Increase In Net Income Research Articles

Unravelling the effects of straw return on rice production in central China: Evidence for future policy‐making

AbstractThe practice of straw return represents an effective and sustainable approach to recycling and reusing agricultural residues, thereby significantly contributing to the circular economy within the agri‐food sector. Although this practice holds significant promise for enhancing soil quality and mitigating pollution resulting from straw burning, the realization of these substantial benefits depends on the extent to which farmers are willing to embrace this practice, a decision closely tied to the anticipated economic benefits it offers. The present study aimed to explore the effect of straw return on rice production in terms of rice yield and net return using a representative household survey of 1752 rice farmers in central China. The results showed that there exist threshold effects of the years of straw return on both rice yield and net income, which decline as years of straw return increase below the thresholds, and then increase linearly above the thresholds. Overall, after implementing the straw return practice, it took an average of about 3.5 years to observe a positive effect on rice yields and about 7.5 years to see an increase in net income. The estimates were robust to threshold regression, Lasso regression and random forest regression methods. Nonetheless, the provision of essential technical guidance to farmers via agricultural cooperatives could contribute to expediting the realization of the benefits associated with implementing straw return practices. The results imply that the current incentive mechanism aimed at diffusing straw return practice should be fine‐tuned by considering the time required for straw return to generate economic benefits in specific contexts, ensuring better compensation for initial losses. Interventions that shorten the time needed to realize these benefits, such as providing additional technical training for farmers, should be implemented. Furthermore, the uncertainty regarding the time frame for benefit realization should be communicated clearly and effectively to farmers.

Impact of Earnings and Cash Flow on Stock Return: A Case of Nepalese Commercial Banks

This study examines the impact of earnings and cash flow on stock return in the context of Nepalese commercial banks. Stock return and market price per share are selected as the dependent variables. The selected independent variables are net income, total equity, earnings per share, return on equity, cash flow from operating activities, cash flow from investing activities and cash flow from financing activities. The study is based on secondary data of 10 commercial banks with 100 observations for the period from 2012/13 to 2021/22. The data were collected from Bank Supervision Report published by Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) and annual reports of the selected commercial banks. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of earnings and cash flow on stock return in the context of Nepalese commercial banks. The study showed that return on equity has a positive effect on stock return and market price per share. It indicates that higher the return on equity, higher would be the stock return and market price per share. Similarly, total equity has a positive effect on stock return. It implies that increase in total equity, leads to increase in stock return. Moreover, net income has a positive effect on market price per share. It means that increase in net income leads to increase in market price per share. Similarly, the result also showed that there is a negative impact of cash flow from investing activities on stock return and market price per share. It indicates that increase in cash flow from investing activities leads to decrease in stock return and market price per share. Furthermore, there is a negative impact of cash flow from financing activities on stock return and market price per share. It indicates that increase in cash flow from financing activities leads to decrease in stock return and market price per share.

Retting with efficient microbial consortium helps in improving jute fibre quality and profitability: a study in Eastern India

Aim: To determine the effect of application of microbial consortium for faster retting of jute (Corchorus spp.) over conventional retting without microbial consortium on jute fibre recovery and fibre quality improvement. Methodology: Large scale retting trials of jute were conducted in five important jute growing districts of West Bengal, India for four consecutive years with and without microbial consortium. After completion of jute retting, fibre was extracted manually, processed and dry fibre weight was recorded. Jute fibre samples were collected and analysed for fibre quality parameters. The fibre strength was estimated using electronic fibre bundle strength tester, fibre fineness by air flow method and root content is measured as the length of fibre up to which root is present out of the total length of the fibre and is expressed as percent length. Results: Application of microbial consortium reduced the retting duration and root content in jute fibre in all the locations irrespective of years. The jute fibre recovery increased by 9.64 to 10.97% and 9.73 to 10.63% with microbial consortium over without microbial consortium respectively in different locations and different years under study. The maximum jute fibre yield with (33.17 q ha-1) and without microbial consortium (29.89 q ha-1) was recorded in Murshidabad district. Nadia district recorded significantly higher fibre strength of 24.92 g tex-1 and lowest retting duration of 11.92 days with microbial consortium among all the locations. Interpretation: The application of microbial consortium improved the fibre recovery and fibre quality leading to the increase in net income by ₹15624 to ₹18017 ha-1 of jute farmers. Hence, the application of microbial consortium for jute retting can be used extensively by the jute farming community in jute growing states of India for faster retting of jute along with quality fibre production, higher net income and doubling farmers’ income. Key words: Corchorus spp., Fibre quality, Jute retting, Microbial consortiu

