Increasing Graphene Oxide Content Research Articles

Preparation and properties of cellulosenanofiber (CNF) /polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) /graphene oxide (GO): Application of CO2 absorption capacity and molecular dynamics simulation

In order to solve the environmental problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions, cellulosenanofiber (CNF)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/graphene oxide (GO) aerogel was obtained by step-by-step heating, tert-butanol replacement, freeze-drying, and high-temperature activation in this paper. The micromorphology, specific surface area, pore size distribution, and thermal stability of the prepared aerogels were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, automatic surface area and porosity analysis, and thermo-gravimetric analysis. The interaction state and adsorption mechanism of CO2 and aerogel physical adsorption were described by Materials Studio simulation. The results showed that the adsorption process conformed to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. After carbonization, the thermal stability of the aerogel was good (mass loss rate <1%). With the increase of GO content, its specific surface area increased (392.41 m2/g) and CO2 adsorption capacity increased (432.76 cm3/g at 273 K). The simulation results show that hydrogen bond energy and van der Waals adsorption are the main factors that help in adsorption of CO2 on the surface aerogel, and electrostatic adsorption is the secondary adsorption factor. The application of green material carbon-based aerogels is also in line with the concept of sustainable development.

La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3/Graphene Oxide-Based Composite Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications

This study aims to produce La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3 (LSCM)/graphene oxide (GO)-based composite electrode for energy storage applications. Perovskite was synthesized by solution combustion method. Graphene was synthesized by improved Hummers’ method. Synthesized active material was coated on porous Ni foam by vacuum centrifuge mixing. Effect of GO content on specific capacitance (Csp) of LSCM was studied by varying GO content from 1-7 wt. %. As synthesized perovskite and GO were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Electrochemical characterization was carried out by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3 M KOH. Electrochemical characterization revealed that LSCM electrode showed maximum Csp of 751 Fg-1 at 1 mVs-1. By increasing GO content from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. % and 5 wt. %, Csp was increased to 930 Fg-1, 1137 Fg-1 and 1223 Fg-1 respectively. Further evaluation of CV results revealed that predominant charge storage mechanism of electrodes was Faradic in nature which exhibited distinct redox peaks. EIS revealed that LSCM-5%GO electrode showed lowest charge transfer resistance among other electrodes. Furthermore, LSCM-5%GO electrode showed 93 % charge retention after 3000 charge-discharge cycles.

Effect of Graphene Oxide on Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag.

Alkali-activated materials, a new kind of low-carbon cement, have received extensive attention. While in order to obtain excellent functions, the modification of alkali-activated materials by nano-materials has become one of the important research directions of alkali-activated materials. Therein, the hydration property, mechanical properties, and action mechanism of the alkali-activated slag with and without graphene oxide (GO) were analyzed and evaluated. Results showed the compressive strength of mortar decreased at 3 days and 28 days by adding GO. While the flexural strength of mortar cured for different ages increased with increasing GO content, and the flexural strength increasing rate reached up to 15.94% at 28 days, thus, the toughening effect of GO was significant. GO accelerated the hydration process of alkali-activated slag because the functional groups offered nucleation sites to induce the generation of more hydration products. Furthermore, the addition of GO increased the number of harmless pores and reduced the pore size, but also introduced a large number of harmful pores, resulting in the reduction of compressive strength.

Chitosan/Poly Vinyl Alcohol/Graphene Oxide Based pH-Responsive Composite Hydrogel Films: Drug Release, Anti-Microbial and Cell Viability Studies.

