Increase In Noise Level Research Articles

The use of a piece sound absorber to reduce the impact of noise on workers in the dairy industry on the example of industrial enterprises of the Republic of Mordovia

The paper analyzes the working conditions of workers in the dairy industry, which showed that the prevailing harmful production factor is the increased noise level. It has been proven that noise has a negative impact not only on the hearing organs, but also on the whole organism as a whole as a general biological irritant, therefore, reducing noise expansion due to engineering solutions is an urgent task of our time. The article assesses the noise impact on operators of the dairy industry as part of a special assessment of working conditions. The analysis showed that the excess noise level is observed at all workplaces. To protect workers from an increased noise level, a design of a sound-suppressing piece sound absorber is proposed, which is distinguished by high sanitary and hygienic properties. The use of sound-suppressing piece sound absorbers will improve working conditions from a harmful class to an acceptable one.

Features of the blood lipid spectrum in men exposed to elevated noise levels

Dyslipidemia is the main factor in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The search for probable factors aff ecting lipid metabolism is relevant. The aim of the study was to evaluate the parameters of lipid metabolism in the blood serum of men exposed to elevated noise levels. Material and methods. 293 men with no confi rmed atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases were examined. Among the surveyed, 2 groups were identifi ed: 203 men who work under the infl uence of noise, and 90 men who do not come into contact with harmful production factors. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, low- and high-density lipoproteins, and the level of oxidized low-density lipoproteins were determined. Remnant cholesterol, atherogenic index and atherogenic plasma index were calculated. Results. Among persons under 55 years of age working in noise, an increase in total cholesterol (p = 0.02) and remnant cholesterol (p = 0.0006), a decrease in high-density lipoproteins (p = 0.03) and a tendency to increase the atherogenic index (p = 0.05) and the atherogenic plasma index (p = 0.07) were revealed. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was comparable in the main and control groups and amounted to 56.7 and 47.4%, respectively (p = 0.17). The median level of oxidized low-density lipoproteins in people working with noise did not exceed the upper limit of the norm. Conclusions. In men younger than 55 years old, working under conditions of exposure to increased noise levels, some features of the blood lipid spectrum are observed. The revealed changes may indicate an increase in the atherogenic potential of the blood serum

Anthropogenic noise predicts sea turtle behavioural responses

Anthropogenic noise is a pollutant of global concern. While the effects of underwater noise pollution have been frequently studied in fish and mammals, our understanding of how this anthropogenic stressor affects marine reptiles is scant. Using a multichannel data logger equipped with a camera and hydrophone, we quantified behavioural responses of a free-ranging green turtle (Chelonia mydas) to vessel noise in the Galapagos Archipelago, an important nesting site in the eastern Pacific. We found that while travelling the turtle increased its vigilance with increasing vessel noise. However, when on the seabed the turtle did not increase its vigilance with increasing noise levels. Our findings illustrate that noise pollution has the potential to alter overall time budgets of animals. Identifying real-time responses of wild animals illustrate how in situ approaches allow to assess the effects of human activities on marine systems.

Производственный травматизм в гражданской авиации

Statistical data on the Russian occupational injuries over two decades indicate a reduction in the victims annual number in all the sectors of the country economy from more than 150 thousand employees per year (2000) to 20 thousand (2021). It is shown that the number of fatal accidents during the same time decreased from 4.4 thousand per year to 1 thousand. The authors argue that during the aircraft ground maintenance in civil aviation, the cases of injury to employees and occupational diseases occur in accordance with what happens at the industrial enterprises. Statistics on monitoring working conditions and injury incidents at the aviation enterprises over the past three decades (excluding those injured in aviation accidents) are presented. Based on monitoring data, it is shown that in the period from 2000 to 2021, the rate of decline in the number of employees affected by industrial hazards in civil aviation is approximately 1.5 times higher than the same figure for the country. The results of a statistical analysis of the employee injury causes cases that occurred are described. It is stated that the working conditions characteristic feature of the employees at enterprises and organizations of the country during the period of time under consideration was and remains increased noise levels in the workplaces. At the civil aviation enterprises, the share of people employed in work with such harmful and (or) hazardous working conditions as noise, ultrasound, and infrasound the last decade is about 20 % over. The review is provided concerning the modern methods for reducing the impact of noise on the employees conducting aircraft ground handling operations. Recommendations are given on improving methods for counteracting the noise negative effects, developing personal protective equipment for areas of high noise pollution, and for further research.