Combined Application of Leguminous Green Manure and Straw Determined Grain Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Wheat-Maize-Sunflower Rotations System in Northwest China.

Leguminous green manure (LGM) has a reputation for improving crop productivity. However, little is known about the beneficial interactions with straw on crop yield and nutrient (N, P, K) use efficiency. Herein, a 9-year field experiment (from 2015 to 2023) containing three treatments-(1) chemical fertilizer as the control (CK), (2) NPK + straw return (Straw) and (3) NPK + straw return with LGM (Straw + LGM)-was conducted to investigate whether the combined application of LGM and straw can increase productivity and nutrient use efficiency in the wheat-maize-sunflower diversified cropping rotation. The results showed that in the third rotation (2021-2023), Straw + LGM significantly increased wheat yield by 10.2% and maize yield by 19.9% compared to CK. The total equivalent yield under Straw + LGM was the highest (26.09 Mg ha-1), exceeding Straw and CK treatments by 2.7% and 12.3%, respectively. For each 2 Mg ha-1 increase in straw returned to the field, sunflower yield increased by 0.2 Mg ha-1, whereas for each 1 Mg ha-1 increase in LGM yield from the previous crop, sunflower yield increased by 0.45 Mg ha-1. Compared to CK, the co-application of LGM and straw increased the N use efficiency of maize in the first and third rotation cycle by 70.6% and 55.8%, respectively, and the P use efficiency by 147.8% in the third rotation cycle. Moreover, Straw treatment led to an increase of net income from wheat and sunflower by 14.5% and 44.6%, while Straw + LGM increased the net income from maize by 15.8% in the third rotation cycle. Combining leguminous green manure with a diversified cropping rotation has greater potential to improve nutrient use efficiency, crop productivity and net income, which can be recommended as a sustainable agronomic practice in the Hetao District, Northwest China.

Balancing agricultural production and environmental sustainability: Based on Economic Analysis From North China Plain

The escalating trend of greenhouse gas emissions presents a dual threat to both food security and the exacerbation of global warming. Addressing this pressing issue demands concerted efforts on local and global scales to champion sustainable food production and foster environmental benefits. In 2015, a pivotal field experiment was conducted in the North China Plain, aiming to delineate the intricate balance between agricultural productivity and environmental stewardship. This study comprised eight meticulously designed treatments, incorporating two key components: the evaluation of economic and environmental parameters encompassing carbon footprint, energy consumption, and the carbon sustainability index. Notably, while the carbon sustainability index exhibited improvement, it also revealed a 9.4% increase in emissions compared to the baseline, underscoring the nuanced trade-offs involved. The findings underscored the efficacy of no-tillage (NT) practices coupled with soybean-based crop rotation, mitigating yield reduction compared to conventional tillage (RT). However, the optimal yield was observed in the RT-MW treatment, amalgamating conventional tillage with minimum tillage practices. Moreover, despite the higher cost associated with soybeans relative to milled wheat, their cultivation yielded a notable increase in net income. These compelling results advocate for the adoption of conservation agriculture as a means to optimize the delicate equilibrium between environmental preservation and economic prosperity. Furthermore, the study underscores the imperative for further research endeavors aimed at devising highly productive agricultural systems that seamlessly integrate environmental sustainability with economic viability, echoing the crucial insights gleaned from analogous contexts.