The composite hydrogels were produced using the solution casting method due to the non-toxic and biocompatible nature of chitosan (CS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The best composition was chosen and crosslinked with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), after which different amounts of graphene oxide (GO) were added to develop composite hydrogels. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle was used to analyze the hydrogels. The samples were also evaluated for swelling abilities in various mediums. The drug release profile was studied in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at a pH of 7.4. To predict the mechanism of drug release, the data were fitted into kinetic models. Finally, antibacterial activity and cell viability data were obtained. FTIR studies revealed the successful synthesis of CS/PVA hydrogels and GO/CS/PVA in hydrogel composite. SEM showed no phase separation of the polymers, whereas AFM showed a decrease in surface roughness with an increase in GO content. 100 µL of crosslinker was the critical concentration at which the sample displayed excellent swelling and preserved its structure. Both the crosslinked and composite hydrogel showed good swelling. The most acceptable mechanism of drug release is diffusion-controlled, and it obeys Fick’s law of diffusion for drug released. The best fitting of the zero-order, Hixson-Crowell and Higuchi models supported our assumption. The GO/CS/PVA hydrogel composite showed better antibacterial and cell viability behaviors. They can be better biomaterials in biomedical applications.

Graphene oxide-reinforced pectin/chitosan polyelectrolyte complex scaffolds

Three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds based on graphene oxide (GO) incorporated pectin/chitosan polyelectrolyte complex (PCGO) were prepared by the freeze-drying technique. The chemical composition and microstructure of the prepared PCGO scaffolds were studied by FTIR and XRD analysis. The presence of GO and its uniform distribution within the polymer matrix was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and confocal Raman mapping analysis, respectively. TGA analysis revealed that the addition of GO improves the thermal stability of the pectin/chitosan complex. SEM analysis confirmed the uniform pore distribution of PCGO scaffolds. Moreover, it showed that the pore size of the scaffolds was decreased with the increase in GO content. Among the developed PCGO scaffolds, the scaffolds with 1 wt.% of GO presented the improved hydrophilicity by exhibiting the water swelling degree of 2004%, water retention capacity of 1101% and water contact angle (WCA) of 21°. In addition, these scaffolds presented better compressive strength (∼283 kPa) and resistance towards lysozyme-mediated degradation. The PCGO scaffolds presented an acceptable level of bio-and hemocompatibility and GO concentration-dependent cell attachment ability. These results demonstrate the suitability of PCGO scaffolds for tissue engineering.

Improvement of dielectric properties and energy storage performance in sandwich-structured P(VDF-CTFE) composites with low content of GO nanosheets

Polymer-based dielectric capacitors play a notable part in the practical application of energy storage devices. Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets can improve the dielectric properties of polymer-based composites. However, the breakdown strength will greatly reduce with the increase of GO content. Hence, the construction of sandwich structure can enhance the breakdown strength without reducing the dielectric constant. Herein, single-layered and sandwich-structured poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-CTFE)) nanocomposites with low content of GO nanosheets (<1.0 wt%) are prepared via employing a straightforward casting method. Compared with the single-layered composites and pure P(VDF-CTFE), the sandwich-structured composites exhibit comprehensively better performance compared. The sandwich-structured composite with 0.4 wt% GO nanosheets show an excellent dielectric constant of 13.6 (at 1 kHz) and an outstanding discharged energy density of 8.25 J cm−3 at 3400 kV cm−1. These results demonstrate that the growth of the dielectric properties is owing to 2D GO nanosheets and the enhancement of breakdown strength due to the sandwich structure. The results from finite element simulation provide theoretical support for the design of high energy density composites.

Highly conductive polyester fabrics fabricated by graphene oxide printing and hot-pressing

In this work, graphene oxide (GO) is printed on the surface of polyester fabric, and conductive polyester fabrics are prepared through the hot-pressing reduction method. The influence of GO concentration, hot-pressing temperature and hot-pressing time on the electrical conductivity of the fabrics is investigated. The electrical conductivity, whiteness/yellowness, reflectivity, strength, washability and friction resistance of the printed fabrics are tested. The conductive fabrics are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the surface electrical resistance of the printed fabric decreases with increasing GO concentration. Besides, the I D/I G ratio in the Raman spectrum, the reduction of GO and the electrical conductivity all increase with increasing temperature or time of hot-pressing. Through SEM, the presence of reduced GO sheets on the surface of the printed fabric can be observed. However, the fabric stiffness is found to increase when the hot-pressing temperature is higher than 220°C and/or the hot-pressing time is longer than 120 s. After printing with 60 g/l GO and hot-pressing at 220°C for 120 s, the surface electric resistance of the polyester is decreased to 1347.5 Ω/cm. Furthermore, the surface electric resistance of the polyester fabric remains 2876.3 Ω/cm after 30 washing cycles.

