Increase In Total Protein Content Research Articles

Stress biomarker response in Aporrectodea caliginosa earthworms exposed to single and combined pesticide treatments (Prosaro and Decis).

This study aims to assess the impact of two pesticides commonly used in Algeria (Prosaro XRT and Decis 25 EC), as well as their combinations at recommended doses, on a non-target species bioindicator of soil pollution, the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa, using physiological (mortality and growth) and biochemical parameters (proteins, glutathione, catalase activity and glutathione S-transferase, acetylcholine esterase, lipoxygenase). The recommended dose and its double were tested individually and in combination for this. It should be noted that the protocol used and the initial concentrations selected are the same as those used in the field. After 7 and 14 days (7D/14D) of exposure, all dosages were administered. Our findings show that the pesticides tested had no effect on earthworm survival. However, a significant decrease in their growth rates depending on the different concentrations was observed for the different treatments over the entire exposure period of 7 or 14 D. The greatest reductions (31.62%, 35.04%) are reported after 14D for the high concentrations of Decis alone (D2) as well as for the combined treatment Prosaro/Decis (P2/D2). At the same time, an increase in total protein contents (more than 50% after 14D) as well as a decrease in acetylcholine esterase activity were reported for all treatments. We were also able to identify the induction of oxidative stress after xenobiotic exposure, which is more pronounced at the end of the treatment (14D), resulting in the stimulation of the antioxidant system (gluthione, glutathione S-transférase, catalase) as well as the induction of lipoxygenase, which is responsible for the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in the inflammatory phenomenon. Finally, it turns out that the species Aporrectodea caliginosa is sensitive to the different concentrations applied, even those used in the open field, and that Decis (deltamethrin) seems to be more toxic than Prosaro and that the combinaison P2/D2 is as toxic as Decis alone (D2).

Production and meat quality of broiler chickens with the use of a probiotic complex of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli

The prohibition of antibacterial agents in animal husbandry has spurred research into the creation and study of new probiotic supplements aimed at normalizing the gut microbiota to ensure colonization resistance of the host organism. This resistance prevents the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by pathogenic and opportunistic microflora. Scientists from many countries have developed a range of preparations based on the normal gut microbiota, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, which are used to maintain and restore the biocenosis of the digestive tract. These probiotics are also effective therapeutic and preventive agents for poultry digestive tract diseases, helping correct gut microbiocenosis. In our study, we investigated the impact of the combined probiotic preparation "TIMM-P" on the productive characteristics of poultry and the quality and preservation of broiler chicken meat. This study determined clinical indicators, absolute and average daily weight gains, the meat quality of broiler chickens, and its chemical composition under the influence of the probiotic supplement. It was found that administering "TIMM-P" in courses on days 1–5, 21–25, and 30–35 positively influences the growth of muscle tissue in poultry. Determination of the chemical composition of meat in 42-day-old experimental broiler chickens indicated a significant increase in total protein content in the muscle tissue using the probiotic. Additionally, the absolute and average daily weight gains of the broiler chickens in the experimental group significantly increased during days 15–28 and 29–42 of the study. We observed a significant impact of the probiotic preparation on extending the shelf life of poultry meat based on the study of organoleptic and chemical indicators of broiler chicken meat during refrigerated storage. On the 7th and 9th days of storage, the carcasses of the experimental group that received the probiotic showed a significant decrease in pH levels, acid number, and peroxide number of the fat in the meat. Thus, oral administration of the probiotic preparation increases live weight gains, improves meat quality indicators of broiler chickens, and extends its shelf life. The obtained results have important practical significance as they scientifically substantiate the use of probiotic preparation as a means to preserve livestock, increase live weight gains of broiler chickens, and improve poultry meat quality. Therefore, the complex probiotic preparation "TIMM-P" can be recommended for use in broiler chicken farming.