Acoustic determination of the chatter and the cutting tool Planarity fault of an on-site milling

On-site machining is a specific area where harmful vibrations can be generated by the dynamic interaction between the tool and the workpiece. These vibrations often cause the degradation of the workpiece and the cutting tool. It is therefore necessary to suppress and control this phenomenon. In this paper, we present the acoustic characterisation of a common fault in on-site machining that causes these harmful vibrations: the tilting fault of the cutting tool. Our preliminary results show that the presence of microphones allows us to have little spatial control of the cutting tool. There is an increase of around 5 to 8 dBA for a 0 and 0.5 mm tilt of the milling head along the X axis. An increase of around 10 to 12 dBA is recorded for a tilt of 0.10 and 0.20 mm of the milling head along the X axis. In contrast to the X-axis, tilting the milling cutter along the Y-axis only results in a 5 dB increase in noise level for the filtered signals.

Fluctuating aerodynamic noise radiated from longitudinal vortex in the flow field with turbulence

The paper focuses on fluctuating aerodynamic noise of automobiles, that is, time-varying wind noise which can significantly affect driver annoyance during at high cruising speed, independent of average loudness. One of the main aerodynamic noise sources is considered as longitudinal vortex behind the front pillar of a vehicle located near driver's ear. The mechanism of fluctuating aerodynamic noise was investigated from quantitative and qualitative viewpoints. Firstly, regarding quantitative noise level, wind-tunnel experiments and numerical simulations have been conducted for the longitudinal vortex around the delta wing subjected to the wake of a circular cylinder. The both results showed that the aerodynamic noise increases around the vortex-shedding frequency by 10 to 20 dB. Numerical analysis investigated the effect of the flow with turbulence on the generation of aerodynamic noise. Karman vortex emitted from the cylinder induces Aeolian tone with 58 Hz. The analysis revealed the noise sources with respect to time derivatives of both vorticity and surface pressure fluctuations, which lead to the increase in noise level around 58 Hz. Secondly, concerning noise quality, modulation spectrum analysis also clarified that the vortex-shedding frequency 58 Hz shifts to the lower frequency 10 Hz, which is considered as the fluctuating aerodynamic noise.

Enhancing Interpretation of Cetacean Acoustic Monitoring: Investigating Factors that Influence Vocalization Patterns of Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins in an Urbanized Estuary, Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, USA

The Charleston Harbor in South Carolina (SC)is a major port that experiences high levels of vessel traffic. Historical analyses of coastal bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, now Tursiops erebennus) sightings identified multiple core use areas in the harbor that overlap with these anthropogenic activities. Informed by these long-term spatial data, passive acoustic monitoring, visual surveys, and prey sampling were conducted from December 2017 to June 2019 to assess the relationships and multivariate interactions that may influence dolphin vocalization patterns. Vocalizations varied spatially and temporally, peaking in fall and winter months coinciding with decreases in water temperature and daylight hours, following patterns previously reported in other SC estuaries. Dolphin prey and total fish abundance decreased with water temperature, which may indicate that dolphins echolocate and whistle more frequently in the winter months when prey are scarce and sound-producing species are less soniferous. Dolphin sightings and vocalizations were highly correlated. Dolphin occurrence was highest in the areas surrounding the confluence of the Cooper and Wando Rivers, along the shipping channel, where vessel and sound-producing fish detections were greatest. When vessel noise occurred, dolphins increased their vocalizations, which suggests that this population may be modifying its acoustic repertoire in response to increased noise levels. Multivariate interactions indicate strong spatial and seasonal patterns in vocalization rates that may be associated with dolphin and prey abundance as well as noise-induced redundancy.

