Increased Motor Activity Research Articles

ЭФФЕКТЫ ИЗОЛИРОВАННОГО И СОЧЕТАННОГО ВВЕДЕНИЯ L-АРГИНИНА И АМИНОГУАНИДИНА ПРИ ОСТРОМ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОМ ПЕРИТОНИТЕ

Objectives. To study the effects of isolated and combined administration of L-arginine and aminoguanidine in acute experimental peritonitis. Material and methods. Experiments were conducted on white male rats (n=185), divided into 5equal series, which were injected intraperitoneally, 0,6ml/100g: the 1st series (control) - 0.9%NaCl, the 2nd (experimental peritonitis, EP) - the 5th series - 15% fecal suspension, with intramuscular injection to rats of the 3rd series with: substrate of NO-synthase (NOS) - L-arginine, L-Arg (300mg/kg), 4thseries - inhibitor of inducible NOS - aminoguanidine, AG (15 mg/kg), the 5th series - L-Arg and AG in analogous doses. The signs of intoxication syndrome, changes in leukocyte differential count and peritoneal fluid, the severity of prooxidant-antioxidant imbalance, lesions of vascular endothelium and structural changes in the peritoneum were studied. Results. The research of the EP course in rats with combined administration of L-Arg and AG revealed in the presence of more significant corrective effect, in comparison with the results in EP with their isolated use, showing up in the increase of motor activity and muscular strength, normalization of breathing and thermoregulation, decrease in the severity of leukocytosis and nuclear shift of the leukogram to the left, increase in the phagocytic activity, decline in the concentration of nitrite/nitrates and malondialdehyde, increased level of reduced glutathione, decrease in the quantity of circulating endothelial cells in blood and structural disorders in peritoneum. Conclusions. The most pronounced corrective effect of combined administration of the NOS-substrate, L-Arg, and the inhibitor of its inducible isoform, AG, in rats with EP may result from the suppression of excessive NO production by AG, as well as the maintenance of the constitutive NOS-activity and various metabolic pathways in the course of L-Arg administration.

Emotional Disturbance in Two Models of Melatonin Deficiency: A Comparative Study


 
 
 In the present study, the aim was to compare the role of melatonin deficiency on emotional status in two different models, chronic constant light (CCL) and pinealectomy in male Wistar rats. While the rats with pinealectomy (Pin) showed impulsive behaviour (increased motor activity and lack of anxiety), CCL-rats demonstrated higher anxiety in the elevated plus-maze test (EPM). Slight differences in depressive-like behaviour, measured by the saccharine preference test (SPT) and the forced swimming test (FST), were also detected. The CCL-rats exhibited anhedonia only during the active (dark) phase of the light-dark cycle whereas rats with removed pineal gland showed depressive behaviour without diurnal variations. Immobility in the FST was increased in the two models of melatonin deficiency. Exposure to CCL and removal of the pineal gland abolished the circadian fluctuations in plasma melatonin levels. Both models of melatonin deficit exhibited higher plasma corticosterone levels during the light period and blunted diurnal variations of the hormone. Our findings suggest that models of melatonin deficiency recapitulate several neurobiological alterations associated with melancholic depression. Future studies are needed to elucidate the precise mechanism related to the model-specific difference in emotional status.
 
 

The effect of sharply increased motor activity on the heart of a growing organism

The aim of our work was to study the functional parameters of the heart of immature rat pups and the mechanisms of its regulation under conditions of sharply increased motor activity.