Effects of dietary supplementation of polysaccharide from Agaricus blazei Murr on productive performance, egg quality, blood metabolites, intestinal morphology and microbiota of Korean quail.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Agaricus blazei polysaccharide (ABP) at varying concentrations on the performance, egg quality, blood biochemistry, intestinal morphology, and microflora of quail. The study involved a total of 2,700 Korean quails, which were randomly divided into three groups. The measured variables encompassed productive performance, egg parameters, carcass parameters, serum metabolites, immune response parameters, antioxidative properties, and gut microbiome. The addition of ABP did not have a significant effect on average daily feed intake. However, it was found to increase the average daily egg weight and egg production rate, reduce the feed-egg ratio. There were no significant impacts on egg quality measures such as egg shape index, egg yolk index and color, egg yolk and protein content. However, ABP supplementation significantly increased the Hough unit (p<0.01) and decreased the rate of unqualified eggs (p<0.01). Regarding serum parameters, the inclusion led to an increase in total protein concentration (p<0.05) and a reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05). There were no significant effects observed on immune indicators such as immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM. ABP supplementation increased the levels of serum antioxidant indicators, including glutathione peroxidase, total superoxide dismutase (p<0.05), and total antioxidant capacity colorimeter (p<0.05). Furthermore, ABP supplementation significantly elevated the intramuscular fatty acid content in quail meat. Additionally, ABP supplementation demonstrated a significant improvement in the diversity of gut microbiota and induced alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota. The findings of this study indicate that dietary supplementation of ABP enhanced production performance and antioxidant capacity while increasing the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in quail muscle.

Exploration and Profiling of Potential Thermo-alkaliphilic Bacillus licheniformis and Burkholderia sp. from varied Soil of Delhi region, India and their Plant Growth-Promoting Traits

Soilless cultivation has emerged as a fundamental alternative for large-scale vegetable production because it generates high-quality yields and uses resources efficiently. While plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are known to enhance growth and physiological aspects in crops grown in soil, their application in soilless cultivation has been relatively less explored. This study aimed to isolate potential PGPBs from soil samples collected from five locations in and around the Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR), India, which were further screened for significant PGPB attributes. Among these, 51 isolated were selected for assessing the impact on Oryza sativa (rice) growth and yield grown on a hydroponic set. The results indicated that isolates AFSI16 and ACSI02 significantly improved the physiological parameters of the plants. For instance, treatment with AFSI16 showed a 23.27% increase in maximum fresh shoot mass, while ACSI02 resulted in a 46.8% increase in root fresh mass. Additionally, ACSI02 exhibited the highest shoot length (34.07%), whereas AFSI16 exhibited the longest root length (46.08%) in O.sativa. Treatment with AFSI16 also led to significant increases in total protein content (4.94%) and chlorophyll content (23.44%), while ACSI02 treatment showed a 13.48% increase in maximum carotenoid content in the leaves. The potential PGPBs were identified through 16S rRNA sequencing, as the two most effective strains, AFSI16 and ACSI02, belonged to thermo-alkaliphilic Bacillus licheniformis and Burkholderia sp., respectively. This study demonstrated the potential of these identified PGPB strains in enhancing crop performance, specifically in soilless cultivation systems.

Anti-diabetic impact of ‘Aju Mbaise’ herbal cocktail in streptozotocin-induced diabetic female rats

This study evaluated the hypoglycaemic potential of ‘Aju Mbaise’ herbal mixture. Female Wistar rats of 40 – 50 g and fifty-four (54) in number were obtained and housed at the animal house of the Department of Pharmacology, University of Port Harcourt. They were assembled into 6 groups of 9 rats each. Group I served as the normal control (NC) while the remaining five groups were induced with diabetes type 2 using high-fat diet (HFD) for about 8 weeks and streptozotocin at 35 mg/kg body weight. Group II was the diabetic control (DC) while the other groups (III, IV, V &amp; VI) were administered 7.2 mg/kg metformin and the cocktail extract at three different concentrations of 500 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg respectively. Biochemical tests were conducted after twelve weeks of treatment. The blood glucose concentration was estimated using the Accu-check glucometer and glucose strips while the rest biomarkers were analyzed using their specific test kits. Diabetes mellitus was confirmed after HFD and STZ administration. Result obtained showed that the normal and metformin control groups recorded significant (p&lt;0.05) lower blood glucose, liver enzymes (AST, ALT, &amp; ALP), urea, and creatinine, as well as higher total protein concentrations when compared to the diabetic control and treated groups. Also, significant (p&lt;0.05) reduction in blood glucose, liver enzymes, urea, and creatinine, as well as increase in total protein concentrations was recorded by the treated groups when compared to the diabetic control group. This study revealed the potential hypoglycaemic effect of ‘Aju Mbaise’ herbal cocktail.

Silicon-Selenium Interplay Imparts Cadmium Resistance in Wheat through an Up-Regulating Antioxidant System.