Nanofibrous scaffolds of ϵ-polycaprolactone containing Sr/Se-hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide for tissue engineering applications

For wound healing applications, a scaffold of biocompatible/porous networks is crucial to support cell proliferation and spreading. Therefore, ϵ-polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous scaffolds containing co-dopants of strontium/selenium in hydroxyapatite (HAP) were modified with different contributions of graphene oxide (GO) via the laser ablation technique. The obtained compositions were investigated using XRD, TEM and FESEM. It was evident that fiber diameters were in the range of 0.15–0.30 µm and 0.35–0.83 µm at the lowest and highest concentration of GO respectively, while the maximum height of the roughness progressed to 393 nm. The toughness behavior was promoted from 5.77 ± 0.21 to 9.16 ± 0.29 MJ m−3 upon GO from the lowest to the highest contribution, while the maximum strain at break reached 148.1% ± 0.49% at the highest concentration of GO. The cell viability indicated that the fibrous scaffold was biocompatible. The investigation of the HFB4 cell attachments towards the fibrous compositions showed that with the increase of GO, cells tended to grow intensively through the scaffolds. Furthermore, the proliferation of cells was observed to be rooted in the porous structure and spreading on the surface of the scaffold. This progression of cells with an increase in GO content may provide a simple strategy not only to enhance the mechanical properties, but also to manipulate a nanofibrous scaffold with proper behaviors for biomedical applications.

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Graphene Oxide Additive on the Steady-State and Dynamic Shear Properties of PDMS-Based Magnetorheological Elastomer.

Isotropic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) filled with various contents of graphene oxide (GO) additive were fabricated by the solution blending-casting method in this work. The morphologies of the produced MREs were characterized, and the results indicate that the uniform distribution of GO sheets and carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) becomes difficult with the increase of GO content. The steady-state and dynamic shear properties of the MREs under different magnetic field strengths were evaluated using parallel plate rheometer. It was found that the physical stiffness effect of GO sheets leads to the increase of the zero-field shear modulus with increasing GO content under both the steady-state and dynamic shear loads. The chemical crosslinking density of PDMS matrix decreases with the GO content due to the strong physical crosslinking between GO and the PDMS matrix. Thus, the MREs filled with higher GO content exhibit more fluid-like behavior. Under the dynamic shear load, the absolute MR effect increases with the GO content due to the increased flexibility of the PDMS matrix and the dynamic self-stiffening effect occurring in the physical crosslinking interfaces around GO sheets. The highest relative MR effect was achieved by the MREs filled with 0.1 wt.% GO sheets. Then, the relative MR effect decreases with the further increase of GO content due to the improved zero-field modulus and the increased agglomerations of GO and CIPs. This study shows that the addition of GO sheets is a possible way to prepare new MREs with high MR effect, while simultaneously possessing high zero-field stiffness and load bearing capability.

Enzymatic degradability and release properties of graphene oxide/silk fibroin nanocomposite films

AbstractThe structure evolution of silk fibroin (SF) in the nanocomposite films with graphene oxide (GO) was investigated and related to the enzymatic degradability and release property. The interaction with GO was found to induce conformation transition of SF from random coil to β‐sheet. However, the surface binding constrained the rearrangement of the silk chains, leading to a decrease of β‐sheet when GO content was more than 1.0%. The crystal structure of SF played a key role in the degradation of GO/SF composites. The preferential degradation of the hydrophilic blocks resulted in a faster degradation of SF films with higher β‐sheet content. The addition of GO to SF matrix led to a slower release and a reduction of the burst release of RhB, the model compound. The release profile was well fitted to the Rigter–Peppas equation, from which the characteristic constant decreased and the diffusional exponent increased with increasing GO content but quickly leveled off when GO content was more than 1.0%. Degradation of the composites had little influence on the characteristic constant of RhB release, however, led to an increased diffusional exponent, which was more evident for the composites with higher β‐sheet content.

