Independent Force Research Articles

신라 경문왕가(景文王家)와 성골의 재등장

The late Silla period is remembered as a period of fierce succession to the throne. However, after King Gyeongmun, succession to his two sons, King Heongang and King Jeonggang, daughter King Jinseong, and grandson King Hyogong was relatively stable. This was the result of consolidation works of the royal authority, which began during the reign of King Gyeongmun. Among these works, this article focuses on the sanctification work of King Gyeongmun and his lineal family members.BR Both King Gyeongmun and King Heongang are recorded as king with marvelous ability. This narration can not be found in the records of kings after the middle Silla period. It seemed that this was a work to emphasize the distinction of King Gyeongmun and his lineal family members. This is also a connection between the royal family of middle ancient Silla period and the King Gyeongmun’s lineage. King Gyeongmun visited Hwangnyongsa(皇龍寺) and Heungnyunsa(興輪寺) which seemed relatively alienated from royal family of middle ancient Silla period. King Jinseong changed her name to Buddhismrelated name, Man(曼), which was associated with King Seondeok and King Jindeok.BR The reintroduction of sacred bone of middle ancient Silla period by King Gyeongmun’s lineage seems to be a part of previously mentioned work. Seongijingol(聖而眞骨, sacred and true bone) in the Stele of Monk Nanghye(郎慧和尙碑), sacred bone which appeared in Sa(詞), and the Golbeop(骨法) appeared as in justification of succession of the throne meant the reintroduction of the sacred bone at that time. However, since the disappeared status could not be reintroduced, the stability of Silla which was the desire of King Gyeongmun could not be realized. The famine continued, and independent forces were developing their power in the provinces. The reintroduction of the sacred bone and attempt to return to the middle ancient Silla period could not be a solution, and Silla eventually fell in 935, 23 years after the death of King Hyogong.

Public and Cultural Activity of Nykyfor Hryhoryiv in thе USA and Canada

The article deals with the social and political, cultural and organizational activities of one of the leaders of the Ukrainian inter-war and post-war emigration Nykyfor Hryhoryiv in the USA and Canada in 1938-1948, based on unpublished materials of the Hryhoryiv`s family archive (Potomac,Maryland, USA). A significant part of this archive is introduced into scientific circulation at the first time in this publication. The main areas of activity of N. Hryhoryiv during this period are traced: the creation in the USA and Canada of a Ukrainian independent center-left political force; informational and educational work aimed at forming a positive image of the Ukrainian national liberation democratic movement; foundation of the Ukrainian scientific and cultural center and publishing activity. His activity is considered in the context of the socio-political life of the Ukrainian diaspora and the socio-political processes in the USA and Canada.

Will the Establishment of Circuit Tribunals Break Up the Circular Reforms in the Chinese Judiciary?

AbstractThis article examines the objectives for the establishment of circuit tribunals of the Supreme People’s Court of China and the politico-legal functions of such tribunals in the context of judicial reforms that were first launched in 1999. It starts with an analysis of the fundamental problems and difficulties that impeded judicial reforms in the last two decades. It then provides a careful analysis of the establishment of circuit tribunals and examines the political barriers to fundamental reforms towards genuine, though limited, independent adjudication in China. Although we do not believe that the circuit tribunals will be a breakaway force in the Chinese polity, the present reforms do have the potential to break up certain circular reforms and break through some fundamental barriers to deep reform. Further, while judicial independence, in the sense of the judiciary being an independent force in the political and constitutional scheme of checks and balances, is not attainable in the political environment in China today or indeed in the near future, it is hoped that the present reforms might grant the Chinese judiciary some limited, but much needed, autonomy within the Chinese political system.

Actin Flow Dependent and Independent Force Transmission in Integrin-Mediated Adhesions

Integrin-mediated adhesions are essential for multicellular life because of their ability to both apply force to and sense the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. These effects are attributed to the “focal adhesion clutch”, in which moving actin filaments transmit force to integrins via dynamic protein interactions. To understand mechanotransduction through integrins, we simultaneously measured force on talin together with rates of actin flow by combining a previously developed talin FRET tension sensor with quantitative actin speckle microscopy. While force on talin in small lamellipodial adhesions correlated with actin flow, force on talin in large adhesions in the lamella was mainly flow-independent. Stopping actin flow blocked force transmission in lamellipodia but not lamellar adhesions. This indicates there are two unique types of force transfer in integrin based adhesions, one that is actin flow-dependent and one that is actin flow-independent. Flow-dependent force transfer required talin's C-terminal actin binding site, ABS3, whereas flow-independent force transfer required vinculin and the central actin binding site, ABS2. Mutation of these sites identified distinct functions in force transmission, cell spreading and mechanosensing. Together, these results revealed that the focal adhesion clutch is a transient structure that mediates events at the cell edge prior to arrest of actin filaments and establishment of stable adhesions that are the primary force-transmitting structures.