Cadmium (Cd), being a highly toxic heavy metal, significantly impacts plant growth and development by altering nutrient uptake and causing oxidative and structural damage, resulting in reduced yield. To combat Cd toxicity and accumulation in wheat, it was hypothesized that co-application of Selenium (Se) and Silicon (Si) can reduce the adverse effect of Cd and regulate Cd resistance while improving Se fortification in wheat. Therefore, this study evaluated the comparative effect of Se and Si on the growth and antioxidant defense systems of wheat plants grown in a hydroponic setup. Briefly, the plants were acclimatized to the hydroponic solution for 1 week and then exposed to 10 µmol Cd. Afterwards, the treatments, including 0.2 mmol Si and 1.5 µmol Se, were applied as a root and foliar application, respectively. Plants supplemented with both Se and Si showed improved biomass and other physiological growth attributes, and this response was associated with improved activity/contents of antioxidants, including glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT), with related lowering of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde content, and structural damages. Moreover, by Se + Si supplementation, a decrease in total S levels in plant tissues was observed, whereas an increase in total protein concentration and GSH indicated a different and novel mechanism of Cd tolerance and S homeostasis in the plant. It was observed that Si was more involved in significantly reducing Cd translocation by stabilizing Cd in the root and reducing its content in the soluble fraction in both the root and shoot. Whereas Se was found to play the main role in reducing the oxidative damage caused by Cd, and the effect was more profound in the shoot. In addition, this study also observed a positive correlation between Si and Se for relative uptake, which had not been reported earlier. Our findings show that the Se and Si doses together benefit growth regulation and nutrient uptake; additionally, their combinations support the Cd resistance mechanism in wheat through upregulation of the antioxidant system and control of Cd translocation and subcellular distribution, ultimately contributing to the nutritional quality of wheat produced. Thus, it is concluded that the co-application of Se and Si has improved the nutritional quality while reducing the Cd risk in wheat and therefore needs to be employed as a potential strategy to ensure food safety in a Cd-contaminated environment.

Вплив S-естерів тіосульфокислот на окремі біохімічні показники крові щурів

The effect of S-esters of thiosulfonic acids - S-ethyl-4-aminobenzenethiosulfonate (ETS), S-allyl-4-aminobenzenethiosulfonate (ATS) and S-allyl-4-acetylaminobenzenethiosulfonate (AATS) at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight in rats on some biochemical parameters of protein and lipid metabolism in rats was investigated. The study was conducted in two stages on white male laboratory rats of the Wistar line, weighing 190–210 g. During the first stage of the study, animals of all experimental groups were administered by 500 µL of oil solutions of thiosulfonate esters at 100 mg per kg of body weight for 21 days. In the second stage of the study, the dosage was reduced to 50 mg per kg of body. Throughout both stages of the study, rats were divided into a control group (I) and three experimental groups (II, III, IV), with 5 animals in each. Rats in group II received ETS with their food, while group III received ATS, and group IV received AATS, all in appropriate doses. The animals of the control group were similarly given 500 µL of oil once a day in their diet. After the decapitation of animals, the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, concentrations of total protein, urea, cholesterol and triacylglycerols were determined in blood plasma. As a result of the study, it was found that the use of sulfonic acid esters in the studied doses did not have a hepatotoxic effect on rats, as indicated by the normal activity of liver-indicating enzymes (ALT, ALP and alkaline phosphatase) in the blood plasma. In addition, sulfonic acid esters promoted protein synthesizing function, as evidenced by an increase in total protein concentration in the blood plasma and a decrease in urea – the end product of their decomposition. The studied esters had a positive effect on lipid metabolism, which was confirmed by a decrease in the concentration of triacylglycerol and cholesterol in the blood plasma, which, in turn, may contribute to the inhibition of the formation of their complexes in the liver - low-density lipoproteins. Probable changes in the concentration of total protein under the action of ETS and ATS and triacylglycerols under the action of ATS and AATS showed better effects of sulfonic acid esters at a dose of 100 mg/kg compared to a dose 50 mg/kg.

Некоторые биохимические изменения хрусталика в процессе старения.

The goal is to study some biochemical changes in the lens of rats and humans during aging. Materials and methods. Experiments were carried out on 25 rats. We also examined 84 patients with initial nuclear cataract. Results. diverse dynamics of the content of total lipids in the lenses of rats was revealed. There is a noticeable decrease in the content of products of oxidative modification of lipids in the lens tissue between 12 and 24 months and a slight increase in the period from 24 to 36 months. A 2-fold decrease in the content of the total protein level was revealed when comparing groups of 5 months and 36 months and an increase in total protein content with age. When comparing the parameters of oxidative degradation, cl in the lens tissue of rats and humans with age, similar indicators of dynamics were obtained. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate changes in the parameters of lipids and proteins in the lens tissue of rats during postnatal ontogenesis. The fact that there is a balance between damage and protection of proteins in the transparent lens was revealed. When comparing data on protein oxidation in the lens tissue of rats and humans with age, similar indicators were obtained. Keywords: lens, aging, biochemical changes