Acoustic noise levels and field distribution in 7 T MRI scanners

Acoustic noise production during Magnetic Resonance Imaging is an important source of patient discomfort and leads to verbal communication problems, difficulties in sedation, and hearing impairment. To address these issues, in this paper we present a systematic characterization of the acoustic field distribution in a MRI cavity in a last generation 7 T scanner, in different spatial locations, with and without a phantom head. Analysis and comparison of various MRI sequences like Echo-planar imaging”, “Gradient echo”, “Spin echo” are carried out. Sound pressure levels are measured using standard statistical descriptors (Leq,Lmean, L90, and Lmode) using two prepolarized free-field microphones measuring pressure levels generated inside scanner cavities in a 50 Hz to 10 kHz range. Acoustic eigenmodes of the cavity are derived numerically in finite element simulations and compared to measurements. Equivalent sound pressure levels exceed 85 dB in the range between 500 and 3,000 Hz, and peak levels are consistently above 100 dB, i.e., the noise levels of 7 T scanners are higher than 3T and 1.5 T counterparts. The presence of the phantom head in the MRI scanner leads to increased noise levels (by 5–10 dB) in its vicinity, as a result of reflections occurring between the head and the bore reflective walls. Numerical finite element simulations allow to extrapolate the noise distribution in the entire cavity and to interpret experimental results and indicate that the frequencies at which the highest noise levels occur correspond to azimuthal or radial resonant modes of the MRI cavity, i.e., with a radially and azimuthally varying pressure field. These results can be useful for the design of future acoustic noise mitigation solutions.

Investigation of critical factors influencing the underestimation of hearing loss predicted by the ISO 1999 predicting model.

To analyze factors influencing the underestimation of noise-induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS) among manufacturing workers, providing baseline data for revising noise exposure standard. A cross-sectional study was designed with 2702 noise-exposed workers from 35 enterprises from 10 industries. Personal noise exposure level(LAeq,8h) and noise kurtosis level were determined by a noise dosimeter. Questionnaires and hearing loss tests were performed for each subject. The predicted NIPTS was calculated using the ISO 1999:2013 model for each participant, and the actual measured NIPTS was corrected for age and sex. The factors influencing the underestimation of NIPTS were investigated. The predicted NIPTS at each test frequency (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6kHz) and mean NIPTS at 2, 3, 4, and 6kHz (NIPTS2346) using the ISO 1999:2013 model were significantly lower than their corresponding measured NIPTS, respectively (P < 0.001). The ISO model significantly underestimated the NIPTS2346 by 12.36 dB HL. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that noise exposure level, exposure duration, age, and kurtosis could affect the degree of underestimation of NIPTS2346. The generalized additive model (GAM) with (penalized) spline components showed nonlinear relationships between critical factors (age, exposure duration, noise level, and kurtosis) and the underestimated NIPTS2346.The underestimated NIPTS2346 decreased with an increase in exposure duration (especially over ten years). There was no apparent trend in the underestimated NIPTS2346 with age. The underestimated NIPTS2346 decreased with the increased noise level [especially > 90 dB(A)]. The underestimated NIPTS2346 increased with an increase in noise kurtosis after adjusting for the noise exposure level and exposure duration and ultimately exhibiting a linear regression relationship. The ISO 1999 predicting model significantly underestimated the noise-induced hearing loss among manufacturing workers. The degree of underestimation became more significant at the noise exposure condition of fewer than ten years, less than 90 dB(A), and higher kurtosis levels. It is necessary to apply kurtosis to adjust the underestimation of hearing loss and consider the applying condition of noise energy metrics when using the ISO predicting model.

Quantitative analysis of deep learning-based denoising model efficacy on optical coherence tomography images with different noise levels

BackgroundTo quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of the Noise2Noise (N2N) model, a deep learning (DL)-based noise reduction algorithm, on enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) images with different noise levels. MethodsThe study included 30 subfoveal EDI-OCT images averaged with 100 frames from 30 healthy participants. Artificial Gaussian noise at 25.00, 50.00, and 75.00 standard deviations were added to the averaged (original) images, and the images were grouped as 25N, 50N, and 75N. Afterward, noise-added images were denoised with the N2N model and grouped as 25dN, 50dN, and 75dN, according to previous noise levels. The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and deep choroidal contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated for all images, and noise-added and denoised images were compared with the original images. The structural similarity of the noise-added and denoised images to the original images was assessed by the Multi-Scale Structural Similarity Index (MS-SSI). ResultsThe CVI and CNR parameters of the original images (68.08 ± 2.47 %, and 9.71 ± 2.80) did not differ from the only 25dN images (67.97 ± 2.34 % and 8.50 ± 2.43) (p:1.000, and p:0.062, respectively). Noise reduction improved the MS-SSI at each noise level (p < 0.001). However, the highest MS-SSI was achieved in 25dN images. ConclusionsThe DL-based N2N denoising model can be used effectively for images with low noise levels, but at increasing noise levels, this model may be insufficient to provide both the original structural features of the choroid and structural similarity to the original image.