Revealing Color Forces with Transverse Polarized Electron Scattering.

The Spin Asymmetries of the Nucleon Experiment measured two double spin asymmetries using a polarized proton target and polarized electron beam at two beam energies, 4.7 and 5.9GeV. A large-acceptance open-configuration detector package identified scattered electrons at 40° and covered a wide range in Bjorken x (0.3<x<0.8). Proportional to an average color Lorentz force, the twist-3 matrix element, d[over ˜]_{2}^{p}, was extracted from the measured asymmetries at Q^{2} values ranging from 2.0 to 6.0 GeV^{2}. The data display the opposite sign compared to most quark models, including the lattice QCD result, and an unexpected scale dependence. Furthermore, when combined with the neutron data in the same Q^{2} range the results suggest a flavor independent average color Lorentz force.

Методика прагматичного аналізу українських паремій

Introduction . Proverbs as linguistic symbols, which have a special corelation between of content and form, are characterized by a specific pragmatics, which implies an expression of an intentional strategy of an influence of a generalized, collective addresser on a collective, hypothetical addressee. Purpose . The purpose of this article is to describe the methodology of the pragmatic analysis of Ukrainian proverbs. Methods . The method of pragmatic analysis of proverbs incorporates studies of psycho-, ethno-, sociolinguistics, linguistics of the text, lingu o semiotics, linguoculture etc., with a purpose of describing speech acts. The essence of pragmatic analysis is to study human communication dimension s as well as its connections with the language structures. The purpose of the pragmatic analysis in the research – describtion of the proverb features as the speech acts of the Ukrainian language. Results . Proverbs are fixed linguistic symbols reproduced by the speaker, which are characterized by a communicative purpose, given by the collective addressee – by a folk. They are purposeful speech actions, speech acts of which prompt to study the peculiarities of their pragmatics. The presence of independent illocutions forces in proverbs transforms them into speech acts, which is also the evidence of the discursive nature of the proverbial semiosis. Originality. The proposed method of pragmatic analysis of proverbs involves several stages. The first stage is the installation of illocations of the proverb. Depending on the intention, proverb statements can gain semantic status of affirmation, ascertaining, promise, warning, threat, order, requirement, advice, etc. The second stage involves a description of the locution ary implemented through the performance of three actions: combination of phonetic, phatic and rhetic acts. The performance of the sound structure of the paronymous utterance is reproducing during the phonetic act, lexico-grammatical structure of the paramyal statement is involved in the process of the phatic act, and meaning and a reference correlation – in the rhetic act. The third stage is an establishment of the perlocative effect of the proverb. First of all, it is used a depicted communication (the term I. Arnold). The perlocution of the proverbial utterance is directed by the external effects of the speech act, which are represented primarily in the response of the addressee. It is in the specific conditions of performance that the illocution of the proverb appears as a result of locution, as an argument and perlocution, which, by employing semantics, is oriented on the result of communication. The fourth stage of the pragmatic analysis is the clarification whether a direct or indirect speech act is performed by a proverb. Conclusion . The pragmatic analysis of the proverbs makes it possible to describe proverbs as speech acts that reflect the specifics of the ethnocommunication, to interpret their illocution, depending on a situation.