The economic efficiency of using protective measures in combating rice pests

In the conducted research in the conditions of the Karatal District of the Zhetysu Region, an analysis of the economic efficiency of rice pest control methods was performed. Among the main pests damaging the crops are the coastal fly, barley miner, and rice midge. The use of the insecticide dimethoate led to a significant reduction in damage from the coastal fly, increasing the biological efficiency to 90.9-94.2%. This, in turn, resulted in an increase in yield by 2.7-3.6 tons/ha compared to the control group. Data analysis also showed that the application of dimethoate is accompanied by a reduction in rice cultivation costs and an increase in net income. The profitability level of using this insecticide was 69.4%, indicating its high effectiveness in terms of agricultural economics. Additionally, the return on additional expenses for protecting rice crops using dimethoate reaches 2.1 times, confirming the economic feasibility of this protection method. Thus, the research results underscore the importance of applying modern rice protection methods and their positive impact on the economic outcome in the region's agriculture. They also justify the need for further research in this area to optimize the rice cultivation process considering economic aspects. Data analysis also showed that the application of dimethoate is accompanied by a reduction in rice cultivation costs and an increase in net income. The profitability level of using this insecticide was 69.4%, indicating its high effectiveness in terms of agricultural economics. Additionally, the return on additional expenses for protecting rice crops using dimethoate reaches 2.1 times, confirming the economic feasibility of this protection method. Thus, the research results underscore the importance of applying modern rice protection methods and their positive impact on the economic outcome in the region's agriculture. They also justify the need for further research in this area to optimize the rice cultivation process considering economic aspects.

Impact of integrated soil fertility management on maize yield, yield gap and income in northern Ghana

This paper analyzes the impact of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) on maize yield, yield gap and net income in northern Ghana using an inverse-probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA). In this study, ISFM is restricted to the adoption of crop rotation (CR), inorganic fertilizer (FT), and farmyard manure (MN) either in isolation or in combination. We find a synergy in yield gain (86.52 % increase in yield) and a decrease in yield gap (of 10.22 %) with the adoption of all three technologies as a package (CR+FT+MN). The joint adoption of all three technologies is also associated with a 51.29 % increase in net income from maize production and has a Benefit-Cost Ratio of 3.23.

Diversified cropping systems for reducing soil erosion and nutrient loss and for increasing crop productivity and profitability in rainfed environments

CONTEXTGlobally, rainfed regions encounter several constraints that limit crop production. Poor and degraded soils resulting from soil erosion are one among them. We hypothesized that a diversified cropping system in rainfed drylands can reduce soil erosion and improve soil health and crop productivity and meet the food security needs of rainfed farmers. OBJECTIVEThe study aimed to assess potential diversified cropping systems in terms of reducing soil erosion and water and nutrient losses, and increasing crop and systems productivity and profitability. METHODSThe study was carried out at the Gungal Research Farm of ICAR Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (17o05’ N, 78o39’E) from 2015 to 16 to 2020–21. The study investigated seven diversified cropping systems (treatments): sorghum + pigeon pea- hedge lucerne, sorghum + pigeonpea- guinea grass, castor- hedge lucerne, castor- guinea grass, sorghum- fodder clusterbean- fodder cowpea- fodder horsegram, sole sorghum, and sole pigeonpea. Multi-criteria assessments were conducted to understand trade-offs related to soil nutrients and their losses, and productivity and profitability of various annual and perennial based systems. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSAmong the various systems evaluated, sole sorghum was the most sensitive to soil erosion, leading to highest amount of nutrient loss in all years (87.5, 47.3, and 9.8 kg N, P and K ha−1 in 2019–20, 102.4, 58.2, 14.2 kg N, P and K ha−1 in 2020–21, and 78.6, 39.2, 6.16 kg N, P and K ha−1 in 2021–22). The perennial based cropping systems with more diverse crops and greater land cover that included sorghum + pigeonpea - guinea grass and sorghum + pigeon pea - hedge lucerne had the lowest amount of nutrient loss. The least cumulative monetary value of nutrient loss was in sorghum + pigeon pea - hedge lucerne (137.11 US$) followed by sorghum + pigeonpea - guinea grass (145.33 US$). The systems with diverse crops reduced runoff and soil erosion, improved soil health, and increased crop and systems productivity and profitability. The trade-offs analysis using the radar graphs also showed lower soil loss and improved soil heath in diversified perennial based cropping systems, resulting in increase in net income to US$1981 for sorghum + pigeonpea - hedge lucerne compared to US$909 for sole sorghum. SIGNIFICANCEPerennial based cropping systems with diverse crops can be an effective strategy to reduce soil erosion and improve soil health, and increase crop and systems productivity in rainfed areas of south India. These results have implications to other countries globally with rainfed climate and dryland farming.