Research of motivating factors for fitness classes of the first-year female students of the National University of Water and Environmental Engineering

The article analyzes the data received from the survey results and identifies priority factors affecting motivation for fitness classes of the first-year female students of the National University of Water and Environmental Engineering. The survey has been conducted at sports camp of the National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, in which the first-year female students in the quantity of 45 respondents, engaging in fitness section, have been involved. In the course of research there were used methods of mathematical and statistical analysis of the conducted survey.
 It has been established that “learning new exercises” is a priority motive for fitness, 90% of respondents took it first place. 70% of respondents put such a motive as an “active leisure” in the second position. The third in order of importance (60%) turned out to be the motive of “correction of body contours” “Increasing emotional stress resilience” was put by the female students in the fourth position - 50%. The following motives received the same ranks: “training is one of the factors of harmonious development”, “promotion of healthy lifestyles”, “training contributes to physical development”, “increase of motor activity”. The quantity of their selection is 30%. Less popular motives turned out to be “to work on fitness is prestigious”, “to find enjoyment in training” and “to get release after mental load”. 10% put them in the ninth, tenth and eleventh positions, respectively.
 It should be noted that the motive of “popularizing fitness” was not chosen by any female student which indicates to a complete incomprehension of their own example in popularizing classes.
 The research results prove that cognitive, developmental and recreational motives are priority among the participants of the survey.

Screen time and adolescent health: How to find a balance in pandemic

The article presents results of an empirical study of screen practices and health indicators of adolescents in a pandemic according to the all-Ukrainian mass survey «Media Culture in a Pandemic» (N=1,732, students of 7-10 grades from all macro-regions). It analyzes the duration of screen time and its contents due to distance learning conditions; the indicators of adolescents’ health and their connection to media practices; compensators of health-preserving training during a pandemic are offered. According to the duration and content of screen practices, compared to 2018, adolescents’ exploitation of different gadgets grew by 47,6%. The number of children who use the Internet 7 hours a day doubled in two years. More than 60% of adolescents use the Internet to study, more than half – watch movies and listen to music, more than a third – play online games and publish their work. In terms of distance learning, 69% of children began to look for more information to learn, 43% began to play online games less often, 34.4% began to look less often for new acquaintances on the Internet. Health scores (somatic discomfort and sleep) show that one in three teens constantly has pain in the back, one in four has constant headaches, and one in four teens often does not sleep through the night at all. A third of adolescents began to sleep less and a third more during distance learning. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient reveals direct connections between sleep duration and screen time (с=0.56, p≤0,01), as well as between the sleep duration and back discomfort (с=0,30; р≤0,01) and headache (с=0.24; p≤0.01). The necessity of compensators of distance learning are outlined: increase of motor activity, sleep regulation, the introduction of online self-monitoring practice, distribution of screen time between studying and recreational practices. Both parents and educators are encouraged to find different ways to explain the causality between screen practices and these compensators, leading to progress in screen time health culture

Abstract- Poster

Introduction:Cotard’s syndrome is characterised by extreme kind of nihilistic delusions. In this condition a person believe that he has no organs, he is not alive and is a dead man. Usually occur in severe depression.Aim:To present a case where a patient believe that he is dead and is continuously searching for his soul and for that he is restless, agitated and wander from place to place.Discussion:Cotard’s syndrome is frequently reported in settings of depressive symptoms with decrease energy, decreased psychomotor activity and hopelessness. In our case patients is restless, agitated, has increased motor activity and have a purpose of searching his soul.Conclusion:Patient with severe depressive disorder with cotard’s delusion can present with atypical presentations.

Изучение экзогенных репродуктивных структур аксенической культуры гриба спорыньи (Claviceps Purpurea) в процессе бесполого размножения

Claviceps purpurea (Fries) Tulasne are used in parasitic and saprophytic cultures to obtain ergoalkaloids (EA), including ergocriptine. Ergocryptine has a variety of pharmacological effects, including reducing the secretion of prolactin and somatotropic hormone, suppresses physiological lactation. It also has an antiparkinsonian effect, and ergocriptine increases motor activity. Ergocriptine- based drugs are used in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia and adenomas that produce prolactin, infertility in men and women. The importance of C. purpurea for medicine requires the study of reproduction characteristics of the fungus cultivated in different areas and substrates. The results of studying features of the exogenous reproductive structures the ergocriptine line fungus Claviceps purpurea in saprophytic condition, as well as the composition of ergot alkaloids in sclerotia and in samples of C. purpurea mycelia, are presented. The exogenous reproductive structures play a decisive role in artificial infection in saprophytic and parasitic conditions. The aim of the work was to study the growth and reproductive in saprophytic of the line of the fungus parasite C. purpurea producing ergocriptine in saprophytic conditions under the conditions of saprophytic cultivation (by surface and submerged methods cultivation). It was found that the growth rate of conidia, including width and length, were faster under the conditions of saprophytic cultivation of C. purpurea on the surface of an agar growth medium. The features of the dynamics of conidioproduction in submerged and surface cultivation on an agar growth medium. It has been shown that the HPLC method, in comparison with TLC for the analysis of ergocriptine, is more effective, since it allows the determination of its insignificant content.