The Road to Llorona Park by Christopher Carmona

Reviewed by: The Road to Llorona Park by Christopher Carmona David Langston (bio) The Road to Llorona Park By Christopher Carmona Nacogdoches, TX: Stephen F. Austin State UP, 2016. 148 pp. ISBN: 978-1-62288-117-8 With the thoughtful short-story collection, The Road to Llorona Park, Christopher Carmona has contributed his own chapter to the traditional "defenses of literature," which justifies fiction for presenting models of principled (or unprincipled) conduct that offer ethical guidance: as Kenneth Burke puts it, literature proffers equipment for living. In a set of vivid episodes and character studies, Carmona makes a notable addendum to this tradition. For him stories are independent forces famished for lodgment in the mind and in the physical action of a vigilant, careful, and caring intelligence. This central theme structures the opening tale, "What the Story Eats," in which three street children, brothers Ramses and Moises, and a girl, Tzipora, meet La Anciana, who—in classic fairy-tale mode—dwells by a river beneath a bridge and hungers for "living stories" that will sustain her. Carmona associates this aged crone with the fairy-tale figure "La Llorona," the weeping woman of Mexican folklore who drowns children, except Carmona adds a crucial humanizing caveat: La Anciana is "more Indian" (11). The children's names suggest we have entered the zone of fable as they echo Cecil B. DeMille's fanciful telling of the Moses story in his 1956 film, The Ten Commandments, in which Moses, married to Zipporah, resists the tyranny of his brother, the Pharoah Ramses. Carmona's ironic film analogy brings symbolic density to the brothers' early-pubescent rivalry over Tzipora, but also suggests a more serious theme: the life-giving stories sought by La Anciana have a larger mythopoeic potential to shape entire cultures. This is suggested in the way she communicates with Moises and Tziporah in a language that remains incomprehensible to Ramses and an outside observer, a news reporter. The journalist has been dispatched to write a human interest story that he sneeringly regards as ephemeral rubbish about street urchins surviving by selling chewing gum (eating without nutrition). The children and the old woman know better, however; their world demands fresh stories that will rejuvenate its inhabitants. In Carmona's cardinal metaphor, even the stories by an obtuse journalist may devour readers in a moment of shared consumption to assuage their common hunger. Throughout the book, Carmona associates female figures with the stories. Like the old woman under the bridge, these women hover at boundaries that give them an ambiguous existence. They readily cross and re-cross boundaries of life and death, of male and female gender, of national location, and of language. Every boundary crossing provokes a need for appropriate linguistic performance (a story, a poem, a legal brief, a comforting conversation) that will breathe fresh life into the reality of their perpetual exile. When forging those connections succeeds, the resulting mutual understanding and communication allays the disquiet of estrangement and loss. Carmona extends his association of La Llorona beyond La Anciana to all of these shape-shifting female figures. But Carmona's own narratives aim to reshape the tragic implications of the Llorona myth by developing some striking and very smart variations of the archetype. Parallel to Chicanx feminists who have transvalued the negative traditional images of women to ascribe virtue and strength to figures formerly ridiculed or denigrated, Carmona aims for understanding that the triumph, irony, endurance, and erotic passion of his characters are key elements in their continual metamorphosis and reinvention. Carmona's incarnations of Llorona annul her reputation as the feared "stealer of children" and mutate into various guises that promise to transcend the tragic dead end of the original folktale. For example, in one of the more arresting tales, "The Sublime Dress," a beautiful female outcast composes a story about a red dress hanging on her lover's wall, a story that transfigures the clothing (another costume, a form waiting to give shape and grace to a body) into a vibrant representation of the two lovers' yearnings and dreams. In the eponymous story at the book's center, Carmona further elaborates the Llorona...

Frazier Suction Cannula Fluid Control Technical Note

Suction capability in neurosurgery is a critical tool utilized to clear the field and improve visualization of anatomical structures. It is also used for fragmentation and debulking of pathological tumor masses. Prior to the Frazier cannula, there was no orifice bent pressure relief valve associated with suction; this tool provides independent dual suction force. The Frazier cannula has the capability to reach absolute suction or zero suction instantaneously. In this article, we introduce a new concept, how to obtain zero suction with the Frazier orifice bent pressure relief valve without any equipment modification. This technique is obtained by decreasing the suction value to 10 mmHg of Mercury per the vacuum pressure monitoring gage while removing the surgeon's finger from the orifice pressure relief valve.

Non-isothermal Transport of Multi-phase Fluids in Porous Media. The Entropy Production

We derive the entropy production for transport of multi-phase fluids in a non-deformable, porous medium exposed to differences in pressure, temperature, and chemical potentials. Thermodynamic extensive variables on the macro-scale are obtained by integrating over a representative elementary volume (REV). Using Euler homogeneity of the first order, we obtain the Gibbs equation for the REV. From this we define the intensive variables, the temperature, pressure and chemical potentials and, using the balance equations, derive the entropy production for the REV. The entropy production defines sets of independent conjugate thermodynamic fluxes and forces in the standard way. The transport of two-phase flow of immiscible components is used to illustrate the equations.