Self-assembly preparation and thermal decomposition of Al/CuO/graphene oxide

Al/CuO/GO composite nanoenergetic materials were prepared by self-assembly. In this text, SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, XPS, TA-IR, TG-DSC were used to characterize Al/CuO/GO. The results show that the addition of graphene oxide decreased the initial reaction temperature of Al/CuO, indicating that graphene oxide promoted the reaction of Al/CuO. The exothermic energy of Al/CuO/GO (1 wt %) is 2089 J/g, which is 705 J/g higher than that of the Al/CuO without graphene oxide prepared by solvent ultrasonic method. When the content of graphene oxide exceeds a certain value, the increase of graphene oxide content will cause the decrease of reaction heat release of Al/CuO/GO. The results of thermal analysis infrared combined test show that graphene oxide promoted the reaction of Al/CuO.

Physicochemical properties of chitosan/ graphene oxide composite films and their effects on storage stability of palm-oil based margarine

This study investigated the application of active packaging from chitosan (CS) incorporated with graphene oxide (GO) to maintain the quality and extend the storage life of palm-oil based margarine. Composite films containing various concentrations of CS (1.5 and 2.0%w/v) and GO (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%w/w CS) were produced using the solution casting method and were characterized regarding their mechanical, barrier, and antioxidant properties. For both concentrations of CS, the composite films with 2.0% GO exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability by ~43 and ~55%, respectively. The transmittance of UV light was virtually undetectable in CSGO composites. In addition, the radical scavenging activity increased (p < 0.05) with the increasing GO concentration, as demonstrated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The changes in the peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of the margarine samples were monitored for 30 d at 4 °C. The margarine sample that was wrapped with the CS1.5 GO2.0 film sample showed lower (p < 0.05) PV and TBARS values in comparison to the samples wrapped with CS1.5 and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films. In conclusion, the CSGO composite film in this study shows great potential as an antioxidant food packaging material.

Extremely high beta-transus temperature of graphene oxide reinforced high-temperature titanium alloy matrix composite

The beta-transus temperatures (Tβ) of graphene oxide (GO) reinforced high-temperature titanium alloy matrix composites were studied by metallography method. With the increase of GO content, Tβ increases linearly when the content of GO is 0–0.17 wt%, and then stays flat when the content is 0.17–0.23 wt%. The Tβ of the composite with only 0.17 wt% GO is up to 1132.5 ± 2.5 °C, which is 80 °C higher than the matrix alloy without GO. After heat treatment, most GO flakes were located at the interface between primary α phase and transformed β phase. The main reason for Tβ increase is that GO hindered atomic diffusion and α/β interface migration.

Physicochemical properties of geopolymer composites with DFT calculations of in-situ reduction of graphene oxide

In this work, the physicochemical properties of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) based geopolymers with the addition of graphene oxide (GO) were investigated. Geopolymer composites were prepared by mixing the treated POFA, sand, NaOH, Na2SiO3, and GO. The mixtures were then cast in mortar molds to form the geopolymer composites, with different GO proportions and curing temperatures applied to the composites. Compressive strength, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses, as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations, have been performed. The compressive test results showed that the compressive strength increased proportionally with the increase of GO content and decreased when there was an excess of GO. The excessive GO and the limited amount of NaOH activator solution inhibited the formation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via an in-situ reduction mechanism. The FTIR and SEM analyses revealed that the excess GO tended to promote the formation of epoxy groups on the GO, which eventually confined the formation of dense agglomeration and led to a decrease in compressive strength. The DFT calculations confirmed the significance of the epoxy group stretching. Overall, the ratio of NaOH to GO is a crucial factor in determining the mechanical properties of geopolymers-GO composites.