Enhancing Reading Instruction for Second Semester Students at Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sidoarjo Using Graphic Organizers

The aim of this research is to describe the process, advantages, and disadvantages of implementing Graphic Organizers (GO) in teaching reading. This study is of a descriptive qualitative nature and was conducted in the English Teaching Department of Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sidoarjo. Class PBI 2021 was selected as the sample using the purposive sampling technique. Data collection was carried out through observation and interview methods. Data analysis involved the steps of data classification, interpretation, and conclusion. The results of this research indicate that the application of GO consists of three steps: pre-reading, while reading, and post-reading. The advantages include making reading instruction more effective, fostering cooperative learning environments, enhancing students' confidence and motivation in reading classes, and promoting an active and engaging classroom atmosphere. However, some disadvantages were noted, such as the strategy's limited applicability to certain texts and the potential for increased noise levels in the classroom. It is recommended for lecturers to incorporate this strategy into their reading instruction.

Unified Bayesian network for uncertainty quantification of physiological parameters in dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI of the liver

Objective. Physiological parameter estimation is affected by intrinsic ambiguity in the data such as noise and model inaccuracies. The aim of this work is to provide a deep learning framework for accurate parameter and uncertainty estimates for DCE-MRI in the liver. Approach. Concentration time curves are simulated to train a Bayesian neural network (BNN). Training of the BNN involves minimization of a loss function that jointly minimizes the aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties. Uncertainty estimation is evaluated for different noise levels and for different out of distribution (OD) cases, i.e. where the data during inference differs strongly to the data during training. The accuracy of parameter estimates are compared to a nonlinear least squares (NLLS) fitting in numerical simulations and in vivo data of a patient suffering from hepatic tumor lesions. Main results. BNN achieved lower root-mean-squared-errors (RMSE) than the NLLS for the simulated data. RMSE of BNN was on overage of all noise levels lower by 33% ± 1.9% for k trans, 22% ± 6% for v e and 89% ± 5% for v p than the NLLS. The aleatoric uncertainties of the parameters increased with increasing noise level, whereas the epistemic uncertainty increased when a BNN was evaluated with OD data. For the in vivo data, more robust parameter estimations were obtained by the BNN than the NLLS fit. In addition, the differences between estimated parameters for healthy and tumor regions-of-interest were significant (p < 0.0001). Significance. The proposed framework allowed for accurate parameter estimates for quantitative DCE-MRI. In addition, the BNN provided uncertainty estimates which highlighted cases of high noise and in which the training data did not match the data during inference. This is important for clinical application because it would indicate cases in which the trained model is inadequate and additional training with an adapted training data set is required.

Pengaruh Karakteristik Lalu Lintas Terhadap Kebisingan Jalan Raya

The availability of transportation facilities in urban areas strongly supports community activities and mobility from one land use to another. The increase in the number of motorized vehicles causes an increase in noise level on the highway.&#x0D; The purpose of this study was to analyze the traffic characteristics on Ahmad Yani street Kendari City, noise level, and partial effect of traffic characteristics on the noise level. The research method uses descriptive and parametric statistical approaches.&#x0D; The results showed that the average traffic volume on Ahmad Yani street was 1179 pcu/hour, with a composition of motorcycles 59%, light vehicles 37%, and heavy vehicles 4%. The average vehicle speed is 48 km/hour and average traffic density is 51 pcu/km. The highest noise level occurred in the school area of 76.1 dB, while the lowest occurred in the trading area of 70.5 dB. The average noise level on the Ahmad Yani street is 73.4 dB. The effect of vehicle volume on the noise level is 56.7%, vehicle speed on the noise level is 53.4%, and the traffic density on the noise level is 68.7%. This shows that the traffic density variable has the greatest influence on the noise intensity on the highway, followed by vehicle volume variable, and the lowest is vehicle speed variable.