A Novel Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutic Model: Attenuating Hyperphosphorylated Tau and Amyloid β (Aβ) Aggregates by Characterizing Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Neuroprotective Properties of Natural Extracts

A recent line of drug failures to cure or manage Alzheimer’s disease prompted research towards discovering ways to delay the progression of this disease. Oxidative damage and neuro-inflammation were the key pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, 30 natural extracts from plant roots and leaves with extensive anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties were consumed by Drosophila melanogaster. In this plant extract medium, the GAL4-UAS system was used to overexpress amyloid beta (Aβ42) human transgene in all the neurons of two transgenic Drosophila lines. Using Kaplan-Meier lifespan plots, 12 extracts that increased Drosophila’s lifespan the most were mixed in specific ratios to make 5 different combinational extracts. Several assays were performed to evaluate the efficacy of these combinational extracts on delaying the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Aβ42-overexpressing flies fed regular cornmeal were used as a control group, whereas Aβ42-overexpressing flies fed the extract medium was used as the experimental group. In the climbing assays the experimental group showed an increased motor activity. In the lifespan assays, Kaplan-Meier plots revealed that the control group experienced a sharp decline while the experimental group showed a gradual decline. Performance index from olfactory training to evaluate the associative memory also indicated improved learning ability in the experimental group.

Risks of health disorders in pedagogical, medical workers and preventive measures

The formation of a healthy lifestyle and a healthy lifestyle in the work of various activities, developing a program that includes appropriate measures to correct the functional state of employees of nervous and emotional labor, is currently one of the essential areas of occupational health. The study aims to assess the prevalence of behavioral risk factors for health disorders and the effectiveness of measures to correct overstrain in pedagogical and medical workers, depending on the personal level of anxiety. The researchers conducted comprehensive physiological and hygienic studies. We described behavioral risk factors, awareness of health-saving issues based on a questionnaire (346 teachers), a professional graphical assessment of the intensity of efforts. Psychophysical studies help to study the states of various functions of the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system, psychological testing, and general physical performance (GPP) according to the RWC170 test when evaluating the implemented model of motor activity and assess the effectiveness of relaxation in the shungite room. We performed static processing of the data obtained using statistical programs EpiInfo 3.5.2., Statistica 10, Microsoft Excel 2010 using adequate methods of statistical analysis. The study of the prevalence of the factors risky cheek of life for the health of teachers revealed insufficient physical activity (61.1% (95% CI 54.7-67.2)), inadequate sleep duration (46.1% (95% CI 40.0-52.4)), eating disorders (16.2% (95% CI 11.9-21.5)) tobacco smoking (15.8% (95% CI 11.5-20.9)). The developed and implemented regime, which increases the volume of motor activity to 8-9 hours a week instead of 3-4 hours, contributed to an increase in resistance to stress effects, a decrease in the percentage of identified teachers with a low level of physical fitness. A high degree of nervous and emotional tension in the work of general practitioners, the possibility of infection with COVID-19 leads to the formation of a high level of anxiety in a significant part (63.7-72.2%) of medical workers, which indicates the purposefulness of a psychological correction measure. The conducted production studies have shown the usefulness of using in programs for correcting the functional conformity of pedagogical and medical workers, an increase in motor activity using physical culture and sports, and relaxation in the shungite room.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of a Novel Herbal Extract in the Muscle and Spinal Cord of an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Animal Model.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a complex disease characterized by motor neuron loss and muscle atrophy. There is no prominent treatment for ALS as the pathogenic process in the skeletal muscle and spinal cord is complex and multifactorial. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a herbal formula on the multi-target effects in the skeletal muscle and spinal cord in hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. We prepared a herbal extract (HE) from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi, Panax ginseng, and Astragalus membranaceus. Control and HE-treated mice underwent rotarod and footprint tests. We also performed immunohistochemical and Western blotting analyses to assess expression of inflammation-related and oxidative stress-related proteins in the muscle and spinal cord tissues. We found that the HE increased motor activity and reduced motor neuron loss in hSOD1G93A mice. In addition, the HE significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory proteins and oxidative stress-related proteins in the skeletal muscles and spinal cord of hSOD1G93A mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the HE regulated autophagy function and augmented neuromuscular junction in the muscle of hSOD1G93A mice. Based on these results, we propose that the HE formula may be a potential therapeutic strategy for multi-target treatment in complex and multifactorial pathological diseases.