Bayesian approach to determine critical dimensions from scatterometric measurements

Supplement one of the ‘Guide to the Expression of Uncertainties in Measurements (GUM)’ recommends to estimate measurement uncertainties by Monte Carlo calculations. For computationally expensive models, Monte Carlo sampling can be often only realized for a small number of samples. This may cause inaccurate or even useless results for problems with a slow convergence rate. In this paper we apply a recently developed method that enables the Bayesian approach to determine the geometry of photo masks from measurements in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) scatterometry. The key idea of this approach is the construction of an efficient surrogate model which reduces the computational costs of sampling steps by several orders of magnitude. This allows us to use Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling to determine the posterior distribution of desired critical dimensions of the photo mask geometry. The Bayesian approach leads to substantially larger uncertainties of the critical dimension than the previously employed maximum likelihood approach. The results for critical dimensions and line edge roughness are consistent with independent atomic force measurements of a test photo mask arrays from which scatterometric data were used.

Leakage and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of A Three-Wave (Air in Oil) Wet Annular Seal: Measurements and Predictions

In subsea environments, multiphase pumps and compressors add pressure to the process fluid, thus enabling long distance tie back systems that eliminate topside oil and gas separation stations. One challenge to construct a reliable multiphase pump or a reliable wet gas compressor is that the first must handle, without process upset, a mixture whose gas volume fraction (GVF) changes suddenly; while the other must remain stable while working with a liquid volume fraction (LVF) changing over long periods of time. The mixture GVF/LVF affects the static and dynamic forced performance of secondary flow components, namely seals, and which could lead to an increase in both rotor lateral or axial vibrations, thus compromising system reliability and availability. The current research is a planned endeavor toward developing seal configurations amenable to maintain rotor dynamic characteristics during changes in the contents of flow components. This paper extends prior work with uniform clearance annular seals and presents the static and dynamic forced performance of a three-wave surface annular seal designed to deliver a significant centering stiffness. The test element has length L = 43.4 mm, diameter D = 127 mm, and mean radial clearance cm=0.191 mm. At a shaft speed of 3.5 krpm (23 m/s surface speed), an air in ISO VG 10 oil mixture with an inlet GVF, 0 to 0.9, feeds the seal at 2.5 bara pressure and 37 °C temperature. The mixture mass flow rate decreases continuously with an increase in inlet GVF; shaft speed has little effect on it. Dynamic load tests serve to identify the seal dynamic force coefficients. The liquid seal (GVF = 0) shows frequency independent force coefficients. However, operation with a mixture produces stiffnesses that vary greatly with excitation frequency, in particular the direct one that hardens. The direct damping coefficients are not functions of frequency albeit dropping rapidly in magnitude as the GVF increases. The work also compares the performance of the wavy seal against those of two other seals: one with clearance equal to the mean clearance of the wavy seal, and the other with a large clearance emulating a fully worn wavy seal. The small clearance seal leaks 20% less than the wavy seal, whereas the leakage of the worn seal is twofold that of the wavy seal. For the three seals, the leakage normalized with respect to a pure liquid condition collapses into a single curve. The wavy seal produces the greatest direct stiffness and damping coefficients, whereas the worn seal produces the smallest force coefficients. Derived from a homogeneous mixture bulk flow model, predicted force coefficients for the three-wave seal match well with the test data for operation with a pure oil and an inlet GVF 0.2. For operation with GVF &gt; 0.2, the discrepancy between the prediction and experimental data grows rapidly. The extensive test campaign reveals a wavy-surface seal offers a centering stiffness ability, a much desired feature in vertical submersible pumps that suffer from persistent static and dynamic stability issues.

Eccentric flywheel post-activation potentiation influences swimming start performance kinetics

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to assess the effects of post-activation potentiation in the strength related variables of a kick start. Thirteen competitive swimmers performed three kick starts after a standardized warm up (denoted USUAL) and another after inducing post-activation through five isotonic repetitions on an eccentric flywheel (denoted PAP). A T-test was used to quantify differences between USUAL and PAP warm up. The best trial of each subject achieved by natural conditions (denoted PEAK) was compared with data obtained after PAP. An instrumented starting block with independent triaxial force plates, collected the strength variables related with the impulse at take off. Improvements in the vertical components of force were observed after PAP compared with USUAL, meanwhile no differences were detected on the horizontal components of it. The velocity at take off was higher after PAP compared with USUAL (4.32 ± 0.88 vs 3.93 ± 0.60 m*s-1; p = 0.02). No differences in force or velocity were detected comparing PAP with PEAK (4.13 ± 0.62 m*s-1, p = 0.11). The PAP warm-up increased vertical force and it was transferred to a higher resultant velocity at take-off. This improvement would equal the best result possible obtained in natural conditions after some trials.