Estimation of Prolactin and Some Biochemical Parameters in Some Psychotic Male Patients Treated with Risperidone in Tikrit City

The primary purpose of this research is to examine the impact of taking risperidone by psychotic individuals on serum levels of prolactin hormone as well as a few biochemical indicators (total protein and liver enzymes AST and ALT). The experiment required collecting fifty blood samples and dividing them into two groups: the first group consisted of normal, healthy persons who served as a control. In contrast, the second group consisted of psychotic patients treated with risperidone at a dosage of two milligrams per day. The findings of this study showed that There were significant increases in total protein content at levels (P≤ 0.05) of the group 2 compared to control, and there were significant gains in liver enzymes (AST and ALT) concentration range at levels (P ≤0.05) of the second group in comparison to the control group, and there were substantial improvements increases in prolactin hormone concentrations at levels (P≤ 0.05) of the second group in compared to control.

C57Bl/6N mice have an attenuated lung inflammatory response to dsRNA compared to C57Bl/6J and BALB/c mice

BackgroundLower respiratory infections caused by ssRNA viruses are a major health burden globally. Translational mouse models are a valuable tool for medical research, including research on respiratory viral infections. In in vivo mouse models, synthetic dsRNA can be used as a surrogate for ssRNA virus replication. However, studies investigating how genetic background of mice impacts the murine lung inflammatory response to dsRNA is lacking. Hence, we have compared lung immunological responses of BALB/c, C57Bl/6N and C57Bl/6J mice to synthetic dsRNA.MethodsdsRNA was administered intranasally to BALB/c, C57Bl/6N and C57Bl/6J mice once/day for three consecutive days. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, inflammatory cells, and total protein concentration were analyzed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Pattern recognition receptors levels (TLR3, MDA5 and RIG-I) were measured in lung homogenates using RT-qPCR and western blot. Gene expression of IFN-β, TNF-α, IL-1β and CXCL1 was assessed in lung homogenates by RT-qPCR. ELISA was used to analyze protein concentrations of CXCL1 and IL-1β in BALF and lung homogenates.ResultsBALB/c and C57Bl/6J mice showed infiltration of neutrophils to the lung, and an increase in total protein concentration and LDH activity in response to dsRNA administration. Only modest increases in these parameters were observed for C57Bl/6N mice. Similarly, dsRNA administration evoked an upregulation of MDA5 and RIG-I gene and protein expression in BALB/c and C57Bl/6J, but not C57Bl/6N, mice. Further, dsRNA provoked an increase in gene expression of TNF-α in BALB/c and C57Bl/6J mice, IL-1β only in C57Bl/6N mice and CXCL1 exclusively in BALB/c mice. BALF levels of CXCL1 and IL-1β were increased in BALB/c and C57Bl/6J mice in response to dsRNA, whereas the response of C57Bl/6N was blunt. Overall, inter-strain comparisons of the lung reactivity to dsRNA revealed that BALB/c, followed by C57Bl/6J, had the most pronounced respiratory inflammatory responses, while the responses of C57Bl/6N mice were attenuated.ConclusionsWe report clear differences of the lung innate inflammatory response to dsRNA between BALB/c, C57Bl/6J and C57Bl/6N mice. Of particular note, the highlighted differences in the inflammatory response of C57Bl/6J and C57Bl/6N substrains underscore the value of strain selection in mouse models of respiratory viral infections.

Kidney protective and burn healing effect Plantago lanceolata aqueous extract on albino male mice

