Abstract
The composite hydrogels were produced using the solution casting method due to the non-toxic and biocompatible nature of chitosan (CS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The best composition was chosen and crosslinked with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), after which different amounts of graphene oxide (GO) were added to develop composite hydrogels. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle was used to analyze the hydrogels. The samples were also evaluated for swelling abilities in various mediums. The drug release profile was studied in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at a pH of 7.4. To predict the mechanism of drug release, the data were fitted into kinetic models. Finally, antibacterial activity and cell viability data were obtained. FTIR studies revealed the successful synthesis of CS/PVA hydrogels and GO/CS/PVA in hydrogel composite. SEM showed no phase separation of the polymers, whereas AFM showed a decrease in surface roughness with an increase in GO content. 100 µL of crosslinker was the critical concentration at which the sample displayed excellent swelling and preserved its structure. Both the crosslinked and composite hydrogel showed good swelling. The most acceptable mechanism of drug release is diffusion-controlled, and it obeys Fick’s law of diffusion for drug released. The best fitting of the zero-order, Hixson-Crowell and Higuchi models supported our assumption. The GO/CS/PVA hydrogel composite showed better antibacterial and cell viability behaviors. They can be better biomaterials in biomedical applications.
Highlights
With increased environmental awareness and an emphasis on eco-friendly products, the goal of research efforts is in the production of biocompatible, biodegradable and lowcost film-forming materials for biomedical applications [1,2,3]
The surface scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the CS/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and CS/PVA/graphene oxide (GO) hydrogels are shown in CS/PVA/GO hydrogels indicated the presence of an exterior phase
This exterior phase comprises GO particles that have grown from the hydrogel surface [26]
Summary
With increased environmental awareness and an emphasis on eco-friendly products, the goal of research efforts is in the production of biocompatible, biodegradable and lowcost film-forming materials for biomedical applications [1,2,3]. Due to their biocompatibility, nontoxicity, biodegradability, ease of availability and low cost, natural polymers have played an important role in producing biomaterials. GO is commonly used in biomedical applications and other carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) It has unique chemical properties, including such as high biocompatibility, low toxicity, a large surface area for effective drug binding, oxygen-containing functionalities and improved conductivity [7]
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