Identifying Outliers of the MODIS Leaf Area Index Data by Including Temporal Patterns in Post-Processing

The moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) calculates the leaf area index (LAI) for each pixel without incorporating the temporal correlation information, leading to a higher sensitivity for the LAI that produces uncertainties in observed reflectance. As a result, an increased noise level is observed in the timeseries, making the data discontinuous and inconsistent in space and time. Therefore, it is important to identify and handle the outliers during the post-processing of MODIS data. This study proposed a method to identify the MODIS LAI outliers based on the analyses of temporal patterns, including the interannual and seasonal changes in the LAI. The analysis was carried out utilizing the data from 278 global MODIS LAI sites and the results were verified against the measurement obtained from 52 ground stations. The results from the analyses detected 50 and 92 outliers based on 1.5σ and 1.0σ standard deviations, respectively, of the difference between the MODIS LAI and ground measurements; correspondingly, 46 and 65 outliers, respectively, were identified by incorporating temporal patterns during the post-processing of the data. The validation results exhibited improved values of the coefficient of determination (R2) after eliminating the MODIS LAI outliers identified through the interannual and seasonal patterns. Specifically, the R2 between the ground measurement LAI and MODIS LAI increased from 0.51 to 0.54, 0.88, and 0.90 after eliminating MODIS LAI outliers when considering the interannual patterns, seasonal patterns, and both the interannual and seasonal patterns, respectively. The results from the study provided valuable information and theoretical support to improve MODIS LAI post-processing.

Examining the performance of thermal insulation materials used in buildings for noise insulation

Urbanization is spreading throughout the world as a result of rising population. Accordingly, airway, seaway, road, and railway transportation networks are expanding. Advancements in transportation and population growth result in significant increases in environmental noise. Increased noise levels have a negative impact on people's health and cause a variety of issues such as sleep disorders and communication problems. Consequently, various noiseproofing (insulation) regulations and codes have appeared in various countries. However, studies conducted recently have shown that in order for providing sustainable quality of life, it is recommended that the noise level should not exceed certain values. On maximum noise levels for comfortable living places have revealed that adequate and enough insulation levels should be satisfied using the criteria specified in specifications. Nowadays, building energy savings have increased significantly with the use of thermal insulation materials used in buildings. This study investigates the performances of commonly used thermal insulation materials in buildings on noise insulation. Namely, the effects of various wall thicknesses and thermal insulation materials on noise insulation performance were studied. Outdoor and indoor noise levels were measured in a heavily trafficked workplace area of Konya, Turkey, which is identified as sample noise noise source of this study. It was found out in the study that while some thermal insulation materials provide adequate noise insulation in a specific noise frequency range, some others not adequate.

Tonality masking system: Design and implementation of an industrial noise masking application

A noise source that exhibits tonal qualities is often deemed to be more annoying than one which is broadband in nature. In environmental noise assessments, it is common to apply a penalty for tonality (typically up to +5dB). Tonality is often objectively classified as a function of the spectrum shape (typically in one-third octave bands), where a prominent band relative to its adjacent bands indicates the presence of tonality. A potential means of removing this tonality is to introduce masking noise, altering the spectrum shape to cover up the peaks. By adding targeted masking, in principle, it is possible to not only remove the tonality classification and penalty but also minimise the increase in overall noise level to less than a few decibels. This paper discusses the practical implementation of a tonality masking system for a low-frequency industrial noise emission problem occurring at neighbouring residential properties. The masking system was designed to detect tones generated by a large piece of factory equipment and calculate the optimum masking signal using custom-made software. The masking signal was reproduced through a subwoofer located inside the factory. With the system successfully commissioned, the resultant noise levels at the residential neighbours were no longer classified as being tonal.

WB Score: A Novel Methodology for Visual Classifier Selection in Increasingly Noisy Datasets

This article addresses the challenges of selecting robust classifiers with increasing noise levels in real-world scenarios. We propose the WB Score methodology, which enables the identification of reliable classifiers for deployment in noisy environments. The methodology addresses four significant challenges that are commonly encountered: (i) Ensuring classifiers possess robustness to noise; (ii) Overcoming the difficulty of obtaining representative data that captures real-world noise; (iii) Addressing the complexity of detecting noise, making it challenging to differentiate it from natural variations in the data; and (iv) Meeting the requirement for classifiers capable of efficiently handling noise, allowing prompt responses for decision-making. WB Score provides a comprehensive approach for classifier assessment and selection to address these challenges. We analyze five classic datasets and one customized flooding dataset in São Paulo. The results demonstrate the practical effect of using the WB Score methodology is the enhanced ability to select robust classifiers for datasets in noisy real-world scenarios. Compared with similar techniques, the improvement centers around providing a visual and intuitive output, enhancing the understanding of classifier resilience against noise, and streamlining the decision-making process.