This study aimed to in vivo evaluate the effect of Plantago lanceolata aqueous extract on kidney function test ( total serum protein, urea and creatinine) and anti-inflammatory effect through determined the day require to heal burn in mice skin.. Plantago lanceolata is a species of flowering plant in the Plantaginaceae (plantain) family, Plantago lanceolata seems to be a very versatile in addition to the medicine cabinet being an antifungal, antioxidant, analgesic and many other medicinal application. Two design of mice groups used: one for kidney protective and other for anti-inflammatory activity. In kidney protective activity eight mice groups were assessed: group I: mice treated with first plant dose (500 mg\kg) , group II: mice treated with second plant dose (250 mg\kg), Group III :negative control; mice administrated with distill water, Group IV: mice were administrated with CCL4, Group V: An interaction between CCL4 and first dose of plant extract (0.02 mg\kg CCL4+ 500 mg\kg plant dose), Group VI: An interaction between CCL4 and second dose of plant extract (0.02 mg\kg CCL4+ 250 mg\kg plant dose), Group VII:: An interaction between first dose of plant extract and CCL4 (500 mg\kg plant dose +0.02 mg\kg CCL4), Group VIII: An interaction between second dose of plant extract and CCL4 (250 mg\kg plant dose +0.02 mg\kg CCL4). While for anti-inflammatory activity, three mice groups were assessed: Group I: Mice without any treatment, Group II: Mice were administrated with Plantago lanceolata and Group III: Mice were administrated with silverin cream of burns. The results showed that CCL4 drug produced an experiential decrease in protein concentration (3.76±0.15 g\dL) in contrast with negative control (5.40±0.26 g\dL), while direction of plant and plant with CCL4 at all doses tested instigated an increase in total protein concentration (7.46±0.40, 6.43±0.41, 6.43±0.41 and 5.60±0.73 g\dl) for groups (V, VI, VII and VIII respectively).Creatinin also match other results of kidney function by increasing their concentrations in mice treated with CCL4 (0.80±0.10 mg\dL ) as compared to negative control (0.3±0.1 mg\dl) while plant extract showed the ability to cause reduction in a concentration in a dose dependent manner and according to deferent treatments (0.60±0.10, 0.62±0.15, 0.36±0.05 and 0.50±0.10 mg\dl) for (group V,VI,VII and VIII respectively). The results of anti-inflammatory activity declared the ability of plant to heal burn in 14 days as compared to negative and positive controls which require 28 and 18 days) respectively. All obtained results may be attributed to active secondary metabolite presented in plant like tannin, mucilage and silicic acid etc.

PSI-11 Effect of Garlic Barrier on Fecal egg Count and Protein Secretion in Goats

Abstract The present study was carried out to determine the effect of garlic on egg counts and secretion of Galectins (Gals) in goat blood. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used as medicinal herb since time immemorial in almost every known civilization. It has antibiotic, anti-helminthic and anti-inflammatory properties. Galectins (Gals) are a family of β-galactosidase binding proteins that have a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain. They are involved in cell adhesion, migration, activation, proliferation, apoptosis and modulate pathological processes such as inflammation. Twelve (N=12) adult female clinically healthy Boer x Spanish goats were divided into two treatment groups (N=6 each) used. Treatment group 1 was drenched with 10 ml of Garlic barrier as recommended by the manufacturer (Garlic Barrier, Glendale, CA) and Treatment group 2 was drenched with water over a four-week period. Fecal and blood samples were collected weekly. Eggs per gram was evaluated using Modified McMaster method and the total plasma protein concentration was assessed using the BCA assay (Pierce). All variables were assessed using a t-test (SAS analysis software version 9.0 at p≤0.05). Garlic treatment affected the fecal egg count and plasma protein concentration when compared to untreated controls. The fecal egg count was reduced in animals treated with garlic. The effect varied over time. Garlic EPG in weeks 1 (p&amp;lt;0.004) and 3 (p&amp;lt;0.027) of treatment. A significant increase in total protein concentration (p&amp;lt;0.004) was observed. Garlic treatment has an effect on GIN levels and the inflammatory response. The time dependent effects may indicate parasite, infection stage specific targets and need further study.

Antioxidant enzymes activity and membrane thermostability in durum wheat genotypes under heat stress

Relevance. Insufficient tolerance to extremely high temperatures is one of the main reasons for the decline in crop yields.Methods. Two contrasting durum wheat genotypes (Triticum durum Desf.) were used in the present study: Barakatli 95 (tolerant genotype) and Garagylchyg 2 (stress-sensitive genotype). The activity of antioxidant enzymes, ascorbate peroxidase (APO), catalase (CAT), guaiacolperoxidase (GPO), and benzidine peroxidase (BPO), were studied spectrophotometrically. The membrane thermostability was determined by the release of electrolytes from intact plant tissue.Results. It was revealed that guaiacolperoxidase plays a key role in the elimination of reactive oxygen species when exposed to high temperatures, since a significant increase in the activity of this enzyme was observed during short-term thermal stress. Heat stress caused a slight decrease in catalase activity and a significant decrease in the activity of ascorbate peroxidase and benzidine peroxidase. An increase in total protein concentration was observed under heat stress. The indicators of the electrolyte leakage from leaf tissues confirm the variety-specific thermostability of wheat membranes. The membrane damage rate (MDR) increased in direct proportion to the heating temperature and showed the highest value in the sensitive Garagylchyg 2 variety. According to the electrolyte leackage parameters from leaf tissues during hyperthermia, was concluded variety-specific thermal stability of wheat plant membranes.