Frequency Splitting-Based Wireless Power Transfer and Simultaneous Propulsion Generation to Multiple Micro-Robots

Multiple microrobots are needed in biomedical applications to perform time-bound complex clinical practices. Simultaneous wireless power transfer (WPT) and propulsion generation helps the designer to miniaturize the size and capable of executing multitasking operation. However, the selective power and force transfer to multiple devices is challenging and requires multiple frequency magnetic fields at the transmitter (Tx). This paper proposes a new approach of simultaneous independent wireless power and force generation using frequency splitting phenomena present in magnetic resonance. In the proposed approach, three coils at the Tx side is operated under over coupled (OC) mode, which produces three different split frequencies. The split frequency at the Tx side is utilized for the simultaneous independent power and force transfer to three different micro-robots and the number of micro-robots can be increased by operating the Tx side coil at different OC region. In addition, the split frequency of three coil WPT circuit comprises of the original resonant frequency irrespective of variation in coupling between the coils. This feature can be applied for the design of leader–follower control approach to the multiple micro-robots environments. The mathematical, simulations, and experimental analysis of power transfer and force generation at frequency splitting are performed for the proposed system with five load coils (considered as micro-robots).

Consensus, Convergence, Restraint, and Religion

This essay critically assesses the central claim of Kevin Vallier’s Liberal Politics and Public Faith: that public religious faith and public reason liberalism can be reconciled, because the values underlying public reason liberalism should lead us to endorse the ‘convergence view,’ rather than the mainstream consensus view. The convergence view is friendlier to religious faith, because it jettisons the consensus view’s much-criticised ‘duty of restraint’. I present several challenges to Vallier’s claim. First, if Vallier is right to reject the duty of restraint then consensus theorists can also do so, and on the same grounds. Second, the independent force of the objections to the duty of restraint is unclear. Third, Vallier has not successfully identified desiderata that unite all public reason liberals and favour convergence over consensus. Finally, even if convergence is in some ways friendlier to religious faith, this does not show that it will be attractive to religious citizens.

The RAF and the utility of airpower

This year marks the centenary of the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force (RAF), the first independent air force, and the end of a ‘100-year experiment’. During that period, it has become clear that airpower has limitations, and the RAF and other air forces continue to face many of the same fundamental challenges.

Critical Perspectives on the Evolution of Technology in American Public Schools

This nation has historically viewed technology as a powerful, independent force for social change and superior education. Despite the enormous value placed on technology, however, the vision of dramatically superior education pouring great young minds into society has not materialized. In fact, the overall impact of technology on education has been quite small, manifesting little discernable change in the classroom. With the enormous promise that so many believed technology offered for education, why has that promise failed to materialize?This paper will trace the evolution of technology attempted in the public schools, and the great expectations and subsequent failure to meet the majority of them. Generally speaking, these failures have resulted not from a refusal on the part of teachers to apply the technologies, but the social-situational influences that are an integral part of the public educational milieu. Ultimately, the technologies adopted have been those most easily adapted to existing pedagogical approached, a reality that will remain in the public schools without a dramatic change both in educational paradigm and in method of adoption.

PREDATORY STATE-ETHNO REGIONAL RELATIONS, PARASITIC OLIGARCHIC CLASS AND THE RESTRUCTURING QUESTION IN NIGERIA: HOW ETHICAL?