CBD Effects on Motor Profile and Neurobiological Indices Related to Glutamatergic Function Induced by Repeated Ketamine Pre-Administration.

Clinical evidence and experimental studies have shown the psychotomimetic properties induced by ketamine. Moreover, acute or chronic ketamine (KET) administration has been widely used for modeling schizophrenia-like symptomatology and pathophysiology. Several studies have reported the antipsychotic potential of cannabidiol (CBD), while there is limited information on the cannabidiol effect on KET-induced schizophrenia-like impairments. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to evaluate neuroplastic changes induced by repeated KET administration, which is used as an experimental model of schizophrenia—with a behavioral focus on positive-like symptomatology– and to assess the modulatory role of CBD treatment. The present findings have shown a robust increase in motor activity in KET-treated rats, following a 10-day period of chronic administration at the sub-anesthetic dose of 30 mg/kg (i.p), that was reversed to normal by subsequent chronic CBD treatment. Concerning the expression of glutamate receptors, the current findings have shown region-dependent KET-induced constitutional alterations in NMDA and AMPA receptors that were modified by subsequent CBD treatment. Additionally, repeated KET administration increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation state in all regions examined, apart from the ventral hippocampus that was modulated by subsequent CBD treatment. The present results show, for the first time, a stimulated motor output coupled with a specific glutamatergic-related status and ERK1/2 activation following chronic KET administration that were attenuated by CBD treatment, in a region-dependent manner. These findings provide novel information concerning the antipsychotic potential of CBD using a specific design of chronic KET administration, thus contributing to experimental approaches that mirror the symptomatology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Models of physical education in US school education (late XX - early XXI century)

For Ukrainian pedagogy, it is important to analyze the experience of ways to implement the task in US physical education practice, in which sport is one of the integrative means of forming students' universal, social and personal values, and not only a means of increasing motor activity. The purpose - a comprehensive analysis of models of physical education popular in US schools (late XX - early XXI century.)During 1991-2020, the system of physical education and sports in the United States was transformed in the direction of expanding the opportunities for the formation of important universal values in students. There are many well-developed educational models in the country, which are aimed at increasing both physical and technical fitness, students' awareness of the importance of physical activity for health, and the formation of other values (teamwork, leadership, honesty, self-control, etc.). Widespread in the specified period were such models of education as:Teaching Physical and Social Responsibility Through Physical Activity – TPSR, Teaching Games for the Understanding, Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids – SPARK.
 The main goal of the Teaching Physical and Social Responsibility Through Physical Activity - TPSR model is to help adolescents control themselves using the active environment that arises during sports, be responsible for their actions and support others.The main conceptual provisions of the Teaching Games for the Understanding model are learning games through the game; formation of informed performers; the importance of each participant in the game; taking into account the level of skill development and challenges facing participants.The goal of the Sports, Play and Active Recreation for Kids model is to improve the health of children and adolescents by engaging them in physical activity and using special nutrition programs. The program enables teachers to constantly improve, systematically supports them with information, and provides the necessary equipment.