Exceptionally flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foam composites: synergistic effect of the silicone resin/graphene oxide coating

A facile strategy was developed to fabricate flexible polyurethane (PU) foam composites with exceptional flame retardancy. The approach involves the incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) into a silicone resin (SiR) solution, which is then deposited onto a PU foam surface via the dip-coating technique and cured. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy measurements demonstrated that the SiR and GO were successfully coated onto the PU skeleton and the intrinsic porous structure of the PU foam remained intact. The effects of SiR and GO on the mechanical and thermal stability and flame retardancy of PU composites were evaluated through compression tests, thermogravimetric analysis, vertical combustion tests, and the limiting oxygen index. The measurement results revealed that the composites (PU@SiR-GO) showed superior flame retardancy and thermal and mechanical stability compared to pristine PU or PU coated with SiR alone. The mechanical and thermal stability and the flame-retardant properties of the PU composites were enhanced significantly with increasing GO content. Based on the composition, microstructure, and surface morphology of PU@SiR-GO composites before and after combustion tests, a possible flameretardance mechanism is proposed. This work provides a simple and effective strategy for fabricating flame-retardant composites with improved mechanical performance.

Preliminary Study of the Potential Graphene Oxide as Radioactive Clinical Wastewater Adsorbability in Nuclear Medicine

This paper reports the ability of graphene oxide (GO) as a radionuclide adsorbent material for an alternative approach in nuclear medicine radioactive waste management. Notable physicochemical properties of GO mainly consist of oxygen-containing functional groups on its basal plane and edges site in the form of epoxy, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups, making it a promising candidate for radionuclide extraction material from aqueous solution. Herein, GO was synthesised via a simplified Hummers method. The radioactive clinical waste, which is urine, was collected right after the scanning procedure and mixed with GO in various concentrations: 1 mg/ml, 1.5 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, and 3 mg/ml. The mixture was then filtered using micropore filter paper, leaving sediments on the filter paper and wastewater residues. The radioactivity of sediment and water residue was determined by using a well counter after 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours of filtration process. The activities of the sediment and water residues were found to be decreased with increasing GO concentrations. The FESEM image revealed high agglomeration structure when the sample was treated with GO of 3 mg/ml concentration. Further analysis via EDX showed the presence of other elements in the urine, which led to its attraction to the GO-layered sheets. This analysis also confirmed the presence of oxygen-functioning group in GO that facilitated the agglomeration process and solidified the radionuclide waste.

Graphene Oxide Increases Corneal Permeation of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride from Oleogels: A Study with Cocoa Butter-Based Oleogels.

In this work, oleogels of cocoa butter (CB), rice bran oil (RBO), and graphene oxide (GO) were prepared. The prepared oleogels were subjected to various characterization techniques such as bright-field microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), crystallization kinetics, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical studies. The influence of increasing GO content on the in vitro drug release and ex vivo corneal permeation of the model drug (ciprofloxacin HCl—CPH) from the oleogels was also investigated. Bright-field micrographs showed that increment in GO content reduced the size of the globular particles of CB. XRD analysis revealed that CB was crystallized in its β’ and β polymorphic forms in the oleogels, which was in agreement with thermal studies. The mechanical characterization demonstrated that the presence of GO improved the elastic nature and stress-bearing properties of the oleogels. Moreover, GO altered the crystallization kinetics of CB in the oleogels in a composition-dependent manner. The in vitro release of CPH from the oleogels occurred through either Fickian diffusion or fat network relaxation or a combination thereof. Furthermore, the inclusion of GO enhanced the ex vivo permeation of CPH molecules across the caprine cornea. Hence, we concluded that the prepared oleogels could be explored as potential delivery systems for ophthalmic applications.

Superior Crystallization Kinetics Caused by the Remarkable Nucleation Effect of Graphene Oxide in Novel Ternary Biodegradable Polymer Composites.