Wick irrigation improves seed yield and water use efficiency in mung bean

AbstractDrought is a serious threat to crop growth, and finding new irrigation methods can save water. This study was conducted to investigate water use efficiency and seed yield in mung bean under wick irrigation. Irrigation treatments consisted of the wick irrigation method, surface irrigation (common irrigation) with water equivalent to wick irrigation, and surface irrigation with the double water use of wick irrigation. The results showed that the wick irrigation had a seed weight per plant, 100‐seed weight, seed number per pod, pod number per plant, seed yield, biological yield, water use efficiency of seed, water use efficiency of biomass and net income increase of 164, 14, 28, 80, 164, 128, 164, 128 and 300%, respectively, compared to surface irrigation with an equivalent water volume of wick irrigation. Wick irrigation resulted in increases in plant height, internode length, leaf number per plant, node number per plant, branch number per plant, leaf length and leaf width of 60, 59, 65, 91, 91, 52 and 52%, respectively, compared to surface irrigation with an equivalent water volume of wick irrigation. In conclusion, the wick irrigation method, as a new method, can save water and improve seed yield and net income.

Evaluation of augmentative biological control options against fruit and shoot borer, Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in guava in India

BackgroundConogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) has emerged as one of the important pests of guava in Punjab, India. Chemical insecticides have been used for its management, which could have serious implications on environmental and human health. As an alternative to chemical insecticides, biocontrol is the most appropriate alternative for its eco-friendly management. Two field experiments were therefore, conducted to evaluate efficacy of two biocontrol agents, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) (egg parasitoid) and Chelonus blackburni Cameroon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (egg-larval parasitoid) against the borer during rainy season, 2020 and winter season, 2020–21.ResultsFour releases of both parasitoids at various dosages were carried out at weekly intervals starting from first week of July in rainy season and first week of October in winter season. Trichogramma chilonis @ 2000 parasitized eggs per tree was the best in reducing the fruit damage and increasing yield and net income over check in both rainy as well as winter season crops. There was 73.6% reduction in damage over control, 1.70 Metric tons (MT) increase in yield over control and 258.36 US $ per acre increase in net income over control in rainy season crop. During winter season, there was 62.5% reduction in damage, 1.98 MT increase in yield and 488.23 US $ per acre increase in net income over control.ConclusionFour augmentative releases of T. chilonis @ 2000 parasitized eggs per tree successfully controlled the fruit and shoot borer incidence in guava during rainy and winter season.