Prolonged heat and drought versus cool climate on the Swedish spring wheat breeding lines: Impact on the gluten protein quality and grain microstructure

AbstractFluctuating climate, heat, and drought are expected to considerably impact bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) quality in the coming years and, as wheat is an essential food element worldwide, this will have significant implications for future food security and the global economy. This leads to an urgent need for developing wheat varieties with stable yield and gluten quality. In this study, we investigated the effect of heat and drought, compared to a cool climate, on gluten proteins in 294 spring wheat genotypes grown in 2017 and 2018 in Sweden. Gluten protein parameters were studied by size exclusion high‐performance liquid chromatography (SE‐HPLC) and grain morphology by X‐ray tomography. The prolonged heat and drought led to: (i) increased gluten polymerization and the formation of large polymers, as defined by the percentage of unextractable polymers in total polymers (%UPP) and the percentage of large unextractable polymers in total large polymers (%LUPP); and (ii) increase in large monomers, as defined by the percentage of large unextractable monomers in the total large monomers (%LUMP) and the ratio of monomers versus polymers (Mon/Pol) in the flour. The cooler climate also led to an increase in total protein concentration and accumulation of the monomeric proteins and total SDS‐extractable proteins (TOTE). No difference in the total amount of SDS‐unextractable proteins (TOTU) was found between the studied climates. Due to the heat and drought stress, the grain yield decreased in most of the genotypes, while the grain microstructure varied only to a minor extent. The wheat genotypes identified in the study that provide good yields and stable gluten properties in both prolonged heat–drought and cool environments are strong candidates to contribute to a secure, self‐sufficient future wheat supply in the face of an evolving climate in Sweden and in similar climates worldwide.

IMPACT OF CHLORPYRIFOS ON BACILLUS CEREUS OP3 SOIL BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM RHIZOSPHERE

Chlorpyrifos is a pesticide belongs to organophosphate group and widely used in Indian agriculture. The evaluation of chlorpyrifos removal from the soil using pesticide degrading bacteria will help in the resilience of soil fertility. Bacteria capable of degrading chlorpyrifos were isolated from chlorpyrifos-treated agricultural soil. The degradation of chlorpyrifos by a potential isolate was determined using FTIR and quantified using the molecular extinction coefficient in an ELISA reader. GC-MS was used to analyze the chlorpyrifos degradation metabolites. Additionally, the effect of chlorpyrifos exposure on genomic DNA and total protein content was determined. A total of 174 bacterial colonies were isolated, of which only 40 bacterial colonies were pesticide tolerant in 100ppm chlorpyrifos. Among them, only three isolates (OP3, OP5, and OP7) demonstrated tolerance above 100ppm. Within five days of incubation, OP3 demonstrated tolerance to chlorpyrifos concentrations up to 300ppm and 47 percent of chlorpyrifos was removed. By 16S rRNA sequencing, potential OP3 isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus OP3. FTIR spectra confirmed that B. cereus degraded chlorpyrifos, with 92.4 percent of chlorpyrifos degraded. In GC-MS analysis, metabolites such as MNitroaniline and 4-Methyl-2-{(4-Nitrophenyl)Thio}Pyrimidine were detected. Chlorpyrifos overexposure alters the total protein content of exposed cells and induces DNA breaks. As a result, it is concluded that B. cereus is able to degrade chlorpyrifos and the excessive use of pesticides make some changes in the soil bacteria. Overexposure of chlorpyrifos leads to an increase in total protein content and induce DNA strands breaks in pesticide degrading Bacillus cereus.

Prospects for the use of a &lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt; metabolites-based feed additive in dairy farming