Eating behavior and obesity of women: estrogens and anorexigenic effect of estradiol

Eating behavior is a complex interaction of physiological, psychological, social, and genetic factors that affect the time of eating, the amount of food consumed, and food preferences. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the world and it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. According to an analysis of 20 prospective studies, the years of life lost due to obesity have now exceeded the years of life lost due to smoking. The epidemic of obesity in the world determines the relevance of research aimed at identifying the factors that contribute to the emergence of this pathological condition. We studied mainly foreign literature on the effect of estrogens on women’s eating behavior and the physiology of adipose tissue. After puberty, women are at greater risk of developing eating disorders than men, possibly due to a more labile psyche. Estrogens contribute to the accumulation of subcutaneous fat, and low estrogen level in menopausal women contributes to an increase in the amount of visceral fat. It is believed that the anorectic effects of estrogens are mediated by the central nervous system, this statement is based on the fact that direct injections of estradiol into the paraventricular nucleus or the arcuate/ventromedial nucleus are most effective for reducing food intake, body weight and increasing motor activity. There is every reason to believe that further clinical, women-focused studies that provide a better understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways responsible for the estrogenic control of food intake will provide new insights into the mechanisms responsible for the greater prevalence of obesity and eating disorders in women.

Dihydroergotamine affects spatial behavior and neurotransmission in the central nervous system of Wistar rats.

Dihydroergotamine (DHE) is a derivative of an ergot alkaloid used as an antimigraine medication. Nowadays, ergot alkaloids may still endanger the safety of humans and animals as food or medicine pollutants, but the outcomes of long-term DHE administration on the behaviour and neurotransmission remain undescribed. Adult male Wistar Albino Glaxo rats pre-treated orally with DHE for six weeks were investigated to assess the relationship between concentration of neurotransmitters and behavioural response. The behavioural effects of the drug administered at doses of either 30 µg/kg b.w. (group DHE30, n = 11) or 100 µg/kg b.w. per day (group DHE100, n = 10) were evaluated in the Morris Water Maze. It is known that monoaminergic neurotransmitters (serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine) in some brain structures (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, cerebellum, spinal cord) play a role in the control of cognitive and motor functions. The concentration of neurotransmitters was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Administration of DHE influenced neither the learning processes nor memory in rats. Nevertheless, an increased motor activity of the DHE-administered animals was observed in both the cued and non-cued behavioural tasks. In HPLC examination, changes in the concentration of monoaminergic neurotransmitters and their metabolites were noted in all tested structures, except for the hippocampus. DHE is able to modulate noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission that may support the increase in locomotion.

Modern approaches to surgical treatment of children with osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous group of diseases with different types of inheritance, characterized by frequent fractures and deformities of the bone skeleton. Conservative and surgical treatment of children with this pathology is an integral part of a multidisciplinary approach. In the surgical treatment of bone deformities in children with OI, the method of choice is corrective osteotomies, and an effective method of fixation is intramedullary osteosynthesis. Surgical treatment of children with OI is aimed at reducing the number of fractures, correcting deformities and increasing motor activity. Aim of the study to determine the indications for intramedullary osteosynthesis of long tubular bones in children with the disease. To review the studies concerning treatment of children with OI. Consider the different types of metal fixers, their advantages and disadvantages. Today the technique of intramedullary fixation is the "gold" standard in the surgical treatment of children with OI. There is a clear advantage of telescopic rods in terms of the frequency of reoperations, but their use does not exclude the presence of postoperative complications.