Examining the Adoption of Sustainable Management Techniques in Agriculture to Balance Economic Viability

Adopting sustainable agricultural methods is the focus of this research, it examines how to ensure that social acceptance and economic viability can coexist with environmental responsibility. A mixed-methods approach is used in that research, which examines adoption rates and levels of awareness as well as economic indicators from various regions. According to the quantitative findings, sustainable practices and economic viability are highly correlated; agroecology: Median increase in net income of 20% organic farming: Mean rise of 15% integrated pest management (other than Bt crops): Average gain has been increased by 18%. The advantages identified in interviews are quantitative ones, such as better quality of soil and more varied sources of income. However, the community networks involved shape adoption patterns through intangible factors too. The dynamics of the market and consumer tastes are scrutinized, revealing rising demand for sustainably produced food. Certification programs and ecolabeling emerge as powerful tools, compelling people to embrace sustainable practices. Policy implications people with a solid foundation of supporting policies have higher rates. Recommendations stressing replicating successful policy models and promoting interstate cooperation between government, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector are essential for fostering sustainable development and addressing complex societal challenges on a broader scale. . KEYWORDS :Adoption rates, Economic viability, Economic viability, Environmental responsibility, Environmental stewardship, Policy frameworks, Sustainable agriculture

Growth regulators efficiency in onion planting material preparataion

Winter onion culture compares favorably with spring production with early harvest dates. In the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory, the first products arrive at the end of May-the first decade of June. However, obtaining a guaranteed harvest largely depends on the plants winter hardiness, which is determined not only by the prevailing conditions of overwintering, but also by the elements of growing technology, which include pre-planting preparation of seed onion. The article presents the results of studies on the influence of growth regulators used for soaking the sowing before planting for winter hardiness, the timing of the phenological phases onset, the dynamics of the leaf surface and bulbs growth, the size and structure of the crop. Seed onion was soaked before planting in solutions of three growth regulators (Radix, Radipharm, Rostok) for 12 hours, the control was a variant with planting material soaking in water. The seed onion of the first group (0.8-1.5 cm in diameter) was planted in early November, with 45 cm row spacing and 444.4 thousand pieces / ha planting density. It was found that Radix and Radipharm preparations significantly increased onion plants winter hardiness, the percentage of overwintered plants was 88.2-88.7% (80.3% under control), accelerated the ripening time of the crop (by 5-7 days), contributed to the activation of the growth processes of the aboveground apparatus. The pre-planting preparation of the seed onion did not affect the shooting processes intensity, the percentage of shot plants in the experiment was 7.5-7.9. The highest total yield of onion (39.2 t/ha) and the yield of standard bulbs (36.8 t/ha) with an average bulb weight of 102.2 g was obtained with the use of Radix. The increase in the yield in this variant and the earlier products’ entering the market contributed to net income increase compared to the control by 79.9 thousand rubles. The use of growth regulators for seed soaking had no effect on the products’ standard, it varied between 93.5-93.9%..

Assessing the Impact of International Cash Accounting Standards on Financial Statements of Enterprises

The adoption of international cash accounting standards by enterprises has become an important topic in the accounting and finance literature. This study assesses the impact of these standards on the financial statements of a sample of enterprises, including their net income, total working capital, and cash flows. The study finds that the adoption of international cash accounting standards leads to improvements in financial reporting quality, including increases in net income, total working capital, and cash flows from operating activities. The study also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of adopting these standards and provides recommendations for improving cash accounting in enterprises based on international standards. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the impact of international cash accounting standards on enterprises and provides valuable insights for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers.

A scenario-specific nexus modelling toolkit to identify trade-offs in the promotion of sustainable irrigated agriculture in Ecuador, a Belt and Road country