Laboratory and field experiment on use of the feed additive based on Bacillus subtilis endo- and exometabolites for the cows in different physiological periods are described in the paper. The feed additive impact on main body systems of the tested cows (n = 30), milk production parameters, growth rate of the calves (n = 18) born to the said cows were examined. The feed additive was added to the diets for the cows of test groups, 15 g per cow. The feed additive was found to have a positive effect on immunohematological and metabolic processes in postpartum cows. Neutrophils’ phagocytic activity increased by 12.5% and 14.6% in the animals of test group 1 and test group 2, respectively, as compared to that one in control animals (42.8 ± 1.9%). Neutrophil absorbency increased by 2.5 times, 3.2 times and 2.1 times in the animals of test group 1, test group 2 and control group, respectively. The proportion of T-lymphocytes in blood of animals in test group 1 and test group 2 was 44.5 and 48.9%, respectively, proportion of T-lymphocytes in blood of control animals equaled to 37.5%. Trend for increase in total protein concentration in cow sera owing to increase in albumin fraction was observed in postpartum period: it was 72.91 ± 3.45 g/l in test group 1; 75.54 ± 4.12 g/l in test group 2; 70.95 ± 4.25 g/l in control group. Average daily milk yield in cows of test group 1, test group 2 and control group for the 150 days of lactation was 24.50 ± 1.86 kg; 25.33 ± 1.45 kg and 22.75 ± 4.41 kg, respectively. Higher growth rate was reported for the calves born to the cows received the diet supplemented with the said feed additive. Heifers of test group 1 and test group 2 have reached body weight of 193.51 ± 5.76 and 195.33 ± 3.76 kg and in control group – of 187.33 ± 4.98 kg within 6 months. Feed additive based on endo- and exometabolites of Bacillus subtilis is recommended for cow diets for highly productive dairy herd creation and food-producing animal welfare maintenance.

Effect of lipid sources on growth performance, muscle composition, haemolymph biochemical indices and digestive enzyme activities of red swamp crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii )

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary lipid sources on red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Six diets were formulated with the same lipid level (85 g/kg) to contain fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), corn oil (CO), palm oil (PO), lecithin oil (LO) and pork lard (PL) respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate of 18 crayfish with an initial weight of (13.05 ± 0.60) g for 8 weeks. The results showed that crayfish fed diet SO had a significantly higher weight gain rate and specific growth rate than those fed diet CO, PO and PL, but there was no significant difference among crayfish fed diet FO, SO and LO. Crayfish fed diet PL had the highest feed conversion ratio and the lowest survival rate. Significantly increased muscle lipid contents were observed in groups PO and PL compared with other groups. Group FO had the highest values of EPA, DHA and n-3/n-6 ratio in muscle, followed by groups LO and SO. The haemolymph triacylglycerol content was the highest, whereas alkaline phosphatase activity was the lowest in crayfish fed diet PL. Moreover, a significant increase of total protein content was observed in the haemolymph of crayfish fed diet FO, SO and LO. In conclusion, crayfish fed diet FO, SO and LO showed better growth than those fed diet PL and PO without any signs of essential fatty acid deficiency.

Effect of Lemna minor and Glycine max on haematological parameters, glucose level, total protein content and anti-oxidant enzyme activities in Ctenopharyngodon idella and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

A 90-day feeding trial was carried out to determine the comparative effect of Lemna minor and Glycine max on haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), and also glucose level in the blood; total protein content and anti-oxidant enzyme activities: catalase assay (CAT), peroxidase assay (POD), superoxide dismutase assay (SOD), lipid peroxidation assay (LPO) in different tissues (brain, liver, gills and muscles) of Ctenopharyngodon idella and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in monoculture as well as polyculture system. 35 % protein practical diets, FGM (feed containing 21 % G. max) and FLM (feed having 21 % L. minor) were prepared as a source of protein. The complete replacement of G. max with L. minor significantly increased the value of haematological parameters and glucose level in the large fingerlings of C. idella when reared with H. molitrix. Contrary results were obtained with the large fingerlings of H. molitrix when reared separately. At the end of experiment, the total protein content in muscle of large and small fingerlings of C. idella fed FLM in both monoculture and polyculture system was statistically (P < 0.05) higher as compared to fish fed FGM diet. The same trend appeared in liver, brain and gills while the liver showed significant higher (P < 0.05) increase in total protein content in both species, as compared to other tissues. CAT activities in liver showed highly significant (P < 0.05) difference among two experimental diets while in other tissues it showed no significant difference. POD, SOD activities and LPO level in tissues showed not much significant results and the values are approximately similar in both experimental diets. The present study is the first report on selected species, serve as a baseline against which future changes or nearby, regional fish species can be compared.

СТАНДАРТИЗИРОВАННАЯ ИЛЕАЛЬНАЯ УСВОЯЕМОСТЬ АМИНОКИСЛОТ БЕЛКОВОГО КОНЦЕНТРАТА НА ОСНОВЕ ЛИЧИНОК МУХ Lucilia spp. (Diptera: Сalliphoridae) И ЕГО ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ КРОВИ У ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ(Gallus gallus L.)