The state, according to Marxian class analysis, is supposed to be an independent and neutral force, standing above all societal forces. Its relations with the society are to maintain order and to treat all sections of the political society on the principles of equity and equality, being a product of a social contract arising from the people. However, the Nigerian state, due to its colonial descent and mission, sowed the seed of disorder by taking side with a section of the society. Determined to leverage one region against another, the state became partisan, exploitative and predatory in character and principle. From the favoured region has emerged a parasitic class, feeding fat on the resources and pains of other regions. Being the beneficiary of state predation, the class has constituted itself into a guardian class for the preservation of the predatory state structure. Consequently, this perceived odious political structure has attracted the concerns of other sections of the country, whose insistence is on having the structure restructured so as to enable each region or zone take its fates into its hands. Four out of the six zones into which the country is divided have lent their support to restructuring, while two (the zones of the parasitic oligarchic class) are in vehement opposition to it. In analogous terms, their opposition is informed by the fear of a parasite losing its host, which corresponds to death.

Integrity, Personal and Political

Conventional philosophical wisdom holds that no agent can invoke its own moral integrity—no agent can invoke fidelity to its deepest ethical commitments—as an independent moral consideration. This is because moral integrity simply consists in doing what is, all-things-considered, the right thing. Shmuel Nili argues that this conventional wisdom is mistaken with regard to individual agents, but is especially misguided with regard to liberal democracies as collective agents. Even more than individual persons, liberal democracies as collective agents often face integrity considerations of independent moral force, affecting the moral status of actual political decisions. After defending this philosophical thesis, Nili illustrates its practical value in thinking through a wide range of practical policy problems. These problems range from “dirty” national security policies, through the moral status of political honors celebrating political figures of questionable integrity, to the “clean hands” dilemmas of political operatives who enable media demagogues to scapegoat vulnerable ethnic and racial minorities. Accessibly written, and combining detailed philosophical analysis with numerous vivid real-world examples, <italic>Integrity: Personal and Political</italic> will appeal to moral, legal, and political philosophers, to political scientists, and to scholars of political communication.

American Military Culture and the Strategic Seduction of Remote Warfare

This essay endeavours to answer the question of why the US National Security establishment puts such ever-expanding faith in remotely piloted drones in a strategic bombing role in fighting twenty-first-century wars. This essay argues, one: the use of strategic air power has been shaped by long-term historical factors surrounding an imbalanced emphasis on the science of warfare in the United States military beginning in the nineteenth century stretching back to the founding of the US Military Academy at West Point. Two, twenty-first-century drone warfare fits into the larger historical context surrounding the development of a uniquely American version of strategic bombing theory during the inter-war period and carried out in World War II. That theory promoted a technological determinism that lives on despite the repeated failure of strategic bombing to live up to expectations largely because the creation of the independent Air Force in 1947 rested upon the perceived achievements of US strategic bombing during the war.

A comparative analysis of nonhost resistance across the two Triticeae crop species wheat and barley

BackgroundNonhost resistance (NHR) protects plants against a vast number of non-adapted pathogens which implicates a potential exploitation as source for novel disease resistance strategies. Aiming at a fundamental understanding of NHR a global analysis of transcriptome reprogramming in the economically important Triticeae cereals wheat and barley, comparing host and nonhost interactions in three major fungal pathosystems responsible for powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis ff. ssp.), cereal blast (Magnaporthe sp.) and leaf rust (Puccinia sp.) diseases, was performed.ResultsIn each pathosystem a significant transcriptome reprogramming by adapted- or non-adapted pathogen isolates was observed, with considerable overlap between Blumeria, Magnaporthe and Puccinia. Small subsets of these general pathogen-regulated genes were identified as differentially regulated between host and corresponding nonhost interactions, indicating a fine-tuning of the general pathogen response during the course of co-evolution. Additionally, the host- or nonhost-related responses were rather specific for each pair of adapted and non-adapted isolates, indicating that the nonhost resistance-related responses were to a great extent pathosystem-specific. This pathosystem-specific reprogramming may reflect different resistance mechanisms operating against non-adapted pathogens with different lifestyles, or equally, different co-option of the hosts by the adapted isolates to create an optimal environment for infection. To compare the transcriptional reprogramming between wheat and barley, putative orthologues were identified. Within the wheat and barley general pathogen-regulated genes, temporal expression profiles of orthologues looked similar, indicating conserved general responses in Triticeae against fungal attack. However, the comparison of orthologues differentially expressed between host and nonhost interactions revealed fewer commonalities between wheat and barley, but rather suggested different host or nonhost responses in the two cereal species.ConclusionsTaken together, our results suggest independent co-evolutionary forces acting on host pathosystems mirrored by barley- or wheat-specific nonhost responses. As a result of evolutionary processes, at least for the pathosystems investigated, NHR appears to rely on rather specific plant responses.