P13.10 Chemoattraction of glioma cells in a local hydrogel trap and immune control associated with improved survival and cognitive functions in a mouse model of glioblastoma resection

Abstract BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive brain primary tumor. The prognosis remains poor mainly due to the invasiveness of glioma cells, radio and/or chemoresistance and GB-induced immunosuppressive environment. Here, we propose to use a local delivery system based on a biocompatible hydrogel containing the chemopeptide urotensin II (hUII) or a biased synthetic analog DAB8-hUII, to “trap” GB cells, and/or to control immune cells expressing its G protein-coupled receptor UT, leading to tumor regression and neurological benefit, in a mouse model of GB resection. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vitro, invasion towards UII/analog across different hydrogels or glue of human or murine GB-GFP cell lines was evaluated in Boyden chamber and cloning ring assays. In vivo GB cells were intrastriatally xenografted, then resected while hydrogel- or glue-containing UII/analog was injected in the cavity resection. Behavioral tests, brain immunohistochemical analyses and mouse survival were then investigated. RESULTS In vitro, invasive capacity of human U87 and 42MG or murine GL261 and CT2A GB cells was stimulated by UII loaded into hydrogel-based hyaluronic acid supplemented with collagen or other chemicals, PNIPAAm-PEG, or thrombin-fibrin glue. In vivo, injection of UII- or DAB8-hUII-loaded glue into the cavity resection of GL261 and CT2A GB in C57BL/6 mice significantly improved survival compared with tumor and resected experimental conditions. Neurological status was also tested before and after GB resection. We found that GL261 and CT2A cell-bearing mice expressed altered spontaneous activity, emotion and cognitive functions. Intracavity injection of the glue improved resignation and anxiety and increased motor activity and cognition with a best cognitive recovery with hUII and DAB-8-hUII-loaded glue groups. Ex vivo brain analyses revealed high expression of UT and UII in some GB GFP-positive cells and macrophages within GB core and at the interface with the normal brain, GB cells expressing UT migrating along tortuous podocalyxin+ vascular components. In brains bearing hydrogel/hUII glue, vascularization appears modified and GFAP+ astrocytes and F4/80+ macrophages were highly recruited in the border of the cavity, compared with the other conditions. CONCLUSION A local glue containing UII may trap GB cells and remodel the tumor microenvironment responsible for survival and cognitive improvements, providing new option in the therapeutic arsenal of GB.

Legacy Effect of Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine in Cellular Senescence of Diet-induced Obesity Mice.

Cellular senescence is a state of stable growth arrest triggered by mitogenic and metabolic stressors. Ageing and a high-fat diet (HFD) are proven inducers of senescence in various organs, presenting a challenge for ageing populations worldwide. Our previous study demonstrated that ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can improve insulin resistance (IR) and chronic inflammation in diet-induced obesity mice, an effect better achieved through early intervention. We, herein, investigate whether NAC can improve cellular senescence in a diet-induced obesity mouse model, and whether a legacy effect is presented with early intervention. For a twelve-month treatment course, all C57B/L6 mice were fed a chow diet (CD), high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFD), CD+NAC1-12 (NAC intervention 1st-12th month), HFD+NAC1-12, and HFD+NAC1-6 (NAC intervention 1st-6th month). Staticalanalysis was used to analyze the different markers of cellular senescence and inflammation. Throughout the study, the HFD group exhibited significantly increased body weight (BW) and body fat, markers of senescence, decreased motor activity (MA) and impaired glucose tolerance. Compared to the HFD group, the HFD+NAC1-12 group exhibited increased MA, decreased BW and body fat, improved glucose tolerance, and decreased senescence markers.The HFD+NAC1-6 group showed similar effects to the HFD+NAC1-12 group, despite discontinuing NAC for 6 months. Our study showed that NAC significantly increased MA in both HFD+NAC1-12 and HFD+NAC1-6 groups, and improved HFD-induced mitochondrial and intracellular ROS expression, DNA and protein oxidative damage, and adipose tissue inflammation. Legacy effect was indeed presented in HFD-induced cellular senescence with NAC intervention, with possible mechanisms being persistently increased motor activity and anti-oxidative stress effects.

Patterns of objectively measured motor activity among infants developing ASD and concerns for ADHD.