Bioconversion is an ecologically friendly and effective way of the utilization of organic wastes; it involves the use of these wastes as a substrate in the biotechnologies of different products. The larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermeia illucens L.) grown on the organic wastes have been earlier studied as a raw material for feed ingredients for poultry; recently the larvae of common green bottle fly (Lucilia spp.) draw the attention as a potential source of feed-grade protein for animals and poultry. The dried defatted biomass of the larvae contains crude protein (no less than 62 %), fat (10 %), lysine (no less than 4 %), methionine + cystine (2.0 %) and hence could be a promising protein source in diets for poultry. However, despite the apparent advantages of the bioconversion of organic wastes by insects into the dietary protein sources for poultry there is a scarcity of the data on the quality of these products and on their effects on poultry. Earlier research evidenced the efficiency of the supplementation of diets for growing turkeys with 5.0-7.5 % of dried full-fat Lucilia larvae; however, the ileal digestibility of amino acids in turkeys (necessary for the balancing of dietary amino acids) was not assessed. The study presented is a first attempt of the in vivo assessment of ileal digestibility of amino acids from Lucilia larvae protein concentrate (LLPC) in broilers (Gallus gallus L.). The aim of the study was the determination of apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids from LLPC within the experimental diet and its effects on the morphological and biochemical blood indices in broilers. AID and SID were determined in the vivarium of the All-Russian Research and Technological Institute of Poultry in 2019 on broilers (cross Smena 8, 18-42 days of age) with chronic ileal fistulae fed mono-protein diet contained LLPC, dextrose, fiber, and a premix of vitamins and minerals. SID was calculated with the endogenous losses of amino acids taken into account. SID of potentially limiting amino acids were as follows: lysine 82.9 %, methionine 86.6 %; threonine 80.4 %; arginine 89.5 %; isoleucine 80.0 %; leucine 81.9 %; valine 79.9 %; histidine 82.9 %, and phenylalanine 85.7 %. The beneficial effects of LLPC on the blood indices were found: the activity of alanine transaminase was significantly higher by 23.5 % in broilers fed LLPC in compare to control while the activity of aspartate transaminase was lower by 24.6 % (p < 0.05) indicating the prevalence of the anabolic processes over the catabolic. The significant increase in total protein concentration in serum (by 20.0 %, p < 0.05) and increase in hemoglobin concentration by 4.2 % in compare to control evidenced the activation of the metabolism. The use of SID (instead of AID) allows for more accurate balancing of dietary contents of available amino acids, more adequate amino acid supply to poultry, and for the reduction of nitrogen emissions into the environment due to the optimization of dietary protein content.

DETERMINATION OF ACUTE AND SUBACUTE TOXICITY OF THE DRUG BASED ON CHLORTETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE

The article presents the results of determination of acute and subacute toxicity of the drug "Chloracil", which was made on the basis of chlortetracycline hydrochloride. In result of the conducted researches, it was found out, that a single intragastric administration of the drug according to SOU 85.2-37-736: 2011 belongs to the 4th class of toxicity - low-toxic substances.&#x0D; In determining the toxicity of the drug by the long-term use, it was found out, that the use of Chloracil in therapeutic and in 10 times higher than the therapeutic doses did not cause death of white rats. The animals of the experimental groups were active, ate well food , and the general condition of the animals did not differ from the condition of the animals of the control group, but there was a tendency to decrease the weights of liver, spleen, heart, lungs, thymus and kidneys on the background of an increase of body weight by 3.4 and 7.3% (p &lt;0.05), compared to the values of the control group. Therefore, the use of the tested drug in above doses for 14 days does not significantly affect on the functional state of the internal organs of experimental animals.&#x0D; The study of the effect of the drug on the hematological parameters of blood by long-term use showed that in therapeutic and in 10-time higher therapeutic doses observed a tendency to decrease the hemoglobin concentration, amount of erythrocytes, leukocytes, hematocrit value, on the background of a slight an increase of platelet. In determining the value of erythrocyte indices, it was noted that the use of the drug "Chloracil" in animals of I and II experiments did not cause significant changes in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were at the level of the control group.&#x0D; When studying the effect of the drug on the biochemical parameters of blood serum in animals of I and II experimental groups, there was a tendency to decrease the level of creatinine, activity of AST, ALT and LP activity on the background of a slight an increase of total protein content.&#x0D; Analysis of the obtained data shows that the use of the drug "Chloracil" to white rats for 14 days in therapeutic and in 10-time higher therapeutic doses caused a slight decrease in the weight of internal organs, hematological and biochemical parameters of blood, which that in turn did not significantly effect on the general condition of animals.