Cavitation Observation and Noise Characteristics in Rectangular Throttling Groove Spool

A hydraulic cavitation platform was developed in order to examine the occurrence of cavitation in the rectangular throttling groove spool and its correlation with noise characteristics. The test valve is constructed using PMMA material, which possesses excellent transparency. This transparency enables direct visual examination of cavitation occurring at the throttle slot. Additionally, high-speed photography is employed to observe the flow characteristics of the valve port, facilitating the analysis of cavitation morphology changes. Furthermore, a noise meter is utilized to measure and record the noise level and its corresponding spectrum. The flow field and flow phenomena at the rectangular throttling groove spool were studied using high-speed photography, noise spectrum analysis, and other methods. It is discovered that back pressure has the greatest influence on cavitation and flow separation, followed by the influence of intake pressure on cavitation morphology and noise. As the back pressure lowers, the cavitation morphology changes from flaky to cloudy, and the cavitation intensity, distribution area, and noise level increase. Background noise and cavitation noise have distinct frequency differences; cavitation noise in the rectangular throttling groove spool is high-frequency noise, with a frequency of more than 8 kHz, and the higher the frequency, the greater the difference in noise value. The magnitude of the alterations in noise intensity is minimal. The noise values exhibit slight variations of 2.3 dB, 4 dB, and 4.3 dB under varying back pressure circumstances of 3 MPa, 4 MPa, and 5 MPa inlet pressure, respectively. It is recommended to use the frequency of cavitation noise to detect the cavitation state and monitor the cavitation process. In the low-frequency region, the cavitation noise in the rectangular throttle groove valve core is not significantly different. Once the center frequency surpasses 3.15 kHz, a discernible distinction emerges, with the magnitude of the discrepancy in noise value increasing as the frequency rises. In other words, the cavitation cloud does not pulsate at one single frequency, but rather in a range of relatively high frequencies (more than 3.15 kHz).

The influence of dual-energy computed tomography image noise in proton therapy treatment planning

Background and purposeIn proton therapy, a 3.5% margin is often used to account for proton range uncertainties, of which computed tomography (CT) image noise is assumed to contribute 0.5%. This work evaluates the noise-sensitivity of three dual-energy computed tomography (DECT)-based methods for mapping proton stopping power relative to water (SPR): Näsmark & Andersson (N&A), Landry-Saito (L-S), and the commercial application DirectSPR. Methods and materialsDECT image data of a CIRS-062M phantom was acquired with CT scanners from two different vendors. Acquisitions were repeated 30 times to account for intra- and inter-scan variations. SPR maps were generated with the three DECT-based methods and range simulated in a commercial treatment planning system. ResultsNoise in input data was amplified in L-S SPR maps, kept level with DirectSPR, while N&A compressed noise overall but displayed sensitivity to the choice of input data, potentially leading to increased noise levels. In our simulations, only N&A improved upon the assumed 0.5% noise contribution to range uncertainty on one scanner. On the other scanner, uncertainties exceeded 0.5% for all three methods. Mitigation of this issue was demonstrated by using a method employing virtual mono-energetic images as input. Increasing imaging radiation dose, as expected, alleviates the problem, while applying noise reduction only helped to a lesser extent. ConclusionsWhile range uncertainty due to noise is small compared to other contributions, it becomes more important as we move towards smaller treatment margins and the noise-sensitivity of SPR mapping methods should be carefully estimated and considered before clinical implementation.

Integrating Ice Protection and Noise Abatement Systems for Aircraft Application: A Review

Aircraft icing remains a key aviation hazard as the global fleet of aircraft in various sectors continues to expand, posing a serious threat to flight safety. As previously stated, the growth of this type of aircraft has been accompanied by an increase in noise levels, and aircraft is reportedly the second most bothersome noise source after traffic. However, integrating an acoustic liner with anti-icing techniques on the leading edge of a nacelle would not efficiently eliminate forward radiated noise and improve the thermal performance of the anti-icing system. Hence, it is of the utmost importance to research the integration of ice protection and noise abatement systems for aircraft applications. This review discusses the integration of ice accretion and noise abatement systems in aircraft applications. The prominence of this review is to explain significant features such as ice protection systems, Computational Fluid Dynamics in ice protection, noise abatement systems, and the integration of ice protection systems and noise abatement systems wherever they are described.