Increased demand for food due to development and population growth has prompted irrigated agriculture expansion, posing enhanced global challenges to water, energy, and food security. To confront these challenges, an approach that considers the water-energy-food-environment nexus can address multidimensional trade-offs that complicate the efficient use of resources and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. In order to provide insights into solutions to these challenges for a specific case, this study develops a modelling toolkit that integrates biophysical and socioeconomic aspects of nexus components in the context of agro-export and irrigation expansion in Ecuador, a Belt and Road Country. The nexus toolkit is applied to agricultural-development scenarios defined in participatory workshops and incorporates a water resources model, a lifecycle environmental assessment, and a socioeconomic analysis. The modelling exercise is constructed around specific scenario-determined land use patterns in the Santa Elena peninsula of Ecuador. Agriculture in the peninsula is water-limited, relying on delivery infrastructure and transfers from a neighbouring catchment. Impacts on nexus components are analysed for ten crops under two potential land-use scenarios: a substantial increase in irrigated area due to investment in irrigation infrastructure; and a substantial shift in land use towards export crops. The two have distinct impact on water and energy use, global warming potential, freshwater eutrophication, terrestrial acidification, and fine particulate matter formation. The results provide insights into future water and energy resource challenges and environmental and socioeconomic trade-offs associated with likely changes in irrigation expansion. The results for scenarios show that, for example, banana production has the greatest environmental impacts (e.g. a 519% increase in global warming potential and 452% increase in fine particulate matter form for scenario 2), primarily due to water and energy requirements, despite the crop being mainly produced organically. In addition, total net income and labour demand increase (net income increases by 43% and 217% under scenarios 1 and 2, respectively) due to a larger crop area and crop intensification. Scale effects on labour demand are mainly due to labour intensity of maize in Ecuador, which is disadvantaged in the crop export scenario (an unexpected result). However, expanding irrigated areas would also increase total water and energy demand for irrigation, global warming potential, and freshwater eutrophication. This type of information enables stakeholders and decision-makers to design policies that achieve equitable and sustainable agricultural production, water use, and economic growth.

Analisis Struktur Modal dalam Meningkatkan Profitabilitas

PT. Aneka Gas Industri Tbk is the largest industrial gas company in Indonesia. Profitability is the company's ability to generate profits by using the company's capital. Companies with high profitability show that the company's management is able to optimize capital in generating profits. This study aims to analyze how the capital structure as measured by Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) and Debt to Asset Ratio (DAR) in increasing profitability as measured by Return On Asset (ROA) and Return On Equity (ROE) at PT. Aneka Gas Industri Tbk. The type of research used is descriptive quantitative and secondary data sources. The results of this study are the company's capital structure has not been able to increase ROA and ROE at PT. Aneka Gas Industri Tbk. The DER and DAR values ​​are still above the industry average, which indicates that the company is entirely financed by creditors, which can cause greater risk for the company. After analysis, it is known that the decline in the value of ROA is due to ineffective asset management, this can be seen from the high number of company assets but low profits. The decrease in return or ROE indicates that the company is not effective in using the company's equity so that the increase in net income is smaller than the increase in company equity.

Analisis Perputaran Persediaan dalam Meningkatkan Profitabilitas pada Pt.Charoen Pokphand Indonesia TBK

Profitability is one of the tools used to see the financial performance of a company in generating profits. One of the assets that are directly related in generating profit is inventory. This study aims to analyze how inventory turnover increases company profitability as measured by Gross Profit Margin (GPM), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Return On Assets (ROA) and Return On Equity (ROE) at PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Tbk. This research uses qualitative research with descriptive approach and secondary data sources. Based on the results of this study, it can be seen that inventory turnover has not been able to increase profitability at PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Tbk. The decrease in inventory turnover was caused by the accumulation of inventory which illustrates the inefficient inventory management. The decrease in GPM was caused by an increase in the cost of goods sold and a decrease in the selling price of products. The decrease in NPM was caused by operating expenses and income taxes that were too large compared to the previous year as well as a decrease in revenue from sales. The decline in the value of ROA is due to ineffective asset management, this can be seen from the high number of company assets but low profits. The decrease in return or ROE indicates that the company is not effective in using the company's equity so that the increase in net income is smaller than the increase in company equity.