Heightened motor activity is a hallmark of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet high activity levels are also often reported in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is currently unclear whether increased motor activity represents a distinct versus shared early predictor of ASD and ADHD; no prior studies have directly examined this prospectively. We investigated differences in longitudinal patterns of objectively measured motor activity during early development. Participants included 113 infants at high and low risk for ASD or ADHD. Continuous motion-based activity was recorded using tri-axial accelerometers at 12, 18, 24, and 36 months of age. At 36 months, participants were categorized into one of three outcome groups: ASD (n = 19), ADHD Concerns (n = 17), and Typically Developing (TD; n = 77). Group differences in trajectories of motor activity were examined in structured and semistructured contexts. Associations with behaviors relevant to ASD, ADHD, and general development were also examined. In both structured and semistructured contexts, both the ASD and ADHD Concerns groups exhibited heightened activity relative to the TD group by 18 months; the ASD group exhibited higher activity than the ADHD Concerns group at 24-36 months in the structured context only. Attention/behavior regulation, nonverbal, and verbal development-but not social engagement-were differentially associated with objectively measured activity by outcome group across contexts. Overactivity may be a shared, rather than distinct, precursor of atypical development in infants/toddlers developing ASD and concerns for ADHD, emerging as early as 18 months. Group differences in overactivity may be context-specific and associated with different underlying mechanisms.

Prevalence of sleep disorders in children 3-7 years of age in perm

Objective. The article analyzes the clinical features of sleep in preschoolers aged 3-7 years in the city of Perm on the basis of a continuous questionnaire method. Materials and methods. The presence of complaints related to sleep at the time of the survey was substantiated in 45 % of children of the younger age group (from 3 to 5 years) and 41 % of children in the older age group (from 5 to 7 years). Results. Sexual dimorphism manifested itself in a significant dominance of intrasomnic disturbances with frequent awakenings and increased motor activity during sleep in older boys. Nocturnal pains and / or cramps in the leg muscles prevailed in girls of the older age group. In the structure of parasomnias in Perm preschool children, there predominated nightmares (16.5 %), night fears (13.3 %), bruxism (14.8 %), sleepwalking (12.8 %), enuresis (8.2 %). Every fifth child of preschool age had sleep with an open mouth, snoring or puffing, hyperhidrosis during sleep and chronic adenotonsillar pathology, which does not exclude the presence of obstructive sleep apnea / hypopnea syndrome in this category of children. Conclusions. Sleep disorders were noted in a quarter of children under one year of age, manifested by difficult falling asleep, restless sleep and sleep inversion, which can be a marker of both disorders of maturation of chronobiological mechanisms and a high percentage of childhood behavioral insomnia.

Yogic postures and brain wave activation

Background: Yoga is a practice to control and develop the mental function. Scientists are trying to establish the effect of yoga on the various systems and organs in the human body by using different scientific methods and research techniques. The brain is one of the main targeted organs in yoga research. Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the electrical responses of the brain after immediate yogasana practices. Materials and Methods: Ten male (n=10) yoga practitioners having more than 8 years of experience in yogasana practice were selected as participants. Before and after immediate practices of six specific yoga postures were assessed on three different consecutive days for 15, 22.5, and 30 min. Delta, theta, alpha, sensory-motor rhythm (SMR), beta, and gamma amplitudes were assessed under the circumstance of electrical activity of the brain and measured using NeXus-10 device. Results: The outcome of the brain wave components showed that there was a decrease in delta (9.12%, 12.3%, and 19.52%), theta (12.32%, 15.9%, and 16.09%), alpha (11.99%, 17.49%, and 13.21%), SMR (6.89%, 17.27%, and 13.5%), beta (0.29%, 13.95%, and 14.4%) amplitude immediately after 15, 22.5, and 30 min practice of yoga postures, respectively. In the case of gamma amplitude, initially, it increased 8.58% in 15 min practice, there after decreasing trend was observed in 22.5 min (11.47%) and 30 min practice (15.9%). Conclusions: Immediate yogasana practices may enhance the functions of brain wave activity which increases motor activity, autonomic flexibility, and associates with a better cognitive state.