirmative it is used to express a command, a wish, advice, or request (i. e., it includes the optative, also the cohortatives, which usually refer to the first person). In the negative utterances, it expresses prohibition or dissuasion, a negative wish and a request. Apart from various deviations from the established Biblical patterns of jussive, noticeable in semiformal and even formal Hebrew speech, contemporary native speakers of Israeli Hebrew have been operating in their informal speech with certain new formulae for constructing jussives and imperatives. One should notice the following semantic-functional distinction in independent sentences beginning with 8seand s-:

"Does Amarna Bear on Karatepe?"– An Answer

In JCS V (1951), pp. 58-61 Prof. Julian Obermann has raised the question, Does Amarna Bear on Karatepe? His answer, an emphatic negative, by way of reply to an article in which the writer, in view of the evidence of some ten passages, came to the conclusion: (1) that Amarna presents us with the idiom of an infinitive absolute plus nominative nominal/pronominal subject (plus object), the infinitive substituting for a finite verb; (2) that this idiom was the clear Canaanite parallel we had been looking for in our eForts to solve the qtl/yqtl 'nk construction in the Karatepe inscriptions.7 Prof. Obermann, however, not only denies the relevance of the Amarna evidence for the Karatepe problem, but also maintains that the writer failed to give the correct analysis of the Amarna passages. In short, the Amarna evidence at best irrelevant, but probably non-existent. Its irrelevance shown, he thinks, because the construction is employed to define the time when, or the condition under which, an action has taken or will take while the action itself described by a finite verb. . . . 2 The construction really that of a subordinate clause, or more accurately, a prepositional phrase of temporal or conditional character. Hence, whatever its correct analysis, it cannot possibly bear on the Karatepe inscriptions, in svhich the problem, the construction of independent sentences in Phoenician, totally different.3 This abrupt dismissal of the Amarna evidence rests on the not only unproved but false assumption that if a speech-unit is employed to define the time when, or the condition under which, an action has taken or will take place, therefore it subordinate or hypotactic. In a translation we may, or at times even be forced to, subordinate such a unit; but the speech categories of one language are no norm for the categories of another language. And to add one more banal-

The Potential Subjunctive in Independent Sentences in Livy. (Smith College Classical Studies, No. 10.) By Annette Irene James. Pp. ii + 68. Northampton, Massachusetts, 1929. Paper.

The Potential Subjunctive in Independent Sentences in Livy. (Smith College Classical Studies, No. 10.) By Annette Irene James. Pp. ii + 68. Northampton, Massachusetts, 1929. Paper.

The Expression of the Future

The concept of time in relation to action finds expression in the verbal forms of a great many, although not all, languages. ‘In English we have made up our minds that all action must be conceived of in reference to three standard times’,’-the present, the past, and the future. Of these three, the devices for the expression of the future-their origin, development, and present use-receive from our grammarians the least satisfactory treatment. The common school grammars of modern English usually give as the one means of indicating future time the combination of shall and will with the infinitive form of the verb and name it the future tense.2 Some give two forms of the future tense: one for simple futurity and another for detern~imtion.~ As a matter of fact, however, the use of the auxiliaries shall and will with the infinitive is but one of several important methods of expressing the future and certainly does not deserve the title ‘the future tense’. Some other combinations having a claim to be included in an English future tense are: (a) the verb to be + prepositional infinitive. (He i s to go with the committee.) (b) the verb to be-about + prepositional infinitive. (The man is about to dive from the bridge.) (c) the verb to be + going + prepositional infinitive. (They are going to go by automobile.) Then too, the present form of the verb frequently refers to future time both in subordinate clauses and in independent sentences when some other word than the verb, or the context in general, indicates the time idea. (He returns from his trip tomorrow.) On the other hand, the use of shall and will to express determination (sometimes called ‘the emphatic future’, or ‘the colored future’, or ‘the (If it rains, I cannot go.)

The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences in Plautus. II

The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences in Plautus. II

The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences in Plautus. I

The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences in Plautus. I

The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences in Plautus. III

The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences in Plautus. III