In this study, novel ternary composites were prepared, including biodegradable poly(ethylene succinate) (PESu), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and graphene oxide (GO). We have conducted a comprehensive study on whether GO can successfully promote the crystallization behaviors of PESu in the ternary composites. The results of isothermal crystallization demonstrated that with the increase of GO content in the composite (at a fixed PESu/PEG ratio), the Avrami rate constant k gradually increased, indicating that the crystallization rate was faster when GO was added to the composite. The same phenomenon was also found for nonisothermal crystallization. It was found that the Mo model can adequately describe the nonisothermal crystallization behaviors of the composites. The analyses demonstrated that the F(T) value estimated from the Mo model decreased when the GO content was increased. This result implied that GO promoted the nonisothermal crystallization of PESu in the ternary PESu/PEG/GO composites. Discussions on nucleation activity and microscopy observations confirmed that GO can act as a nucleation agent to further enhance the crystallization of the composites. The significant nucleation effect of GO on PESu in its novel ternary composite was first discovered in this study.

Gas sorption and diffusion in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite membranes

Gas solubility and diffusivity are reported for a series of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were prepared via a crosslinking reaction between the amino-terminal end groups of the telechelic PDMS and epoxide groups on the surface of GO. Gas solubilities of N2, O2, CH4, and CO2 were measured at 35 °C over a range of pressures. Gas solubility in the nanocomposites was unaffected by GO at the maximum loading of 8 wt%. Therefore, a previously reported decrease in the nanocomposite permeability with increasing GO content was due to a reduction in diffusivity. The pure-gas selectivity of the nanocomposite was controlled by diffusivity selectivity, and both increased with increasing GO content. Based on Meares’ formula, correlations between diffusivity and the square of the kinetic diameter were observed for the nanocomposites. The slopes of these correlations increased progressively as a function of GO content, indicating the enhanced size-sieving ability of the nanocomposites.

Influence of graphene oxide filler content on the dentin bond integrity, degree of conversion and bond strength of experimental adhesive. A SEM, micro-Raman, FTIR and microtensile study

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nano-filler content in experimental dental adhesive on its degree of conversion (DC), microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and structural reliability, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Micro-Raman spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A resin adhesive was fabricated (control adhesive - CA) and fabricated GO nano-particles were added at 0.5% and 2.0% (m/m) to produce adhesives GOA1 and GOA2 respectively. One hundred and two teeth (specimens) were prepared for dentin exposure and conditioned with 36% phosphoric acid. Specimens in each group (n = 34) were treated with formulated adhesives (CA, GOA1 & GOA2) and photo-polymerized for 20 s followed by composite build up. Sixty specimens were used for μTBS testing in the adhesive groups (CA, GOA1 & GOA2), with half exposed to thermocycling (TC) whereas the remaining half (n = 10) stored in distilled water. Seven specimens each were assessed using SEM and Micro-Raman spectroscopy, in each adhesive group (n = 7). DC for the adhesives was assessed using FTIR. The means of μTBS and DC were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey multiple comparisons test. GO nano-filler content showed significant influence on the adhesive μTBS in comparison to controls (p < 0.01). Ageing (TC) revealed significant reduction in the μTBS, except in GOA2 specimens, which showed comparable outcomes among TC and non-TC specimens (p > 0.05). DC was significantly higher in control adhesive [46.8 (3.6)%] compared to GOA2 [37.7 (4.2)%] specimens, however DC was comparable among GOA1 [42.3 (2.9)%] and GOA2 [37.7 (4.2)%] specimens (p > 0.05) respectively. GO exhibited interaction within adhesive and tooth dentin comparable to control adhesive. Increasing GO content showed increase in μTBS of adhesive to dentin, but a decrease in degree of conversion. Under ideal conditions, experimental adhesive with 2% GO content showed acceptable bond strength and DC; and should be further assessed under dynamic conditions to recommend clinical use.