물류기업의 종업원에 대한 경제적 보상과 기업성과의 관계

Purpose : This study examined how the economic compensation to employees affects the corporate performance of logistics companies. Research design, data and methodology : Multiple regression analysis and T-test were conducted for empirical verification. Variables of economic compensation were labor costs, retirement allowance, welfare benefits, employee growth rates, wage gaps between executives and employees, and average years of service. Profitability, stability, and growth indicators were used as the corporate performance variables. Results : The rate of increase in labor costs of logistics companies had a positive effect on their profitability and stability. In particular, the increase in welfare-related expenditure had a positive effect on sales and net profit. The increase in net income had a positive effect on the increase in the average service period of employees. Selling and administrative expenses and economic compensation variables showed positively significant results. In addition, the difference in the level of economic compensation according to the size of the company did not show a clear difference in the growth rate of retirement benefits and welfare expenses. However, large companies tended to show higher employment growth, the wage gap between executive employees, and the average service period. Conclusions : Logistics companies should improve job satisfaction and logistics services, secure a professional workforce, reduce safety accidents, increase productivity through profit sharing with employees, and ultimately improve management performance.

Analisis profitabilitas PT. Campina ice cream industry tbk

This study aims to analyze the financial performance of PT. Campina Ice Cream Industry Tbk. The type of research used is descriptive quantitative. The population in this study is the financial statements of PT. Campina Ice Cream Industry Tbk for 5 (five) periods, namely 2017-2021. Data analysis techniques using the Balanced Scorecard method include profitability ratios. The results of this study indicate that based on the Balanced Scorecard the company's financial performance is in a balanced position. Judging from the value of Return On Equity (ROE) is in poor criteria caused by a decrease in net profit from own capital. Judging from the Return On Asset (ROA) value is in good criteria caused by an increase in net income from the company's total assets. Judging from the value of Net Profit Margin (NPM) is in good criteria caused by an increase in net profit from sales. Judging from the value of the Operating Profit Margin (OPM) is in the poor criteria caused by the decline in operating profit from sales made by the company.

Will environmental land management fill the income gap on upland-hill farms in England?

The decision by the UK Government to withdraw from the European Union has prompted a major review of Agricultural and Environmental Policy. Focussing on upland farms in England, we explored the implications of switching from direct income support to ‘public money for public goods’. We posed two questions: (i) what public goods can upland farms provide? and (ii) can the rewards for environmental land management options fill the income gap due to loss of income support? Working with three volunteer upland farms, we combined the methods of a map-based natural capital and ecosystem services assessment with those of financial farm business appraisal. From this we produced a synthetic ‘Pen Farm’ Case to demonstrate the methods, produce indicative results and help support decisions by policy makers and practitioners during policy transition. We conclude that plugging the income gap could require a threefold increase in net income from environmental options. This will, however, require resetting the relationship between agricultural and environmental outcomes, particularly involving changes to livestock and grassland management. Furthermore, as environmental services become a core business function, payments by results must provide sufficient return on effort and assets to maintain the viability of the upland farm business. We also conclude that the integration of natural capital and farm business accounting is critical to support decision making at the farm and landscape scales as the transition to environmental land management is implemented.

On Farm Implementation of Sustainable IPM Technology and its Economic Analysis for Bitter Gourd Involving Farmers’ Centred Approach in Haryana

Area-wide field experiments were conducted in bitter gourd during 2014-2016 at Karnal, Haryana to study validation and economic viability and feasibility of adaptable and rational IPM technology involving farmers’ driven holistic approach. The adoption of IPM technology, apart from lowering the incidence of major pests, reduced the number of chemical sprays to 5-9 from 15-17 in non-IPM fields with higher yields of 31.3, 22.3 and 18.75 mt/ ha in IPM compared to 29.5, 20.8 and 17.45 mt/ ha in non-IPM fields with marginally higher CBR of 1:1.80, 1:1.54 and 1:1.91 in IPM than 1:1.60, 1:1.30 and 1:1.68, respectively, in FP fields. There was a net income increase of Rs 23718.1, 35079 and 32403/ ha in IPM fields over FP fields. On an average, IPM farmers harnessed higher net return of Rs. 1.27 lakh/ ha with B:C ratio of 1:1.75 compared to the non-IPM farmers with net return of Rs. 0.97 lakh/ ha with a B:C ratio of 1:1.52.